基于树冠竞争因子的落叶松人工林单木生长模型

基于黑龙江省佳木斯市孟家岗林场落叶松人工林14块固定标准地的两期调查数据(2007、2009年),通过分析树冠变量与林木生长的关系,构建了2个树冠竞争指数(CIa、CIb),并将其作为单木竞争指标构建了落叶松人工林与距离有关的单木生长模型。研究结果表明:文中提出的二个树冠竞争指数优于Hegyi竞争指数(CI),落叶松各个竞争指数与林木断面积生长量相关性大小顺序为CIbCIaCI。随着对象木影响圈的扩大,竞争指数趋于稳定,对模型的拟合效果有所提高。林木大小是影响落叶松单木生长的主要因子,胸径越大,单木生长量越大。通过引入与距离有关的树冠竞争指数将单木模型的拟合优度提高了5.6%。本文构建的与距离有关的单木生长模型可以很好地预估人工落叶松单木的断面积生长量。     

大兴安岭天然落叶松林单木健康评价

单木健康评价结果融入传统小班(或林分)尺度健康评价中,可提高小班(或林分)尺度评价准确性,实现单木尺度与小班(或林分)尺度间的耦合过程,可为实现森林的健康经营提供理论依据.本文以大兴安岭林区天然落叶松林为对象,建立了包括根部状态、树冠落叶程度、树冠透视度、树冠重叠程度、树冠枯梢比重、活冠层比重、树冠偏斜程度和垂直竞争指数的单木健康评价指标体系,根据主成分分析法进行去相关性处理,并使用熵值法赋予指标权重,利用模糊综合评价法对天然落叶松林进行单木健康评价.在评价结果的基础上,采用判别分析法建立单木健康预测模型.结果表明:研究区内处于亚健康等级的林木最多,占总株数的36.7％;健康林木最少,仅占总株数的12.9％;不健康林木比例超过健康林木,达到21.1％;单木健康预测模型预测正确率为86.3％.应采取合理有效的经营措施提高林木的健康等级.     

油松人工林单木邻体竞争模型

研究林木个体间竞争关系,建立以保留木为对象的单木邻体竞争模型对于人工林的抚育经营具有重要的作用。本研究以北京西山试验林场油松人工林为研究对象,采用改进的Hegyi竞争指数分析林木的竞争强度;以对象木胸径和空间相对位置为参数构造加权Voronoi图,选择S_i=n∑j = 1λ(α_(ij)-α_i)~a/L~b作为模型表达式,分析对象木与邻近的少数林木(3株或4株)之间的竞争关系并建立邻体竞争模型。结果表明,油松人工林林木间竞争较剧烈,密度越大、坡位越低的林分中林木间的竞争越强。以胸径和冠幅作为自变量构造的单木竞争模型具有较低的标准误,3-邻体竞争模型和4-邻体竞争模型的相关性分别为0.83和0.84。本研究基于Voronoi图和林冠面积建立单木邻体竞争模型,为优化林分空间结构、提高森林质量的单株木抚育择伐经营技术提供参考。     

落叶松人工林空间结构优化的探讨

基于落叶松(Larix olgensis Henry)人工林固定标准地ML707的每木检尺数据,针对人工林普遍具有混交度低,分布均匀的特点。主要从林分竞争机制和树冠营养空间利用情况等方面提出了利用Hegyi竞争指数、生长空间指数、生长空间竞争指数分析优化林分空间结构,进一步比较了不同择伐强度下林分空间结构变化的大小。研究结果表明：14%左右为林分最优的择伐强度,空间优化达到最佳,优化后林分竞争态势减小,营养空间利用程度增大,林分空间结构得到改善。     

