土壤养分库对缺苞箭竹叶片养分元素再分配的影响

研究了王朗自然保护区3个密度的缺苞箭竹群落的土壤养分库和叶片养分元素再分配能力的相互关系。结果表明,不同密度箭竹群落的土壤N、K贮量没有显著差异,土壤P贮量随着密度增加而显著减少（P〈0．01）,土壤Ca和Mg贮量则随着密度增加而增加。不同密度的箭竹叶片N和K的再分配能力没有显著差异,叶片P的再分配能力随着密度的增加而显著增加,Ca和Mg随着箭竹密度的增加在凋落叶中有显著积累的趋势。这表明,基于密度的箭竹叶片养分元素再分配能力与土壤养分库的大小密切相关,可能的机理过程是不同密度的箭竹在生长发育过程中改变了土壤养分库的大小,土壤养分库通过反馈机制导致箭竹叶片养分元素再分配能力的变化,体现了土壤与植被之间的互动关系。综合分析表明,P可能是限制缺苞箭竹生长发育的重要因子。     

密度对缺苞箭竹凋落物生物元素动态及其潜在转移能力的影响

研究了一个生长季节内,缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)-紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)原始林下不同密度缺苞箭竹凋落物及其生物元素含量的动态,比较了凋落物与新鲜叶中生物元素含量的差异,探讨了生物元素在缺苞箭竹体内的潜在内转移能力。研究结果表明:在生长季节内,缺苞箭竹凋落物量随着缺苞箭竹密度增加而增大。凋落物中C、N、P、K含量随着缺苞箭竹密度增加而减小,但Ca、Mg含量随着缺苞箭竹密度增加而增大。凋落物和新鲜叶中的C含量无显著差异,且二者均无明显的季节变化规律;凋落物的N、P、K含量表现为在5、6、7月依次升高,7月以后逐渐下降的格局,且凋落物中的含量明显低于新鲜叶;凋落叶的Ca含量明显高于新鲜叶,但无明显的季节变化规律;凋落叶的Mg含量在缺苞箭竹指数生长期最低,而新鲜叶中Mg含量在缺苞箭竹指数生长期最高。缺苞箭竹密度对生物元素的动态变化规律无显著影响。内转移率表现为K>N>P,且P的内转移率随着缺苞箭竹密度的增加而升高,但缺苞箭竹密度对K、N的内转移能力影响较小;C在缺苞箭竹植株体内的内转移现象不明显;Ca在凋落物中的积累率随缺苞箭竹密度增加而增大;Mg元素的积累率随着缺苞箭竹密度增加越来越高,而内转移率越来越低。     

缺苞箭竹群落密度对土壤养分库的影响

研究了王朗自然保护区内缺苞箭竹(Fargesiadenudata)群落3个密度在1个生长季(5～10月)内不同土壤层次的养分贮量及其季节动态.结果表明,土壤(0～30cm)总P、速效P贮量均随密度的增加而显著减少(P<0.01);而土壤总Ca、Mg贮量则随密度的增加而增加;土壤N、K(全量或速效)贮量密度间差异不大.在不同密度的箭竹群落样地内,除了D1样地土壤总钾贮量大于Ca外,土壤层(0～30cm)不同养分贮量(全量)大小顺序均为Ca>K>Mg>N>P.表层(L1)速效N、P和K浓度在7月份均有显著降低的现象,随后又逐渐回升.养分的变化幅度则普遍存在着表层(L1)大于下层(L2、L3),高密度(D3)大于低密度(D1),速效P大于速效N、K的现象.土壤总养分贮量与浓度在土壤层次上的分布特征明显不同,3个密度样地中L1(0～10cm)层的N、P、K、Ca、Mg贮量均低于L2(10～20cm)和L3(20～30cm)层.分析表明,箭竹群落土壤层养分贮量与密度密切相关,可能是由于密度影响到了箭竹对土壤养分的吸收、凋落物养分的归还、微生物活性等养分循环各个环节,从而导致了土壤养分贮量的改变.其中,密度对P、Ca贮量影响最大,Mg其次,对N、K影响最弱.随着箭竹密度的增加,越来越低的土壤总P、速效P贮量也表明,P素可能是箭竹生长发育的主要限制因子,P不足可能是导致箭竹开花的重要诱因.     

