棉花纤维发育相关基因GhPRP10的克隆及其功能分析

利用电子序列拼接结合RT-PCR技术,从12DPA(开花后天数)棉纤维中克隆到1个编码富含脯氨酸蛋白(PRPs)基因,命名为GhPRP10(登录号KP036633)。GhPRP10基因开放阅读框为684bp,编码228个氨基酸,其中脯氨酸(Pro)含量为34.6%。序列分析发现GhPRP10蛋白具有N端信号肽和富含脯氨酸区域,属于第一类PRPs。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)结果显示,GhPRP10在棉纤维组织中优势表达,在纤维发育过程中的表达量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在18DPA纤维中表达量最高。利用Gateway技术构建植物过量表达载体,转入烟草BY-2悬浮细胞,表型观察和细胞长度测量结果显示,转GhPRP10基因细胞比野生型细胞显著增长。根据该基因的组织表达特征和转基因细胞表型分析,推测GhPRP10基因在纤维伸长和次生壁合成过程中发挥作用。     

三个编码富含甘氨酸异构体的基因在棉花不同组织的差异表达

从棉花cDNA文库中分离了3个编码富含甘氨酸蛋白（glycine-rich proteins, GRPs）的基因,分别命名为GhGRP1、GhGRP2、GhGRP3.推断的编码蛋白质的氨基酸序列都富含甘氨酸,甘氨酸含量超过40%.而且GhGRP1和GhGRP2蛋白质序列同源性高达99%,仅在C末端有1个氨基酸残基（Arg/Pro）的差别.这3个蛋白在富含甘氨酸区相互显示较高的同源性,GhGRP1与GhGRP2达到100%,而GhGRP2与GhGRP3达到45.1%,但它们与基因数据库中其它蛋白质的同源性很低.根据结构域的组织特点,将GhGRP1和GhGRP2归为C端富含半胱氨酸结构域(C-cysteine-rich )类GRP,将GhGRP3归为N端有信号肽的GRP. GhGRP1和GhGRP2都含有12个GGX （此处X代表P/W/F）重复,GhGRP3含有22个GGX(此处X代表A/F/V/L/T/P)重复.此外,它们还含有不同数量GX, GGGX等的重复.实时RT-PCR分析表明,GhGRP1在花药中优势表达.GhGRP2在10 dpa(day post anthesis)胚珠中表达最强,10 dpa纤维和下胚轴次之,而在花药、根和花瓣中表达量相对较低.GhGRP3在花药,根和下胚轴中表达量较高,而在子叶,花瓣、纤维和胚珠中表达较低.上述结果表明, GhPRP基因家族的不同成员可能分别在棉花不同组织细胞的发育过程中发挥作用.     

PRGL：非洲菊细胞壁中一种含GASA结构域的富脯氨酸蛋白

PRPs（Proline-Rich proteins）是植物细胞壁蛋白,在结构上具有一个富含脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸重复序列的区域,其表达多受机械伤害及各种环境胁迫的刺激．而GASA（Gibberellic Acid Stimulated Arabidopsis,GASA）蛋白具有一个含12个半胱氨酸的C-端保守区域,这类蛋白多定位于细胞壁,且其表达多受GAs（Gibberellins）的调节．在法国菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris）中,由2个独立的基因分别编码的PRP与GASA类似蛋白组成一个双元组分的几丁质受体蛋白,该蛋白与植物一病原物的相互作用有关．本文从非洲菊（Gerberahybrida）中克隆了一个完整的cDNA序列PRGL（Proline-RichGASA-like）,该基因编码的多肽包含了PRP和GASA类似结构域．实验表明,PRGL在结构上以及基因表达的调节方面都同时具有PRPs和GASA两类蛋白质的特征,是一类新的蛋白质．     