樟子松人工林树冠表面积及体积预估模型的研究

基于樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林6块固定标准地30株枝解析数据,在分析树冠表面积和树冠体积与林分变量和林木变量的基础上,利用幂函数建立了树冠表面积（CSA）和树冠体积(CV)的预估模型,同时还对林木材积生长量与CSA和CV进行了相关分析。研究结果表明：樟子松人工林树冠表面积和树冠体积随着林木胸径、树高和冠长的增大而增大,林木材积生长量与树冠表面积和树冠体积均明显呈线性关系。不同林分条件的樟子松人工林CSA和CV随林分年龄和胸径的增大而增大,CSA随林分密度的增大而减小,而CV与林分密度相关不紧密。林分树冠表面积和树冠体积预估模型的检验结果表明,两个模型的平均相对误差都在±8%之内,预估精度均大于91%,说明所建模型可以很好地预估樟子松人工林不同林分条件下的林木树冠表面积和树冠体积。     

基于抚育间伐效应的长白落叶松人工林两阶段枯死模型

1972和1974年分别在黑龙江省江山娇林场及孟家岗林场设置10块长白落叶松人工林固定样地(8块抚育间伐样地、2块对照样地),采用连年复测数据,分析抚育间伐对人工长白落叶松样地枯死与单木枯死的影响.基于二分类变量Logistic回归,建立了样地枯死及样地内单木枯死概率的两阶段模型(Ⅰ:抚育间伐后样地水平枯死概率模型;Ⅱ:枯死样地中单木水平枯死概率模型),采用广义估计方程(GEE)方法对模型参数进行估计.根据敏感度和特异度曲线相交点确定枯死概率最优临界点.结果表明: 样地数据按照抚育间伐次数分为4组分别建模(模型1～模型4).在模型1中,地位指数、林分年龄的自然对数、抚育间伐年龄及强度为显著自变量;模型2～模型4采用主成分分析法建模,主成分包含林分年龄、每公顷株数、平均胸径及抚育间伐因子,说明抚育间伐因子对样地枯死概率有显著影响.抚育间伐对枯死样地中单木枯死概率无显著影响,单木枯死概率模型中显著性自变量为林分初植密度、年龄、林木胸径的倒数及林分中大于对象木的所有林木断面积之和.样地枯死概率模型及单木枯死概率模型Hosmer和Lemeshow拟合优度检验均不显著,模型AUC均在0.91以上,估计正确率均超过80%,说明模型拟合效果较好.     

水杉人工林建植50年后的分化特征

通过种群统计学、格局分析和树干解析等对50 a生水杉人工林林分的分化特征进行了研究.结果表明:小个体林木占有相对多数(>50.4%);林木分化现象显著,特别是树高与材积的分化十分突出,林分已出现一定强度的自然稀疏;基于TSTRAT程式的林木分级结果表明,亚优势木占绝对优势(45.7%),其树冠构成该林分的主林冠;竞争指数依次为优势木级<亚优势木级<中庸木级<被压木级,各级的基尼系数基本上低于全林总计;优势木绝对生长率和相对生长率在林分成熟期以前均大于标准木,且胸径速生期持续时问较标准木长;林分高度生长受压抑程度低于胸径生长;林木分布格局总体呈均匀型,与造林初始基本一致;优势木和被压木为聚集分布,中庸木和枯死木为随机散布,亚优势木的分布型则介于随机和聚集之间.林木种群分化既表现在个体大小的不均等性上,也表现在空间分布的非匀质性上.目前林分结构特征的主要成因可以归结为密度压力下的种内竞争.     