密度对缺苞箭竹凋落物养分归还及养分利用效率的影响

在缺苞箭竹-紫果云杉原始林下,选取3个密度(D1、D2、D3)的缺苞箭竹,研究了密度对缺苞箭竹凋落物量、养分归还量及养分利用效率的影响.结果表明:3个密度缺苞箭竹的年凋落物量分别为793.2、1135.7和1458.5kg.hm-2,C归还量分别为370.7、516.2和671.5kg.hm-2,5种主要养分归还量分别为16.3、22.9和29.3kg.hm-2,均随密度的增大而增加.各密度养分年归还量中均以Ca最高(占总量的48%～58%),P和Mg最低(3%～5%),总体排序为Ca>N>K>Mg、P.除高密度(D3)缺苞箭竹在8月有一个凋落与养分归还小峰外,10月生长季末是各密度缺苞箭竹凋落及养分归还高峰期.不同密度缺苞箭竹叶N和K的再分配能力无显著差异,P的再分配能力随密度的增大而增强,Ca、Mg则显著积累.缺苞箭竹P的养分利用效率随密度的增大而增高,表明P可能是缺苞箭竹生长更新的限制因子.     

缺苞箭竹密度对其生物量分配格局的影响

研究了一个生长季节内缺苞箭竹(Fargesiadenudata)紫果云杉(Piceapurpurea)原始林下不同密度缺苞箭竹群落的生物量及其分配格局.结果表明,缺苞箭竹群落生物量、净生产量、平均单株生物量、地上部分生物量、地下部分生物量随密度的增加而增大,而缺苞箭竹地上部分净增长率却随密度的增加而降低.在一个生长季节内,缺苞箭竹地上部分与地下部分生长相关性随密度的增加而增大.除指数生长期(7、8月)外,缺苞箭竹地上部分/地下部分生物量比在生长季节内随密度增加而增大,但在缺苞箭竹生长的指数生长期,中等密度有较大的地上部分/地下部分生物量比.缺苞箭竹生物量在各器官的分配取决于密度和生长时期,密度对缺苞箭竹的生物量分配格局有显著影响.     

毛果苔草湿地营养元素的积累、分配及其生物循环特征

毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)湿地地上部分积累量小于地下部分的积累量,在地上几个构件中,叶片比叶鞘积累量大,而穗的积累量最小;地下部分中细根比根茎的积累量大.土壤分室营养元素贮量在系统的各分室中占绝对优势,毛果苔草湿地土壤中各种营养元素总贮量的顺序为K＞Fe＞N＞Ca＞P＞Mg＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu;它们的吸收系数的排序是Mn＞N＞P＞Zn＞Mg＞Cu＞Ca＞Fe＞K;几种营养元素的利用系数的排序是Mn＞N＞P＞Zn＞Mg＞Cu＞Ca＞Fe＞K;几种营养元素的循环系数的排序为Ca＞K＞Mg＞N＞P＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Fe;因此,该系统中钙、钾的存留比例最小,而流动性较大,而铁则相反,存留比例大,流动性较小.     

