长期施肥对东北黑土不同活性有机碳库的影响

试验采用团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,将土壤有机碳分为总粗颗粒有机质(活性碳库)、总细颗粒有机质(慢性碳库)和总粉粘粒(惰性碳库)等组分,研究长期施肥对东北黑土不同活性有机碳库的影响。结果显示,与不施肥相比,19年连续单独施用化肥没有影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤总体的团聚化效果;化肥和有机肥配施则显著提高了土壤团聚化程度,增加了有机碳含量和储量,增幅分别为36%和18%。粉粘粒结合有机碳占土壤总有机碳的50%~70%,其作为惰性碳库是黑土有机碳的重要组成部分。与无肥相比,单施化肥没有影响不同活性有机碳库含量及土壤有机碳库的稳定性;有机无机配施没有改变土壤中粉粘粒结合有机碳含量,但显著提高了总粗颗粒有机质和总细颗粒有机质中有机碳含量,降低了土壤有机碳库的稳定性。有机无机配施土壤中活性有机碳的增加,一方面有利于提高农田黑土生产力,另一方面又会加剧温室效应。因此,在保证作物产量的同时,尽量减少CO_2排放,确定适宜的有机肥施用量,是解决黑土区农业生产和环境保护矛盾的重要途径。     

典型黑土区不同生态系统土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

基于团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,利用典型黑土区27年长期定位试验,研究草地生态系统、农田生态系统和裸地生态系统下土壤团聚体及团聚体内部组分中有机碳的分布,以解析不同生态系统下土壤团聚体和有机碳固持间的关系,揭示黑土有机碳的物理稳定性机制。结果显示:与农田相比,草地土壤有机碳含量显著提高7.6%;裸地土壤有机碳含量显著下降14.1%。草地促进了大团聚体(250μm),尤其2000μm团聚体的形成,提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性;裸地则降低了土壤的团聚化程度及稳定性,大团聚体和微团聚体含量下降,粉粘粒含量相应增加。草地大团聚体中有机碳含量显著高于农田,且内部各组分有机碳含量均有显著提高,其中粗颗粒有机质、闭蓄态微团聚体和粉黏粒有机碳含量增幅分别为600%、54%和65%;裸地增加了粉粘粒结合有机碳含量,降低了大团聚体和微团聚体中有机碳含量,且大团聚体和微团聚体内部各组分有机碳含量均有所下降。3种生态系统类型土壤均以总粉粘粒结合有机碳为主,占土壤总有机碳52%—79%,其作为惰性碳库是黑土有机碳的重要组成部分。黑土有机碳的累积或损失主要表现为活性较强的有机碳库-团聚体中颗粒有机质的增加或减少,与农田相比,草地土壤有机碳的累积主要归因于大团聚体中粗颗粒有机质的增加,为总有机碳增量的3倍;裸地土壤有机碳的损失主要归因于微团聚体中总细颗粒有机质的减少,对总有机碳损失的贡献率为60%。     

不同熟化措施对黑土母质发育的新成土壤有机碳库的影响

基于8年田间定位试验,采用土壤团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,将土壤有机质分为总粗颗粒有机质(活性碳库)、总细颗粒有机质(慢性碳库)和总粉黏粒(惰性碳库) 3个组分,探讨不同熟化措施对黑土母质发育而成的新成土壤总有机碳库及不同活性有机碳库的影响,为黑土严重侵蚀地区母质表露后土壤肥力的快速恢复提供依据。试验设置自然恢复(NatF)、苜蓿种植(Alfa)、无肥(F0C0)、化肥(F1C0)、低量有机肥与化肥配施(F1C1)、高量有机肥与化肥配施(F1C2)等6个熟化处理。结果表明:黑土母质经过8年不同熟化处理后,土壤总有机碳和各组分有机碳含量均显著提高;与NatF相比,有机肥与化肥配施(F1C2和F1C1)对土壤总有机碳的提升作用最为明显,增幅分别为60.7%和41.2%;Alfa其次,增幅18. 2%;F0C0或F1C0处理土壤总有机碳与NatF间无显著差异;F1C2和F1C1处理土壤3个组分有机碳含量均显著高于其他熟化处理,与F1C1相比,F1C2处理对各组分有机碳提升作用更为明显;与NatF相比,Alfa处理土壤有机碳的增加主要表现为粉黏粒结合有机碳的增加;F1C0和F0C0处理土壤总细颗粒有机质和总粉黏粒中有机碳与NatF间无显著差异,总粗颗粒有机质中有机碳含量低于NatF。研究表明,在米豆轮作和传统耕作体系下,农田生态系统高量有机物料投入配施化肥能够加速黑土母质的熟化进程,快速提高土壤中活性碳库和惰性碳库的容量,是严重退化黑土有机质快速提升的有效措施。     

