长爪沙鼠的肝毛细线虫感染率与鼠类及猛禽密度的关系

为研究鼠类密度和猛禽密度对鼠类肝毛细线虫(Capillaria hepatica)感染率的影响,作者于2004年7月在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗北部和东乌珠穆沁旗西南部典型草原草场选取了14个实验样地,采用洞口计数法(四分之一圆面积法)调查估计各实验样地内长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)密度,同时采用夹线调查法捕获鼠类样本,进行常规解剖获取肝毛细线虫的感染数据。采用目测计数法统计猛禽的出现频次,并以其出现频次作为猛禽的相对密度指标。实验样地共捕获长爪沙鼠1 058只,观察到鹰隼类活动69只次。数据分析结果表明,长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与鼠类密度之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01,R~2=0.926),长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与猛禽密度之间亦存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01,R~2=0.853)。该结果说明,长爪沙鼠是肝毛细线虫的主要宿主,鼠类密度和猛禽密度的升高均会增加长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率,猛禽密度和鼠类密度之间还存在叠加效应,猛禽的捕食作用会加快肝毛细线虫病的传播周期,加重肝毛细线虫病疫情。     

捕食者—猎物功能响应模型研究

本文通过分析在捕食的情况下猎物种群的平均绝对增长速率与捕食效应的关系以及捕食者的捕食平均绝对速率与猎物密度的关系,建立了捕食者-猎物功能响应的一般模型: 其中,A为捕食者与猎物行为常数,f(H_t)为待定函数。 在上述模型的基础上讨论了在捕食速率与猎物密度无关和有关时的功能响应行为。 通过对上面模型的分析,笔者认为功能响应模型按Holling的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型响应曲线相应划分很不方便。建议按“捕食速率与猎物密度无关或有关”两个类型划分。并认为Ⅲ型模型在昆虫中也能得到较广泛的应用。     

七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究

实验室内16—21℃的温度下,七星瓢虫雌成虫捕食行为集中在8:00—22:00。瓢虫各龄幼虫及雌成虫对麦长管蚜的功能反应均属Holling Ⅱ型。28℃时,瓢虫雌成虫的攻击率最大,处理时间最短。随温度增加,攻击率减小,处理时间增加。假设:猎物种群在无捕食者存在时,呈Logistic曲线增长;捕食者随机搜寻猎物。对猎物的功能反应为Holling Ⅱ型,捕食者个体间存在相互干扰;捕食者种群存在一个最低死亡率K_0,随种群增大,死亡率增加,增加速率与密度成反比;捕食者取食的猎物转化为自身部分的比例为β。 七星瓢虫-麦长管蚜捕食作用系统模拟模型:较好地描述了当麦长管蚜种群增长到某一数量时,放置一头瓢虫雌成虫后蚜虫种群增长过程。本文对模型平衡点作了局部稳定性分析。     

八斑鞘蛛对多种猎物的选择捕食作用研究

研究八斑鞘蛛在多种猎物共存时的日捕食量,功能反应,捕食作用率。在有棉铃虫和棉蚜共存且密度互补时,八斑鞘蛛对棉铃虫的功能反应属Holling Ⅲ型反应;一种猎物密度变化,其他种猎物密度固定时,功能反应呈Holling Ⅱ型反应。研究了捕食作用率与猎物共存种类,相对丰盛度,捕食者本身数量的关系。 计算机(IBM-PC)模拟结果表明:捕食者个体间的相互干扰、温度、猎物内禀增长率对系统稳定性有一定影响。     

黑肩绿盲蝽捕食褐飞虱卵的功能与数值反应

褐飞虱作为水稻的重要迁飞性害虫,至今未见有效的生物防治技术报道。黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵及低龄若虫有较强的捕食能力,为评价黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱的控害能力,研究了黑肩绿盲蝽若虫各虫期和雌雄成虫对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应与数值反应。功能反应研究结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,若虫的捕食能力大于成虫;四龄若虫理论捕食量最大,为104.2粒卵/d。数值反应研究结果表明,不同褐飞虱卵密度对黑肩绿盲蝽的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著影响。随着猎物密度增大,黑肩绿盲蝽若虫发育速率、雌虫产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫寿命减小,最后趋于稳定。猎物密度1、3、5卵/d分别是黑肩绿盲蝽若虫存活、成虫羽化及维持种群最低繁殖力的临界值。在天敌控害潜能的研究过程中,数值反应的研究目的在于探讨捕食者对猎物密度的依赖程度,探明能引起捕食者种群衰退的猎物密度临界值,为大田释放捕食者时增补替代寄主,增强捕食者持续控害能力提供理论依据。     