黄土丘陵区油松人工林与天然林养分分布和生物循环比较

对黄土丘陵区油松人工林和天然林的养分积累与分配以及养分循环特征进行了比较研究,结果表明：（1）油松林各组分养分含量的变化趋势为：针叶〉树枝〉树皮〉树根〉树干;地上部分的养分在针叶、树枝、树干和凋落物中呈：Ca〉N〉K〉Mg〉P（林型Ⅰ的针叶、枝干和林型Ⅳ的树枝N含量较其它元素含量高）,而在土壤层中呈：Ca〉K〉Mg〉N〉P;不同林型内各养分含量因林龄的不同而有差异。（2）油松林生态系统中养分总贮量的80．83％-98．81％集中在土壤组分中,乔木层养分量占总贮量的0．76％-5．52％,林下植被层和凋落物层的养分贮量分别占系统总贮量的0．05％-0．17％和0．38％～3．48％。人工油松林的养分贮量随抚育林龄的增加先升后降,30a时养分贮量最大,50a时养分贮量明显降低,其中N素衰减较其它养分快（30龄油松林是50龄油松林的4．23倍）。（3）油松林地上部分养分贮量主要集中在针叶,且随着抚育林龄的增加,针叶不但贮量增加而且占地上各组分总贮量比例也增大,树枝和树干只是绝对贮量增加,但所占地上总贮量的比例下降。（4）油松林地上部分养分的年积累量以30a人工林最高,变化趋势为Ⅱ〉Ⅲ〉Ⅳ〉Ⅰ。各组分养分的年积累量总的变化趋势为：针叶〉树枝〉根系〉树皮〉树干,同一组分各养分年积累量与各组分养分贮量变化顺序基本一致,即10年生幼林为N〉Ca〉K〉P〉Mg,人工成熟纯林Ca〉N〉K〉P〉M,天然林与人工成熟林相似。（5）天然林的吸收量、存留量明显高于人工林。人工林随着抚育林龄的增加,吸收量和归还量增大,存留量和循环系数先增后降。各林地油松利用系数为：Ca〉Mg〉N〉K〉P,但同一养分利用率,油松人工林随着林龄的增加而降低,油松天然林与人工成熟林的利用系数和周转期相似。     

川西亚高山箭竹群落枯枝落叶层生物化学特性

对川西亚高山3个不同箭竹群落枯枝落叶层现存量及生物化学特性作了初步研究,结果表明(1)枯枝落叶层贮量箭竹-冷云杉林(46.3×103kg/hm 2)＞箭竹-桦木-冷云杉林(25.8×103kg/hm2)＞箭竹-桦木林(6.5×103kg/hm2).(2)各林型枯枝落叶层营养元素贮量(kg/hm2)箭竹-冷云杉林为N 553.14,P 54.63,K 164.75,Ca 606.12,Mg 125.78,箭竹-桦木-冷云杉林为N269.45,P 23.61,K 96.31,Ca 367.04,Mg 79.08,箭竹-桦木林为N 68.69,P 7.73,K 27.64,Ca 21.66,Mg11.45;各元素贮量分布规律箭竹-冷云杉林和箭竹-桦木-冷云杉林为Ca＞N＞K＞Mg＞P,箭竹-桦木林则是N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P.(3)箭竹-冷云杉林和箭竹-桦木-冷云杉林枯枝落叶层有机质(如有机碳、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物等)含量分布格局均为未分解凋落物层(L)＞半分解层(F)＞腐殖质层(H),有机质贮量分布格局为H层＞F层＞L层,箭竹-桦木林各亚层有机质含量及贮量均为L-F层＞H层;箭竹-桦木林、箭竹-桦木-冷云杉林和箭竹-冷云杉林枯枝落叶层有机质平均分解率分别为38.15%、23.54%、19.14%.(4)各林型枯枝落叶层微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量、酶(酸性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶)活性箭竹-冷云杉林与箭竹-桦木-冷云杉林均为F层＞L层＞H层,箭竹-桦木林为H层＞L-F层.结果表明随着箭竹-桦木林向箭竹-桦木-冷云杉林及箭竹-冷云杉林恢复演替,林下枯枝落叶层微生物数量、酶活性逐渐降低,凋落物平均分解率降低,凋落物、有机质及营养元素逐渐积累,养分循环速率逐渐降低.     