基于线性分位数混合效应的辽东山区红松冠幅模型

冠幅是反映单木生长状态及构建林木生长收获模型的重要变量。本研究以辽东山区大边沟林场10～55年生红松人工林为对象,基于66块固定样地的2763株红松的每木检尺数据,选取冠幅基础模型,采用再参数化的方法引入单木竞争指标(R_d),利用哑变量的方法引入了林分密度、林层变量,构建不同分位点(0.50、0.90、0.93、0.95、0.96、0.99)的冠幅分位数回归模型,并与传统方法进行比较,选取模拟林分最大冠幅的最优分位点。为反映林分中单木冠幅在林木个体之间的差异,建立了基于样地水平的最优分位点的线性混合效应分位数回归冠幅模型,分析各变量对单木冠幅的影响。结果表明: 基于F统计检验,不同林分密度和林层的冠幅模型具有显著差异,在基础模型中引入林层、林分密度和竞争后,模型R_a²提高0.0104,均方根误差降低0.0115,均方误差降低为7.4%;与最小二乘法比较,分位数回归模型能够较好地模拟林分状态下的单木最大冠幅,并选出0.96分位点和0.93分位点作为上林层和下林层的分位数回归模型的最优分位点。引入混合效应的线性分位数回归模型的赤池信息准则、贝叶斯信息准则、HQ信息准则等评价指标优于传统分位数回归,参数标准误显著降低,混合效应的引入很好地解释了样地之间的差异。就上林层和下林层而言,林分密度越大,最大冠幅越小;相对直径越大,最大冠幅越大,其中林分密度对下林层的冠幅影响大于上林层,当林分密度足够大时,冠幅随着胸径的增大先增大后降低。本研究构建的基于混合效应的分位数回归模型能有效提高模型的拟合优度,今后可通过调控林分密度、适度抚育间伐等措施,实现对辽东山区红松人工林的科学营建和可持续发展。     

塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林天然更新影响因子

为了探讨影响塞罕坝地区华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林天然更新的关键因子,基于两个龄级(Ⅲ龄级,20—30a、Ⅳ龄级,30—40a)共计18块(50m×50m)华北落叶松人工林标准地的调查资料,采用冗余度分析法(RDA)对标准地中不同高度等级华北落叶松更新苗密度与环境因子之间的关系进行了分析,并运用偏冗余度分析法(partial RDA)对影响林分更新的土壤-枯落物因子、林分结构因子进行了定量分解。结果表明:(1)土壤-枯落物因子是影响该地区华北落叶松人工林林分更新的关键因子。(2)Ⅲ龄级林分更新主要影响因子有林分密度、土壤有机质含量、土壤速效磷、土壤碱解氮含量和枯落物厚度;Ⅳ龄级林分更新主要影响因子有枯落物厚度、土壤全钾、林分密度、土壤p H值和基面积。两个龄级林分更新都表现出高个体数,低成活率的现象,枯落物厚度是造成这种现象的主要因素。(3)Ⅲ龄级林分更新苗在早期生长中受土壤-枯落物因子限制比较大,而后林分结构因子逐渐成为主要的限制性因子;在Ⅳ龄级林分中,除基面积外的林分结构因子与5个高度等级更新苗密度呈正相关。     

红松人工林优势木竞争指数影响因子

在温带湿润气候区东段不同立地条件下的红松人工林内设置面积为600 m~2(20 m×30 m)的70块矩形固定样地。在每个样地内,选取5颗最高且长势较好的优势木作为研究的对象木,用Voronoi图确定优势木相应的竞争木,测定每一块样地内优势木与竞争木之间的距离。采用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型,分析优势木在不同样地水平上的种内竞争强度,探讨林分生长因子、地形因子、土壤养分因子对优势木竞争指数的影响,并对这3类因子与优势木竞争指数进行相应的拟合和相关性分析。结果表明：红松人工林优势木竞争强度随着优势木胸径的增大而变小,并且两者之间的关系服从幂函数;红松优势木的竞争指数与其树高、胸径、冠幅呈极显著的相关关系(P<0.01);坡向、坡位、海拔对竞争指数影响极显著(P<0.01);红松人工林优势木竞争指数的大小与土壤氮磷钾含量均呈极显著的相关关系(P<0.01);pH值对优势木竞争指数的影响不显著。当红松人工林优势木平均胸径达到45cm,优势木平均树高和冠幅大于周围竞争木时,其对周围资源的利用程度增大,林木会发生自然稀疏现象,其所受的竞争压力减小。红松喜光性强,对水分的要求高,...     