不同熟化措施对黑土母质发育的新成土壤有机碳库的影响

基于8年田间定位试验,采用土壤团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,将土壤有机质分为总粗颗粒有机质(活性碳库)、总细颗粒有机质(慢性碳库)和总粉黏粒(惰性碳库) 3个组分,探讨不同熟化措施对黑土母质发育而成的新成土壤总有机碳库及不同活性有机碳库的影响,为黑土严重侵蚀地区母质表露后土壤肥力的快速恢复提供依据。试验设置自然恢复(NatF)、苜蓿种植(Alfa)、无肥(F0C0)、化肥(F1C0)、低量有机肥与化肥配施(F1C1)、高量有机肥与化肥配施(F1C2)等6个熟化处理。结果表明:黑土母质经过8年不同熟化处理后,土壤总有机碳和各组分有机碳含量均显著提高;与NatF相比,有机肥与化肥配施(F1C2和F1C1)对土壤总有机碳的提升作用最为明显,增幅分别为60.7%和41.2%;Alfa其次,增幅18. 2%; F0C0或F1C0处理土壤总有机碳与NatF间无显著差异; F1C2和F1C1处理土壤3个组分有机碳含量均显著高于其他熟化处理,与F1C1相比,F1C2处理对各组分有机碳提升作用更为明显;与NatF相比,Alfa处理土壤有机碳的增加主要表现为粉黏粒结合有机碳的增加; F1C0和F0C0处理土壤总细颗粒有机质和总粉黏粒中有机碳与NatF间无显著差异,总粗颗粒有机质中有机碳含量低于Nat F。研究表明,在米豆轮作和传统耕作体系下,农田生态系统高量有机物料投入配施化肥能够加速黑土母质的熟化进程,快速提高土壤中活性碳库和惰性碳库的容量,是严重退化黑土有机质快速提升的有效措施。     

长期施肥对黑土团聚体分布和碳储量变化的影响

用干筛与湿筛2种方法测定了22年长期田间定位试验地土壤风干及水稳性团聚体含量,研究了施肥对黑土团聚体组成、有机碳含量及有机碳库储量的影响。试验设不施肥（CK）、无机肥（NP、NPK）和无机-有机肥配施（NPK+OM）4个处理。结果表明,黑土团聚体以0.25～1 mm团聚体为主。经过湿筛法土壤各粒级水稳性团聚体含量重新分配,表现为以0.25～1 mm粒级为中心,大团聚体含量减少,微团聚体含量增加。与长期不施肥比较,长期施用化肥及有机-无机肥配施显著增加了>2 mm大团聚体含量和0.05～0.25 mm微团聚体含量,各级团聚体有机碳含量显著增加,总有机碳及各级团聚体储量增加,有机质积累,土壤结构得到改善,固碳潜力增加,有机-无机配施效果更加明显。     

菌渣施用对柑橘园土壤团聚体有机碳和惰性有机碳的影响

采用物理和化学分组方法研究了不同菌渣施用处理下柑橘果园土壤团聚体有机碳和惰性有机碳的变化, 旨在为以提高有机碳固定为目的的果园土壤管理措施研究提供科学依据。结果表明, 不同施肥对各级别团聚体影响有差异,有机无机配施增加了大团聚体(>250 m)的含量。团聚体内有机碳含量表现为随着粒径增大而增加的趋势, 且大团聚体的有机碳库量表现为随菌渣施用量增加而增加的趋势, 但短期内施用有机肥并没有显著性地提高土壤有机碳库中大团聚体有机碳的比例。施有机肥处理的柑橘园土壤惰性有机碳含量和微团聚体有机碳库量分别比不施肥和单施化肥处理的提高23.77-44.27%和22.78-43.12%、3.67-9.24%和1.80-7.28%, 说明有机无机肥配施可以增加果园土壤有机碳的积累。     

旱地施有机肥对土壤有机质和水稳性团聚体的影响

通过渭北旱塬2007-2010年田间定位试验,研究了有机肥不同施用量(低量7500 kg·hm^-2、中量15000 kg·hm^-2、高量22500 kg·hm^-2)对连作玉米地土壤有机质、团聚体各层粒径分布和稳定性的影响.结果表明：0～20 cm土层,高量有机肥处理土壤有机质含量较低量有机肥处理提高4.1%～4.6%,高、中量有机肥处理较对照提高4.6%～11.2%,低量有机肥处理在施肥第4年（2010年）较CK提高4.7%～6.3%.0～30 cm土层,所有有机肥处理>5 mm水稳性团聚体的增幅最大,其含量随有机肥用量的增加而显著升高;有机肥处理显著提高了土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均质量直径和团聚体稳定率,且随有机肥用量的增加而显著增加;中、高量有机肥处理比单施化肥处理增加效果显著.     