鼎湖山黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟群落主要营养元素的分配和生物循环

较系统地研究了鼎湖山黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocaryaconcinna)-鼎湖钓樟(Linderachunii)群落植物主要营养元素(P、K、Ca、Mg)的分配和生物循环特征。营养元素含量随群落层次、组分(器官)和元素不同而异。群落植物营养元素贮量为(kghm-2):P61.253,K928.764,Ca1212.771和Mg79.349。各元素贮量在不同层次中的大小分布序列为:乔木(94.3%-97.8%)>藤本(1.3%-4.1%)>灌木(0.8%-1.4%)>草本(0.05%-0.15%)。在乔木层,元素贮量则主要分布在树干和树枝两组分(38.6%-61.7%)。各元素在植物组分中的贮量序列为:Ca>K>Mg>P(根、干和皮)和K>Ca>Mg>P(其余器官)。群落植物营养元素年积累量为(kghm-2):P2.677,K41.550,Ca63.309和Mg3.693,其在群落植物中的分配格局与贮量的相类似。群落植物营养元素利用系数为:P0.18,K0.11,Ca0.09和Mg0.28;循环系数:P0.76,K0.61,Ca0.41和Mg0.84;周转期(a):P7.36,K15.12,Ca28.05和Mg4.30。     

Aboveground biomass and its biotic and abiotic modulators of a main food bamboo of the giant panda in a subalpine spruce–fir forest in southwestern China

中国西南亚高山云冷杉林中大熊猫主食竹的地上生物量及其生物和非生物影响因子 作为大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的主食竹之一，缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudate)广泛分布在中国西南山地云冷杉林的林下。然而，缺苞箭竹生物量及其分布的驱动因素仍不清楚。本研究基于对王朗大样地(25.2 ha) 209个样方(投影面积为20 m × 20 m)中的乔木层和灌木层(包括竹子等木质草本)的系统调查，探讨非生物因素(地形和土壤理化性质)和生物因素(乔木密度、乔木总胸高断面积(TBA)和灌木盖度等) 对缺苞箭竹地上生物量的影响。研究结果表明，样方缺苞箭竹地上生物量平均为1.17 ton/ha，在209 个 调查样方中差异很大(0–4.88 ton/ha，95%置信区间)。缺苞箭竹生物量随海拔、坡度和乔木平均胸径的增 加而显著增加，随乔木密度、灌木盖度和土壤pH的增加而显著降低，而与乔木TBA、坡向、土壤有机质或总氮含量无显著线性关系。随机森林模型表明，地形和生物因素对缺苞箭竹生物量的影响比土壤理化性质更大。具体来说，地形主要通过改变乔木密度和土壤理化性质来影响缺苞箭竹的生物量。本研究结果可为大熊猫的保护和亚高山云冷杉林的管理提供科学参考。     

山地麻竹林生态系统养分分配格局

通过对不同年龄和器官山地麻竹养分垂直分布及生态系统现存养分分配格局研究 ,结果表明 :麻竹地上器官各养分浓度随高度的升高有增加的趋势 ;在竹林层中 ,各年龄单株麻竹地下器官含量低于地上部分 ,但 N、Ca、Si O2 养分现存总量高于地上部分 ,P、K低于地上部分器官总量 ;各养分在竹秆不同高度含量不同 ,呈现随高度增加而减少的变化规律 ,竹枝和竹叶养分量随高度的分配呈现“小 -大 -小”的变化规律 ,但两个年度麻竹养分量最大值出现的高度不同 ;不同年龄麻竹单株养分含量都以幼竹为最小 ,1年生麻竹 N、P、K含量高于 2年生麻竹 ,但 Ca、Si O2 含量低于 2年生麻竹 ;地下器官中 ,竹蔸各种养分含量高于根。在群落中 ,各种养分都以麻竹林层占绝对优势 ,N、P、K、Ca、Si O2 分别占群落养分的 89.0 931%、89.0 2 4 7%、89.5 0 2 7%、93.186 7%和 88.4 135 % ,凋落物层养分其次 ,林下植被层最低     