Growth models of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) on two volcanic mountains in the French Massif Central

Silver birch woodlands of two volcanic mountains (altitude 850 m and 1450 m) were studied in order to establish a growth model of birch. Height, radial increment and crown width were measured on both sites taking into account two situations: isolated birch or birch within a stand. For the latter case two categories were sampled considering the competition status of the tree: birch suffering the most severe competition (suppressed tree) were distinguished from trees facing the lowest competition (dominant tree). Measures of competition were also made using plots where each tree was located by its coordinates and its height, trunk circumference and crown width recorded. Examination of radial growth curves showed similar patterns for the two sites for the same category of tree. Radial growth was always inferior for the site located at the highest altitude but tree lifespan was about two-fold longer. Radial increment data were used to calculate circumference as function of tree age. Models predicting circumference with time were then established for each category of tree (dominant, suppressed or isolated) using Chapman–Richards'model. Height and crown width models were produced using circumference as the predictor. Competition indices based on vertical or horizontal angles weighted by the distance were calculated for birches in stands. Indices using vertical angles appeared to be more resistant and robust to characterize local competition. Competition index was then associated with the parameters of Chapman-Richards' growth circumference model for the two sites and models predicting the circumference from the age of the tree and its competition index are proposed.     

邻体竞争对植物个体生长速率和死亡概率的影响：基于日本落叶松种群试验的研究

选择 4种有代表性的植物邻体竞争指数 ,分析了竞争对日本落叶松 (L arix leptolepis)试验种群的个体生长速率和死亡概率的影响 ,发现在本试验条件下 ,引入竞争指数不能明显改善对生长速率的预测效果 ,但用竞争指数可以较好地预测个体于 1个月内在竞争压力下死亡的概率 ,从而为构造植物生长模型时处理个体死亡问题提供一个有益的定量化思路     

内蒙古东北段森林衰退现状及种群竞争对其生长的影响

随着气候变化加剧,中国半干旱区东段发现大量森林衰退现象,威胁到社会生产和环境保护的可持续发展。种群竞争是森林动态的内在驱动因子,当前对该区域森林种群竞争与森林衰退关系的研究尚缺乏足够的依据。选取内蒙古大兴安岭典型森林作为研究对象,依据Hegyi单木竞争指数模型计算个体水平上和样地水平上的竞争指数,利用树木个体树轮指数(TRI)年表作为个体水平上的衰退指标,利用样地年表(TRI)和胸高断面积增量(BAI)来分析样地水平上的衰退指标,探讨不同尺度上森林衰退状况。探讨个体水平上和样地水平上竞争指数与不同尺度上森林衰退指标之间的关系,分析研究区森林衰退的内因特征。主要结论如下：第一,样地年表与树木个体年表所指示的衰退时段基本一致,结合两者的重合结果,可以得出各样地的衰退年份。不同样地的生长衰退时段有重合的现象,个体年表中超过阈值50%的样地的严重衰退时期年份基本在2001-2005年间,而在样地年表中,样地五岔沟林场(L-WCG1)、五岔沟林场大样地(L-WCG2)、乌尔根(L-WRG)在1989年至1997年都出现生长衰退,样地军达盖林场(L-HDG)、L-WCG1、L-WCG2、L-WRG和s根河(L-GH1)衰退重合期在1998-2003年期间。这是由于这一阶段研究区发生了大规模的干旱事件,导致不同地点的树木生长都受到抑制。第二,各样地中树木个体的五年平均相对胸高断面积增量(rBAI₅)与个体竞争指数相关的显著性最高,两者的关系可用指数函数方程表达,即rBAI₅随着个体水平竞争指数的上升而下降。这说明了竞争指数对于树木生长存在显著的影响。而样地竞争指数与近2年、5年和10年内样地胸高断面积均值(BAI₂、BAI₅、BAI₁₀)之间的关系不明显。从种群竞争方面研究中国半干旱区东段的森林衰退影响因素,旨在为森林衰退机理研究提供依据,为半干旱区森林资源可持续发展提供支持。     