蜘蛛大壶状腺丝蛋白基因的克隆和原核表达

以悦目金蛛(Argiope amoena)丝腺SMARTRACEcDNA文库为模板进行RT-PCR,克隆了1条大壶状腺丝蛋白(major ampullate spidroin,MaSp)基因cDNA序列。该条cDNA序列编码的氨基酸序列可区分为两部分(1)富含丙氨酸的片段和富含甘氨酸的片段相间排列构成的重复氨基酸序列区,并且富含甘氨酸的片段中有脯氨酸分布;(2)约100个氨基酸残基组成的C末端非重复氨基酸序列区。把MaSp基因cDNA序列亚克隆到质粒pET28b( )中,构建原核表达质粒pET28b( )-MaSp,表达质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),用IPTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE、氨基酸组成测定和N末端氨基酸序列测定的结果表明,表达产物为重组MaSp,表达量约为40mg/L。还对C末端非重复氨基酸序列对重组MaSp在水媒介中溶解性的影响进行了探讨。     

一个棉花微管结合蛋白基因GhSP1L5的克隆及表达分析

利用RT-PCR技术从处于快速伸长发育时期的棉花纤维组织中克隆得到Spiral1-Like(SP1L5)基因(GhSP1L5),其开放读码框为315 bp,编码105个氨基酸的蛋白质,生物信息学分析表明,GhSP1L5蛋白N端和C端较为保守,并含有SCOP结构域,是典型的微管结合蛋白。进化树分析表明该基因与SP1L5家族基因的亲缘关系较近。构建原核表达载体pET28a-GhSP1L5,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)并进行体外诱导表达,通过SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达,获得分子质量约为12 kD的重组蛋白。QRTPCR结果分析表明GhSP1L5基因在开花后15和20 dpa的纤维组织中表达量较高,在棉纤维发育的其他时期及根、茎、叶组织中表达量较低。     

大豆中一个新防卫基因的克隆与鉴定

从大豆中分离鉴定了一个单拷贝的cDNA克隆,该基因所编码的蛋白质富含脯氨酸,命名为SbPRP .序列分析表明它具有完整的编码框,编码一个具126个氨基酸的蛋白质,其中含有一个由25个氨基酸组成的信号肽.成熟蛋白SbPRP具有典型的双模块结构,包括富含脯氨酸结构域(17个氨基酸)和一个长的疏水的富含半胱氨酸的结构域(84个氨基酸). SbPRP的表达具有明显的器官特异性,即叶中大量表达而根中不表达.Northern杂交进一步表明,SbPRP不仅对水杨酸处理作出迅速应答,而且也可对接种大豆花叶病毒Sa株系作出应答,同时还对其他非生物胁迫如盐和干旱也有明显的应答作用,因此SbPRP基因可能是一个新的防卫基因.     

N端缺失突变对核糖核酸酶抑制因子活性的影响

人胎盘核糖核酸酶抑制因子(HRI)是一种存在于细胞浆中的50 kD的酸性蛋白质,富含亮氨酸和半肤氨酸.作为胞浆蛋白可保护细胞不受外来胰RN白s。侵袭.HRI主要结构是由7个富含亮氨酸的重复序列组成,7个亮氨酸重复单位有规律环状排列使N端、c端在空间上较为接近.用PcR方法在HRI cl〕NAS,端去除30个核普酸,并将此缺失突变的HRI的cl〕NA片段构建于质粒pPIcgK,电击转化入毕赤酵母(Pi峨i。 Pasto汀S)Gslls中,进行分泌型表达.对表达产物进行亲和层析纯化.实验结果表明,N端缺失突变的HRI与RN白s。A的亲合力较野生型HRI降低1倍,但依然具有竞争性抑制RNas。A的活性,表明HRIN端10个氨基酸残基缺失后并未丧失其抑制活性.     

鳜胰岛素样生长因子-I cDNA全长克隆及组织表达分析

采用RT-PCR、cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)等技术克隆了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)肝组织胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)cDNA全长序列.结果表明,鳜IGF-I cDNA全长1 784 bp,包括5'端非翻译区233bp,3'端非翻译区990 bp和开放阅读框561 bp,共编码186个氨基酸;前肽由信号肽、成熟肽、E肽三部分组成,其中,信号肽44个氨基酸,成熟肽68个氨基酸,E肽74个氨基酸;成熟肽由B、C、A、D 4个区域组成,E肽分析表明,鳜IGF-I属Ea-4型.鳜IGF-I氨基酸序列与其他脊椎动物IGF-I氨基酸序列相似度达81%～99%,表明IGF-I在脊椎动物进化中较为保守.运用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测了鳜IGF-I在成鱼不同组织中的表达水平,其中,肝中表达量最高,肾、脑、后肠、皮肤、性腺表达量次之,胃、脾、前肠、鳃、心、肌肉表达量较低.本研究结果为该基因的时序表达、生长调控等研究奠定了分子基础.     

麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白基因的克隆和表达

麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)核糖体失活蛋白(curcin)是存在于麻疯树种子中的一种毒性较强的蛋白,它与蓖麻毒蛋白和相思子毒蛋白的性质相似,属Ⅰ型核糖体失活蛋白.从麻疯树种子中分离得到一种分子量为28.2 kD的蛋白质,其对无细胞系统中蛋白质合成的抑制活性较强,IC50为(0.19±0.01)nmol/L,具有RNA N-糖苷酶活性.依据curcin的N端部分氨基酸设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR和5'-RACE技术从未成熟种子总RNA中克隆到curcin全长cDNA序列.该cDNA全长由1 173个碱基组成,包含一个编码293个氨基酸的前体蛋白,前42个氨基酸为信号肽.推测的多肽序列与测定的蛋白质N端序列相同,与多种己发表的Ⅰ型核糖体失活蛋白和Ⅱ型核糖体失活蛋白的A链有一定的同源性.将curcin的编码区与表达载体pQE-30相连后,转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coil)M15菌株中得到了有效的表达.将表达的融合蛋白纯化后发现,它具有抑制无细胞系统蛋白质合成的能力.     

红树林植物木榄水通道基因的克隆和表达

根据植物水通道基因保守区设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR方法,从木榄树叶中分离出水通道基因的cDNA片段;3′RACE获得3′端cDNA序列;再经5′RACE获得5′端部分cDNA序列,命名为PIP2,GenBank登录号为EF126757。该基因全长843个碱基,编码281个氨基酸,具有典型的植物水通道基因结构。该基因编码的蛋白质与含羞草(PIP2;5)、欧洲葡萄(PIP)、拟南芥(PIP3)等水通道蛋白的同源性分别为90%、91%、88%。Northern杂交分析表明,该基因在木榄树不同器官中的表达差异明显:根部有较高的表达水平,茎部较弱,而在叶中只能检测到微弱的信号。     

Cotton PRP5 gene encoding a proline-rich protein is involved in fiber development

Proline-rich proteins contribute to cell wall structure of specific cell types and are involved in plant growth and development. In this study, a fiber-specific gene, GhPRP5, encoding a proline-rich protein was functionally characterized in cotton. GhPRP5 promoter directed GUS expression only in trichomes of both transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants with overexpressing GhPRP5 displayed reduced cell growth, resulting in smaller cell size and consequently plant dwarfs, in comparison with wild type plants. In contrast, knock-down of GhPRP5 expression by RNA interference in cotton enhanced fiber development. The fiber length of transgenic cotton plants was longer than that of wild type. In addition, some genes involved in fiber elongation and wall biosynthesis of cotton were up-regulated or down-regulated in the transgenic cotton plants owing to suppression of GhPRP5. Collectively, these data suggested that GhPRP5 protein as a negative regulator participates in modulating fiber development of cotton.     

PRGL: A cell wall proline-rich protein containning GASA domain in Gerbera hybrida

PRPs (proline-rich proteins) are a group of cell wall proteins characterized by their proline and hy- droproline-rich repetitive peptides. The expression of PRPs in plants is stimulated by wounding and environmental stress. GASA (gibberellic acid stimulated in Arabidopsis) proteins are small peptides sharing a 60 amino acid conserved C-terminal domain containing twelve invariant cysteine residues. Most of GASAs reported are localized to apoplasm or cell wall and their expression was regulated by gibberellins (GAs). It has been reported that, in French bean, these two proteins encoding by two distinct genes formed a two-component chitin-receptor involved in plant-pathogen interactions when plant was infected. We cloned a full-length cDNA of PRGL (proline-rich GASA-like) gene which encodes a protein containing both PRP and GASA-like domains. It is demonstrated that PRGL is a new protein with characteristics of PRP and GASA by analyzing its protein structure and gene expression.     

PRPs localized to the middle lamellae are required for cortical tissue integrity in Medicago truncatula roots

Key message

A family of repetitive proline-rich proteins interact with acidic pectins and play distinct roles in legume root cell walls affecting cortical and vascular structure.

