外泌体在病毒感染诊断和治疗中的作用研究

外泌体是多泡体与细胞质膜融合后释放的细胞外囊泡。它们携带有源自分泌细胞的功能性蛋白质、脂质和核酸,能够介导细胞间通信,并在生物体的致病过程中发挥重要作用。当前,对外泌体在病毒感染中的作用机制研究,以及外泌体作为病毒感染诊断和治疗的潜在标志物研究仍处于初级阶段。首先阐述了外泌体的组成和生物学发生机制;然后重点阐述了外泌体在病毒感染中的作用机制,尤其是其在免疫调节中的作用;最后探讨了外泌体作为病毒感染诊断和治疗的潜在标志物的可能性及其应用前景。     

神经系统中一种新型的潜在治疗工具——外泌体

外泌体(exosomes)是一种由细胞分泌到胞外空间的纳米囊泡(nanovesicles),在神经系统中参与许多生理病理过程。大量研究表明,在神经系统中,外泌体可以作为细胞通讯的信使,参与复杂的细胞间信息交流。同时,外泌体也可作为诊断疾病的生物标志物及小分子物质传递载体,在治疗神经系统疾病中发挥着至关重要的作用。因此,exosomes有望成为治疗神经系统疾病的重要工具。该综述首先阐述了外泌体的基本特性,包括合成、存储、分离等;其次,讨论了间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)分泌的外泌体在神经退行性疾病的诊断和治疗中的作用;最后,讨论了外泌体作为治疗神经系统疾病的新型工具将面临的挑战。该综述阐明了外泌体这一快速进展领域及其在神经系统疾病中的作用,特别是其治疗应用的最新进展。     

外泌体环状RNA在肿瘤微环境中的研究进展

外泌体是细胞分泌的30~150 nm的细胞外囊泡,在肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中介导细胞间通讯.环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNAs)是一类由前体mRNA(precursor mRNA,pre-mRNA)反向剪接生成的非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA),在外泌体中富集且表达稳定.本文主要讨论外泌体起源和circRNAs在外泌体中的分选调控机制,阐述外泌体circRNAs在肿瘤微环境各个阶段中的作用与机制,包括血管生成、EMT、耐药等.最后,本文探讨外泌体circRNAs作为肿瘤标志物和治疗靶点的临床应用前景与价值.     

外泌体及其miRNA在神经系统常见疾病诊断和治疗中的研究进展

外泌体(exosome)主要来源于细胞内的多囊泡内体,通过多囊泡内体外膜与细胞膜融合分泌到胞外间隙,直径为30～100 nm,可作为潜在的生物标志物以及细胞间传递生物信息的载体。近年来的研究表明,外泌体有助于神经系统疾病的早期诊断。在细胞实验和动物模型中,外泌体能够促进神经再生、抑制神经细胞凋亡。本文对外泌体的分离、鉴定及其在缺血性脑卒中、阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病这3种神经系统常见疾病的诊断和治疗中的应用进行综述。     

外泌体miRNA的生物学功能及其在肺纤维化疾病中的调控作用

外泌体是一种微型纳米级细胞外囊泡,由于能够直接参与细胞间信息的传递和物质的运输,被认为是细胞间通讯、免疫调节、疾病诊断和预后循环生物学标志物的重要载体,其携带的核酸和蛋白质等内含物能够影响受体细胞的生理状态.作为一种内源性非编码微小RNA,microRNA (miRNA)对疾病诊断和治疗有着重要的研究价值,有大量证据表明该类分子对肺部疾病的发病进程起着控制调节作用.本文聚焦于近年来细胞外泌体来源miRNA的生物学特性和功能领域,综述了近年来生物医学研究中的热点分子外泌体miRNA在肺部疾病尤其是肺纤维化中调控功能和机制的研究,因此不仅能为肺纤维化疾病的诊断提供新的标志物分子,并且还能够为肺纤维化的外泌体干预治疗建议新的干预策略.     