Tree growth and competition in a Betula platyphylla-Larix cajanderi post-fire forest in central Kamchatka

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fire is the dominant disturbance in central Kamchatka boreal forests, yet patterns and mechanisms of stand recovery have not been investigated. METHODS: Measurements were made of 1433 stems > or =1.3 m height and annual radial increments of 225 randomly selected trees in a 0.4-ha plot of a 53-year-old fire-origin mixed-species stand to examine the spatio-temporal variation in establishment, growth, size inequality and the mode of competition among individual trees. Growth variations were related to tree size, age and local interference with neighbours. KEY RESULTS: Betula platyphylla formed the main canopy following a fire in 1947, with Larix cajanderi and Pinus pumila progressively reinvading the lower tree and shrub stratum. Most B. platyphylla originated from sprouts in small patches (polycormons) during the first 15 post-fire years. Betula platyphylla had normal distributions of diameter and age classes, but negatively skewed height distribution, as expected from shade-intolerant, pioneer species. Larix cajanderi had fewer tall and many short individuals. The smaller and younger B. platyphylla grew disproportionately more in diameter than larger trees from 1950 to 1975, and hence stem size inequalities decreased. The reverse trend was observed from 1995 to 2000: larger trees grew more, indicating an increasing asymmetry of competition for light. Betula platyphylla had steady diameter growth in the first 25 post-fire years, after which the growth declined in smaller trees. Neighbourhood analysis showed that the decline resulted from increased competition from taller neighbours. CONCLUSIONS: The observed growth patterns suggest that mode of interactions altered during stand development from early stages of weak competition for soil resources released by fire to later stages of asymmetric competition for light. Asymmetric crown competition started later than reported in other studies, which can be attributed to the lower stem density leaving much space for individual growth, greater relative importance of below-ground competition in this site of nutrient-poor volcanic soil, and the vegetative origin of B. platyphylla. Larix cajanderi growing under B. platyphylla had steady diameter growth during the first 20 years, after which growth declined. It is suggested that early succession fits the tolerance model of succession, while inhibition dominates in later stages.     

基于引力模型的林木竞争分析

引力模型是否可以应用于森林群落林木竞争关系分析是值得研究的问题。基于引力模型建立林木相对活力圈能反映竞争木活力大小,基于竞争木的相对活力圈建立引力竞争指数能准确反映林木生长与林木竞争的关系。以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区针阔混交林为研究对象,将V_Hegyi竞争指数、引力竞争指数分别与胸径进行相关分析,胸高断面积生长量分别与2种竞争指数进行相关分析,胸径生长率与2期引力竞争指数的比值(2021年与2006年的引力竞争指数之比)进行相关分析,此外,对相对活力圈直径与胸径进行相关分析,并比较分析了活立木与枯死木的竞争指数大小。结果表明: 2种竞争指数与胸径均呈显著负相关,且均服从幂函数关系。林木胸高断面积生长量与2种竞争指数均呈显著负相关,但引力竞争指数比V_Hegyi竞争指数更能反映林木生长与林木竞争的关系。相对于V_Hegyi竞争指数的比值,2期引力竞争指数的比值更能说明林木生长与林木竞争的关系。在针阔混交林中,阔叶树种的生长与竞争的相关性>针叶树种生长与竞争的相关性。林木枯损受竞争的显著影响。林木相对活力圈大小与林木胸径大小呈显著负相关。引力模型是反映空间相互作用的重要模型之一,可以应用于林木竞争关系的研究,且基于引力模型建立的引力竞争指数可以作为评价林木竞争和林木活力的一个空间结构指标,比V_Hegyi竞争指数更能反映林木生长与林木竞争的关系。     