Impacts of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) invasion on dry matter and carbon and nitrogen stocks in a broad‐leaved secondary forest located in Kyoto,western Japan

In western and central Japan, the expansion of exotic moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex J. Houz.) populations into neighboring vegetation has become a serious problem. Although the effects of bamboo invasion on biodiversity have been well studied, shifts in nutrient stocks and cycling, which are fundamental for ecosystem functioning, are not fully understood. To explore the effects of P. pubescens invasion on ecosystem functions we examined above‐ and below‐ground dry matter and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in a pure broad‐leaved tree stand, a pure bamboo stand, and two tree–bamboo mixed stands with different vegetation mix ratios in the secondary forest of Kyoto, western Japan. In the process of invasion, bamboo shoots offset broad‐leaved tree deaths; thus, no clear trend was apparent in total above‐ or below‐ground biomass or in plant C and N stocks during invasion. However, the ratio of above‐ground to below‐ground biomass (T/R ratio at the stand level) decreased with increasing bamboo dominance, especially in the early stages of invasion. This shift indicates that rapid bamboo rhizomatous growth is a main driver of substantial changes in stand structure. We also detected rises in the C/N ratio of forest‐floor organic matter during bamboo invasion. Thus major impacts of P. pubescens invasion into broad‐leaved forests include not only early shifts in biomass allocation, but also changes in the distribution pattern of C and N stored in plants and soil.     

不同年龄毛竹林养分分布及生物循环特征

毛竹林是我国重要的森林资源类型,由于片面追求经济效益,许多竹阔混交林被改造为纯林,造成其土壤质量和立地生产力不同程度退化。因此研究毛竹林生产力和营养元素循环特征,对保持毛竹林持续生产力具有重要意义。以湖南桃江县桃花江林场毛竹林作为研究对象,将同一年龄毛竹的株数占据60%以上林地的标准划分各年龄段毛竹林,并研究不同年龄(1年,3年和5年)毛竹林生态系统营养元素含量、积累和分布格局以及生物循环特征。结果表明:竹林层营养元素平均含量均以N和K含量最高,Ca和P较低,各营养元素在毛竹不同器官的含量存在差异且随竹龄变化而变化;因毛竹林年龄不同,死地被物各层次的营养元素含量不同,并且同一年龄毛竹林亦随层次不同而异;土壤层N、P、K元素随着土层深度的增加而递减,Ca则随土层深度增加而增加。竹林层营养元素总积累量为338.31—1104.72 kg/hm~2,死地被物层为37.69—46.94 kg/hm~2,土壤层为56952.67—63783.22 kg/hm~2。不同年龄毛竹林生态系统营养元素年吸收量为237.41—338.3 kg/hm~2,归还量为20.84—86.47 kg/hm~2,存留量为216.57—267.05 kg/hm~2,利用系数为0.27—1.00,循环系数为0.09—0.25,周转时间在6.17—40.33年之间。     

苦竹-杉木混交林界面区克隆分株秆形和地上生物量分配的适应策略

苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)是优质笋材兼用竹种,分布广。为探究界面区苦竹分株秆形及地上构件生物量分配格局的变化特征,解析苦竹对异质生境适应机制,该研究选取了相邻的苦竹林和苦竹-杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)混交林两种林分类型,分别测定了苦竹林和混交林中心区及界面区不同龄级立竹秆形和秆、枝、叶的生物量,分析立竹秆形及地上构件生物量积累、分配、异速生长关系的差异。结果表明:(1)界面区1 a立竹生物量积累及分配差异增大,其中苦竹林界面区各构件相对生物量和叶生物量分配比例提高,而混交林界面区各构件相对生物量和叶生物量分配比例降低; 2 a立竹生物量积累及分配比例的差异缩小,界面区两边2 a立竹各构件相对生物量和生物量分配比例均无明显差异。(2)界面区立竹秆形特征及1 a立竹各构件生物量异速生长关系均无明显变化,而苦竹林界面区2 a立竹秆的增长速率提高,枝、叶的增长速率降低。综上认为,苦竹通过权衡资源分配关系,明显改变界面区立竹秆形及生物量分配格局,以提高克隆分株对异质环境的适合度。     