外泌体在淋巴瘤中的研究进展

摘要：病毒感染和环境污染等使得淋巴瘤的发病率逐年升高,早期诊断和精准治疗具有十分重要的临床意义。外泌体是一种脂质双层膜结构的微小囊泡,介导了细胞间交流和信息交换。近几年许多研究证实外泌体是淋巴瘤的发生、进展和耐药的重要机制。外泌体内核酸和小分子可用于淋巴瘤的早期诊断和预测患者预后。材料学修饰可显著增强外泌体治疗的靶向性和治疗效能。本文总结了外泌体生物学特性、分离和鉴定方法、与肿瘤相关性、及其在淋巴瘤中的研究进展,为淋巴瘤的预警和治疗提供参考。     

缺氧条件下中枢神经系统外泌体作用机制

外泌体是来源于细胞内吞噬作用的细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs),其含有特定的蛋白质、脂质、RNA和DNA,能将信号传递给受体细胞,从而介导细胞通讯过程。缺氧作为一种严重的细胞应激,是脑部疾病的重要特征,可以诱导外泌体的释放并影响其内容物。越来越多的证据显示,外泌体携带的生物活性物质可以反映其细胞起源和疾病状态,成为诊断或预测缺氧性疾病的潜在生物标志物。现对外泌体的一般特性和功能、缺氧条件下外泌体的分泌机制以及缺氧胁迫下正常神经细胞(例如神经元和星形胶质细胞)和胶质瘤细胞释放的外泌体的作用机制作一综述。     

外泌体在中枢神经系统疾病中的功能与应用

外泌体是由多种类型的细胞经过一系列调控形成并可分泌到细胞外基质的膜性囊泡,直径约40～200 nm,通过运送mRNAs、miRNAs和蛋白质等物质到靶细胞的方式发挥传递物质和交流信息的作用,从而影响靶细胞的生命过程。作为一种新型的细胞间交流方式,外泌体易透过血脑屏障。因此,在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等多种神经系统疾病进展中发挥重要作用。有关外泌体的研究有助于加深人们对中枢神经疾病发生和发展机制的认识,并可为中枢神经系统疾病的治疗提供新的方向。现对外泌体的一般特性、功能以及其作为神经系统疾病诊断标志物和治疗靶点的潜在价值进行综述。     

外泌体源性microRNAs在肺癌转移及早期诊断中的研究进展

肺癌转移是导致肺癌高死亡率的最重要原因。外泌体是由多种活细胞释放到胞外的直径为30～150nm的微囊泡。其中,肿瘤细胞,尤其是肺癌细胞分泌的外泌体通过向临近和远端的受体细胞传递microRNAs (miRNAs),从而调控转移细胞的远端定植及血管新生等过程。此外,肺癌细胞来源的外泌体miRNAs可以表征肿瘤细胞的病理和生理状态,因此,在肺癌的早期诊断、预测和生存预后中具有重要的应用价值。该综述主要对外泌体miRNAs在肺癌转移过程中的调控作用及其作为早期诊断标志物的潜在应用价值进行介绍。     

外泌体环状RNA在泌尿系统肿瘤中的研究进展

外泌体是一种包含了复杂RNA和蛋白质的膜性囊泡，其主要来源于细胞内溶酶体微粒内陷形成的多囊泡体，经多囊泡体外膜与细胞膜融合后释放到胞外基质中。外泌体在肿瘤微环境中介导细胞间通讯，其功能取决于来源的细胞类型。环状RNA是一类由前体mRNA反向剪接生成的非编码RNA，在外泌体中富集且稳定表达。外泌体环状RNA在疾病中发挥了重要的调控作用，其作为肿瘤标志物和治疗靶点的临床应用前景与价值现已成为研究热点。本文就外泌体环状RNA在泌尿系统肿瘤中的研究进展作一综述。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。