植物物种多样性与岛屿面积的关系

由于水库蓄水导致千岛湖原有生境的破碎化和岛屿化.研究选取了50个岛屿,共设立样方70个.调查这些岛屿上乔木和灌木的种类及数量,选择9种曲线拟合岛屿面积与物种多样性指数之间的数学关系.结果发现:乔木、灌木和木本物种数与岛屿面积关系拟合较好的是对数函数、幂函数和S型曲线,其中对数函数为最优模型;乔木、木本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与岛屿面积关系拟合较好的是S型曲线和逆函数,灌木Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与岛屿面积关系拟合不显著,乔木和木本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与较小岛屿(y小于1 hm2)面积拟合呈S形曲线和逆函数,而灌木Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与较大岛屿(y大于1 hm2)面积拟合呈S形曲线和逆函数;均匀度、优势度指数与面积拟合关系不显著. 在岛屿面积较小时,物种多样性指数随着面积的增加而迅速增加,但在面积增加到一定限度时,物种多样性指数增加的速率就逐渐变缓.植物物种数增加速率的转折点约为4 hm2,乔木、木本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数增加速率的转折点约为1 hm2,对面积小于的1 hm2的岛屿进行拟合时发现,乔木、木本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数增加速率的转折点在0.15～0.2 hm2之间.     

七星瓢虫幼虫对两种麦蚜的数值反应

本文研究了七星瓢虫各龄幼虫在不同麦芽密度下的捕食量与其发育速率和增长率的关系。结果表明：七星瓢虫各龄幼虫的捕食量与其发育速率和增长率均为线性关系,符合Ｂｅｄｄｉｎｇｔｏｎ模型;猎物密度与各龄瓢虫的增长率皆呈逻辑蒂斯曲线增长,求出了捕食者对两种麦蚜的最佳捕食量和最佳猎物密度;比较了捕食者对两种麦蚜的捕食作用差异。     

六斑月瓢虫对菊小长管蚜的捕食作用

六斑月瓢虫对菊小长管蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程。功能反应受到温度、容器大小和捕食者密度的影响。在同一温度下,六斑月瓢虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增大,寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。在15℃～25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,捕食的菊小长管蚜高龄若蚜头数增多,而在25℃～35℃有相反的趋势,以25℃下的捕食数量最大,平均达95头/天,捕食上限达392.1头。相同猎物密度条件下,温度与六斑月瓢虫捕食作用的关系可用二次曲线拟合,捕食的最适温度（25℃左右）与菊小长管蚜发生高峰季节的温度相吻合。六斑月瓢虫的捕食作用有较强的种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度的增大,平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应地降低,搜索常数Q为0.9003,干扰系数m为0.9816,E=0.9003P^-0.9816。实际应用时,要充分考虑气象因子、瓢蚜密度比等对防效的影响,以期获得最佳防治效果。     

典型草原啮齿动物密度与牧草损失量的关系

研究啮齿动物密度对牧草损失量的关系,对于计算草地经济损害水平至关重要,可以为草地畜牧业管理决策提供指导。本研究于2012 - 2016 年,在锡林郭勒典型草原(东乌珠穆沁旗),应用标志重捕法和样方法对啮齿动物密度以及9 月份植物地上生物量进行调查,用啮齿动物密度及其日食量来估算鼠类对牧草的损害程度,确定牧草损失量。研究结果表明:(1)啮齿动物密度与牧草损失量的最佳拟合曲线是三参数S 型曲线,为:Loss = k/(1+e ^{a - rdensity});(2)当啮齿动物密度>906 个标准鼠单位/hm² 时,牧草产量发生最大损失(牧草产量损失比=23.30% );(3)根据所拟合的曲线,得出该类型草地啮齿动物对牧草损害的危害阈值为174 个标准鼠单位/hm² 。     