中国灌木林-经济林-竹林的生态系统服务功能评估

基于森林生态系统的长期连续定位观测数据和全国第五次、第六次、第七次森林资源清查数据,应用中华人民共和国林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721-2008）对灌木林、经济林、竹林的物质量与价值量进行了评估。结果表明：灌木林、经济林、竹林提供的服务功能价值分别为17953.56亿元?a-1、7569.35亿元?a-1、2659.01亿元?a-1,在全国森林生态服务功能总价值中占有重要的地位。涵养水源和生物多样性保护及固碳释氧是主要的生态服务功能。数量化统计分析得出灌木林生态服务功能价值在华中、华南地区较大,而由于气候等因素,在西北等干旱地区灌木林所占比例较大;经济林生态服务功能价值在西南地区较大;竹林生态服务功能价值在华中、华南地区较大。从第五次森林资源清查到第七次森林资源清查期间近20a来,灌木林、经济林、竹林森林生态服务功能价值变化不大,生态功能稳定。应清醒地认识到灌木林、经济林、竹林在维系和促进当地社会经济持续发展和环境保护中的巨大作用。     

热消散液流测定系统研究竹子蒸腾的问题和解决思路

旺盛的蒸腾是竹子迅速生长的重要代谢保障,对林区生态系统水循环和水量平衡发挥关键作用,如何准确估测竹林的蒸腾耗水是迫切需要解决的方法难题。目前研究树木水分生理和森林水文广泛采用的热消散液流测定方法(TDP)却少有在竹林中应用,而仅有的几项研究报道由于缺乏严谨的实验验证,结果误差较大而缺少说服力。作者认为,竹壁结构异质性和竹竿中央空腔造成热量的不均匀分布是基于热通量交换的液流测定系统测量竹子蒸腾不准确的主要原因,提出以自行设计的注水变压液流特性测定法和传统的整树容器称重法,验证热消散液流测定系统估测竹子水分利用的适用性。本文还结合竹子的种群结构和无次生生长的特点,提出竹株借助相互连接的地下茎进行水分再分配,异株补偿水力限制,蒸腾主要受年龄而不是竹形大小影响的观点,建议通过分析竹子蒸腾的年龄效应,研究不同种植密度竹林水分利用的变化规律,为竹林生产和集水区水源管理提供有效的林型设计和措施。     

Incomplete recovery of ecosystem processes after two decades of riparian forest restoration

Restoration of ecosystem processes such as carbon storage and nutrient cycling may lag behind the restoration of structural attributes of ecosystems, such as species richness and biomass. We used a replicated chronosequence of reforested sites on the Sacramento River floodplain to ask if ecosystem processes had reached functional equivalence with nearby remnant forest patches. We found that live and dead biomass pools had mostly recovered to remnant forest levels within two decades of replanting, but soil carbon and nitrogen stocks, rates of CO₂ efflux, N availability, and nutrient‐use efficiency still differed significantly between restored and remnant forests. Reforested sites are thus still functionally distinct from remnants despite similarities of vegetation structure.     