水曲柳落叶松人工混交林中树木个体生长的竞争效应模型

本研究从水曲柳落叶松混交林中树木的种内种间竞争机制出发,对与距离有关的竞争模型和邻体干扰模型进行了改进,提出了以竞争指数分量和竞争效应系数来量化树木间的空间竞争。根据野外的实测数据,以年材积生长量为因变量各竞争指数分量为自变量,通过多元回归分析建立了树木个体生长的竞争效应模型,回归结果有很好的拟合优度。本研究为空间竞争模型的进一步改进和生态学研究植物竞争生长关系提供了新的思路。     

Responses of crown architecture in Betula pendula to competition are dependent on the species of neighbouring trees

We measured the growth responses of individual shoots and branches of Betula pendula when growing next to trees of the same species or Pinus sylvestris, Larix sibirica or Alnus glutinosa. We used the three-dimensionally digitized response variables and the size and distance of trees growing within a 5-m radius of the study trees to establish a relationship between tree performance and the effect of competing neighbouring tree species on crown architecture. B. pendula was able to modify its crown architecture and thus alter its strategy to compete with different neighbours. Trees of B. pendula growing beside species counterparts had the highest growth of new long shoots in relation to the already existing branch length [growth vigour (GV)], while GV was the lowest next to L. sibirica. With B. pendula or P. sylvestris as its main neighbour, B. pendula invested in short shoots by growing them rather densely in short branches with limited numbers, whereas with L. sibirica the number, length and angle of the branches were high. The competitive response was also strongly dependent on tree ontogeny and the shoot and branch characteristics were significantly affected by their location inside the crown. B. pendula was able to respond to the challenges posed by its neighbours, which was also reflected in the GV. The ability to maintain steady growth with alternative crown designs in different neighbourhoods reflects plasticity in the crown responses.     

Response of Demographic Rates of Tropical Trees to Light Availability: Can Position-Based Competition Indices Replace Information from Canopy Census Data?

For trees in tropical forests, competition for light is thought to be a central process that offers opportunities for niche differentiation through light gradient partitioning. In previous studies, a canopy index based on three-dimensional canopy census data has been shown to be a good predictor of species-specific demographic rates across the entire tree community on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, and has allowed quantifying between-species variation in light response. However, almost all other forest census plots lack data on the canopy structure. Hence, this study aims at assessing whether position-based neighborhood competition indices can replace information from canopy census data and produce similar estimates of the interspecific variation of light responses. We used inventory data from the census plot at Barro Colorado Island and calculated neighborhood competition indices with varying relative effects of the size and distance of neighboring trees. Among these indices, we selected the one that was most strongly correlated with the canopy index. We then compared outcomes of hierarchical Bayesian models for species-specific recruitment and growth rates including either the canopy index or the selected neighborhood competition index as predictor. Mean posterior estimates of light response parameters were highly correlated between models (r>0.85) and indicated that most species regenerate and grow better in higher light. Both light estimation approaches consistently found that the interspecific variation of light response was larger for recruitment than for growth rates. However, the classification of species into different groups of light response, e.g. weaker than linear (decelerating) vs. stronger than linear (accelerating) differed between approaches. These results imply that while the classification into light response groups might be biased when using neighborhood competition indices, they may be useful for determining species rankings and between-species variation of light response and therefore enable large comparative studies between different forest census plots.     

秦岭太白山巴山冷杉种内和种间竞争特性的研究

通过对不同方法的比较分析,提出了确定巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)植株间竞争强度和竞争范围的新方法,并利用改进的方法研究了其种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明:随对象木胸径的增大,由于巴山冷杉种群自然稀疏过程中密度调节作用,植株距离增加,种内竞争强度降低;巴山冷杉主要分布于亚高山地段,群落内太白红杉(Larixchinensis)数量较多,胸径较大,种内与种间竞争关系顺序为:太白红杉-巴山冷杉>巴山冷杉-巴山冷杉>牛皮桦(Betula utilis)-巴山冷杉>其它树种-巴山冷杉;竞争强度和对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B),当巴山冷杉胸径达到25 cm以上时,种内和种间竞争强度变化较小。研究表明,改进的方法能很好地预测巴山冷杉种内和种间的竞争强度。