长期施肥对水稻土有机碳分布及化学结合形态的影响

采用湖南省4个23年连续施肥的稻田长期定位试验,研究了施肥对湖南省水稻土有机碳分布及化学键合形态的影响。试验设不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、中量有机肥(MOM)和高量有机肥(HOM)4个处理。结果表明:在所有施肥处理中,水稳性团聚体均以0.25～1mm和2～5mm粒径含量最高,分别达全土总量的18%～43%和13%～48%。中、高量有机肥处理显著增加了>1mm大团聚体含量以及有机碳在大团聚体中的分配,其中0.25～1mm和1～2mm粒径团聚体中有机碳含量均略高于其余粒径组。与不施肥比较,钙结合态有机碳(Ca-SOC)占总有机碳的比例在2%～4%左右且随有机肥施用呈下降趋势,而铁铝结合态有机碳Fe(Al)-SOC占总有机碳的18%～33%呈上升趋势。有机肥施用条件下,有机碳在大团聚体中的分布的增加、Fe(Al)-SOC的提升以及Ca-SOC的降低意味着土壤有机碳物理和化学保护作用的增强,有利于稻田土壤有机碳的积累,是有机肥施用条件下保持稻田土壤较高固碳速率的重要原因。     

长期不同植被覆盖对黑土团聚体内有机碳组分的影响

为探究黑土团聚体内土壤有机碳(SOC)的“分馏”特征, 揭示不同植被覆盖下土壤团聚体的固碳机制, 该文以中国科学院海伦农业生态系统国家野外综合研究站内不同植被覆盖(草地、农田和裸地)长期定位实验的土样为研究对象, 利用团聚体湿筛分组、有机碳物理和化学分组相结合的方法, 研究了黑土团聚体及其内部的碳密度和腐殖质组分的碳分配特征。研究发现, 黑土经过不同植被覆盖31年后, 长期草地覆盖使土壤表层SOC、全氮(TN)含量显著增加, 农田和无植被覆盖的裸地SOC含量减少, 且在裸地显著降低。3种处理中, 2-0.25 mm (含2 mm, 下同)粒级团聚体均为优粒级。土壤团聚体的稳定性顺序为草地>农田>裸地。草地覆盖使土壤大团聚体的比例和有机碳库增加, 微团聚体和粉黏粒所占比例和碳库均减少, 说明草地覆盖促进了土壤大团聚体形成, 土壤固碳能力显著增强。而农田和裸地因外源碳投入少, 有机碳含量均是微团聚体>大团聚体>粉黏粒, SOC主要分布在微团聚体中。不同植被覆盖处理对土壤团聚体内密度组分和腐殖质各组分碳的富集“分馏”作用很明显, 与农田和裸地相比, 长期草地植被覆盖处理>2 mm和2-0.25 mm粒级团聚体中轻组碳含量富集的较多, 2-0.25 mm粒级团聚体中富里酸、胡敏酸和胡敏素的碳富集均最高, 而农田和裸地促进了微团聚体内腐殖质碳的富集。草地覆盖显著增加了大团聚体内活性有机碳组分, 来源于植物的碳首先进入到大粒径的团聚体中, 使土壤团聚结构显著改善, 农田和无植被覆盖的裸地土壤中轻组碳含量显著降低, 团聚体内有机碳以重组碳和胡敏素为主, 稳定化程度更高。     

施用有机肥对黑土团聚体有机碳的影响

采用湿筛法对不同处理下的黑土进行分离, 得到4种不同大小（>2 000、2 000～250、250～53、<53 μm）的团聚体,利用密度分组法分离出游离的轻组（free LF）和团聚体内的颗粒有机质（iPOM）,以评价有机肥对黑土团聚体有机碳的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,施用有机肥显著增加了土壤的团聚化作用,可在一定程度上抵消耕作对团聚体的破坏作用,减缓团聚体的周转.团聚体内细颗粒有机碳（fine iPOM-C）含量显著高于粗颗粒有机碳(coarse iPOM-C)含量,说明施用有机肥有利于团聚体内细颗粒有机碳的积累,是施用有机肥条件下黑土团聚体内碳固定的主要形式.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.