Effects of dwarf bamboo (Fargesia denudata) density on biomass, carbon and nutrient distribution pattern

Dense dwarf bamboo population is a structurally and functionally important component in many subalpine forest systems. To characterize the effects of stem density on biomass, carbon and majority nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) distribution pattern, three dwarf bamboo (Fargesia denudata) populations with different stem densities (Dh with 220 ± 11 stems m^?2, Dm with 140 ± 7 stems m^?2, and Dl with 80 ± 4 stems m^?2, respectively) were selected beneath a bamboo-fir (Picea purpurea) forest in Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Leaf, branch, rhizome, root and total biomass of dwarf bamboo increased with the increase of stem density, while carbon and nutrient concentrations in bamboo components decreased. Percentages of below-ground biomass and element stocks to total biomass and stocks decreased with the increase of stem density, whereas above-ground biomass and element stocks exhibited the opposite tendency. Moreover, more above-ground biomass and elements were allocated to higher part in the higher density population. In addition, percentages of culm biomass, above-ground biomass and element stocks below 100 cm culm height (H₁₀₀) increased with the increase of stem density, while percentages of branch and leaf biomass below H₁₀₀ decreased. Pearson’s correlation analyses revealed that root biomass, above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass and total biomass significantly correlated to leaf biomass in H_100?200 and total leaf biomass within high density population, while they significantly correlated to leaf biomass in H_50?150 within low density population. The results suggested that dwarf bamboo performed an efficient adaptive strategy to favor limited resources by altering biomass, carbon and nutrients distribution pattern in the dense population.     

Effects of dwarf bamboo (Fargesia denudata) density on biomass, carbon and nutrient distribution pattern

Dense dwarf bamboo population is a structurally and functionally important component in many subalpine forest systems. To characterize the effects of stem density on biomass, carbon and majority nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) distribution pattern, three dwarf bamboo (Fargesia denudata) populations with different stem densities (Dh with 220 ± 11 stems m^?2, Dm with 140 ± 7 stems m^?2, and Dl with 80 ± 4 stems m^?2, respectively) were selected beneath a bamboo-fir (Picea purpurea) forest in Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Leaf, branch, rhizome, root and total biomass of dwarf bamboo increased with the increase of stem density, while carbon and nutrient concentrations in bamboo components decreased. Percentages of below-ground biomass and element stocks to total biomass and stocks decreased with the increase of stem density, whereas above-ground biomass and element stocks exhibited the opposite tendency. Moreover, more above-ground biomass and elements were allocated to higher part in the higher density population. In addition, percentages of culm biomass, above-ground biomass and element stocks below 100 cm culm height (H₁₀₀) increased with the increase of stem density, while percentages of branch and leaf biomass below H₁₀₀ decreased. Pearson’s correlation analyses revealed that root biomass, above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass and total biomass significantly correlated to leaf biomass in H_100?200 and total leaf biomass within high density population, while they significantly correlated to leaf biomass in H_50?150 within low density population. The results suggested that dwarf bamboo performed an efficient adaptive strategy to favor limited resources by altering biomass, carbon and nutrients distribution pattern in the dense population.     

The nutrient budgets of a watershed and its forest ecosystem in the Taï National Park in Cô d'Ivoire

Atmospheric inputs and stream water outputs of P, K,Ca and Mg were estimated for an undisturbed forestedwatershed and the forest ecosystem within it inTaï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire in 1990/91.The study included measurements of wet and drydeposition, and suspended sediments, organic debrisand solutes in the water flows. Base flow as well asquick flow were sampled. The nutrient budgets of theentire watershed and the forest ecosystem (comprisingvegetation and rooted soil layers) were distinguishedon the basis of two assumptions (i) solutes in thebase flow are derived from the soil layers below therooted zone only, and hence not from the forestecosystem; (ii) the total soil mass in the rooted zoneremains constant, i.e. the export of topsoil materialby erosion is compensated for by deepening the rootzone. The first assumption was supported by theresemblance of the molar ratios of solutes in the baseflow and those calculated for the weathering of themigmatite found in the soil layers below the rootedzone. It is concluded that the stocks of P, K, Caand Mg in the watershed are decreasing with 1.4, 12.7,15.3, and 8.1 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 respectively.Losses are mainly a result of nutrient exports byerosion and solutes in the base flow. Nutrient stocksfor the forest ecosystem are also apparentlydecreasing, but to a much lesser extent, indicatingthe importance of distinguishing between the watershedand the forest ecosystem within.