Abstract

A proline-rich protein (PRP) family, composed of tandemly repeated Pro-Hyp-Val-X-Lys pentapeptide motifs, is found primarily in the Leguminosae. Four distinct size classes within this family are encoded by seven tightly linked genes: MtPRP1, MtPRP2 and MtPRP3, and four nearly identical MtPRP4 genes. Promoter fusions to β-glucuronidase showed strong expression in the stele of hairy roots for all 4 PRP genes tested, with additional expression in the cortex for PRP1, PRP2 and PRP4. All except MtPRP4 are strongly expressed in non-tumorous roots, and secreted and ionically bound to root cell walls. These PRPs are absent from root epidermal cell walls, and PRP accumulation is highly localized within the walls of root cortical and vascular tissues. Within xylem tissue, PRPs are deposited in secondary thickenings where it is spatially exclusive to lignin. In newly differentiating xylem, PRPs are deposited in the regularly spaced paired-pits and pit membranes that hydraulically connect neighboring xylem elements. Hairpin-RNA knock-down constructs reducing PRP expression in Medicago truncatula hairy root tumors disrupted cortical and vascular patterning. Immunoblots showed that the knockdown tumors had potentially compensating increases in the non-targeted PRPs, all of which cross-react with the anti-PRP antibodies. However, PRP3 knockdown differed from knockdown of PRP1 and PRP2 in that it greatly reduced viability of hairy root tumors. We hypothesize that repetitive PRPs interact with acidic pectins to form block-copolymer gels that can play distinct roles in legume root cell walls.

     

Structure and expression of a hybrid proline-rich protein gene in the solanaceous species,Solanum brevidens, Solanum tuberosum, andLycopersicum esculentum

The full-length cDNA of a previously identified Solanum brevidens gene was isolated and characterised. DNA sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame that encodes a hybrid proline-rich cell wall protein of 407 amino acids. The putative protein was designated SbrPRP. The SbrPRP harbours three parts, an N-terminal signal peptide followed by a repetitive proline-rich domain and a cysteine-rich C-terminus resembling non-specific lipid-transfer proteins. The repetitive proline-rich domain contains two repeated motifs, PPHVKPPSTPK and PTPPIVSPP extended with TPKYP and TPKPPS motifs, respectively, at their N- or C-terminal. The SbrPRP gene of the non-tuberising Solanum species, Solanum brevidens, possesses highly homologous counterparts in the tuberising species, Solanum tuberosum (StPRP) and in the related species, Lycopersicum esculentum (TFM7). All three genes are present in single- or low copy number in the corresponding genome. Organ-specific expression of the genes, however, is different in the three solanaceous species.     

Accumulation of extracellular proteins bearing unique proline-rich motifs in intercellular spaces of the legume nodule parenchyma

Summary. Nodulins encoding repetitive proline-rich cell wall proteins (PRPs) are induced during early interactions with rhizobia, suggesting a massive restructuring of the plant extracellular matrix during infection and nodulation. However, the proteins corresponding to these gene products have not been isolated or characterized, nor have cell wall localizations been confirmed. Posttranslational modifications, conformation, and interactions with other wall polymers are difficult to predict on the basis of only the deduced amino acid sequence of PRPs. PsENOD2 is expressed in nodule parenchyma tissue during nodule organogenesis and encodes a protein with distinctive PRP motifs that are rich in glutamate and basic amino acids. A database search for the ENOD2 signature motifs indicates that similar proteins may have a limited phylogenetic distribution, as they are presently only known from legumes. To determine the ultrastructural location of the proteins, antibodies were raised against unique motifs from the predicted ENOD2 sequence. The antibodies recognized nodule-specific proteins in pea (Pisum sativum), with a major band detected at 110 kDa, representing a subset of PRPs from nodules. The protein was detected specifically in organelles of the secretory pathway and intercellular spaces in the nodule parenchyma, but it was not abundant in primary walls. Similar proteins with an analogous distribution were detected in soybean (Glycine max). The use of polyclonal antibodies raised against signature motifs of extracellular matrix proteins thus appears to be an effective strategy to identify and isolate specific structural proteins for functional analysis. Correspondence and reprints: Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE 19711, U.S.A.