拟环纹狼蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究Ⅲ.选择捕食作用

本文研究了拟环纹狼蛛雌成蛛对褐飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟的选择捕食作用。在不同猎物类型共存和不同总猎物密度下,测定了捕食者对猎物的喜好性和转换行为,分析了捕食者对猎物的功能反应形式,喜好性和转换行为与共存猎物种类、数量之间的关系;建立了在多种猎物类型共存时,雌成蛛对猎物的总捕食作用方程及对每一种猎物类型的捕食作用方程。室内验证实验表明:所建立的捕食作用方程具有一定的描述能力。     

Density dependent neurodynamics

The dynamics of a neural network depends on density parameters at (at least) two different levels: the subcellular density of ion channels in single neurons, and the density of cells and synapses at a network level. For the Frankenhaeuser-Huxley (FH) neural model, the density of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) channels determines the behaviour of a single neuron when exposed to an external stimulus. The features of the onset of single neuron oscillations vary qualitatively among different regions in the channel density plane. At a network level, the density of neurons is reflected in the global connectivity. We study the relation between the two density levels in a network of oscillatory FH neurons, by qualitatively distinguishing between three regions, where the mean network activity is (1) spiking, (2) oscillating with enveloped frequencies, and (3) bursting, respectively. We demonstrate that the global activity can be shifted between regions by changing either the density of ion channels at the subcellular level, or the connectivity at the network level, suggesting that different underlying mechanisms can explain similar global phenomena. Finally, we model a possible effect of anaesthesia by blocking specific inhibitory ion channels.     

Density functional theory

Photosynthesis Research - Density functional theory (DFT) finds increasing use in applications related to biological systems. Advancements in methodology and implementations have reached a point...     

Density and age-specific mortality

Age-specific mortality rates decelerate at older ages in laboratory populations in the MedflyCeratitis capitata. This has been interpreted by Careyet al. (1992) to reflect a slowing of the aging process, but might also be explained by declining adult density. Here it is argued that the density explanation, as presented by Graves and Mueller (1993), is unpersuasive for several reasons: extrapolations fromDrosophila to Medflies are unjustified; the range of densities they studied is 2–120 times higher than that used in other studies; they ignore data on Medflies held in isolation, which rule out density effects; their own data suggest that initial cohort density has no effect on mortality rates at older ages, which is the relevant part of the life cycle; their experiment is too small to provide accurate estimates of mortality; new Medfly experiments executed at multiple densities show decelerating and then declining mortality rates at advanced ages for all densities. WhenDrosophila survivorship experiments are done on a sufficiently large scale they also show a deceleration of mortality at older ages that is not attributable to density effects. The deceleration of mortality rates is most likely a real facet of aging, and will have to be taken into consideration in any synthesis of the genetics and evolution of aging.     

Density of rabbits (

The density of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the modified tussock grasslands of the Mackenzie Basin, South Island, New Zealand, in August-September 1991 was determined within 26 I-ha quadrats spread over 1000 ha. The area was poisoned with 1080- carrot baits and dead and live rabbits counted. The overall kill rate was 93%. Wide variability in rabbit densities amongst the quadrats was correlated with burrow density, but vegetation was not a significant predictor of rabbit numbers. High density quadrats were not all spatially clumped together. Variation amongst quadrats of 0-43% of rabbits dying underground shows that searching burrows as well as the surface will provide the most accurate rabbit densities. Poisoning efficacy was greater than or equal to 90% in 77% of the quadrats, but two low- density quadrats recorded kill rates <70%. Nine per cent of carcasses had been partly eaten by predators, suggesting a potential for the predators to be killed during rabbit control operations via secondary poisoning. The average density of 19 rabbits per ha confirms the classification of this area as a moderate to high rabbit-prone zone, with the rabbit population imposing grazing pressure equivalent to at least 1-2 sheep per ha at the beginning of spring. Sustainable agriculture cannot be attained in these semi-arid regions of New Zealand without cheap, widespread and effective rabbit control.     

氧化低密度脂蛋白

1 .氧化低密度脂蛋白 (ＬＤＬ)的发现形成动脉粥样硬化过程中的泡沫细胞病变与巨噬细胞的脂化胆固醇积累相关 ,在巨噬细胞极少发现ＬＤＬ受体 ,特别是遗传性ＬＤＬ受体缺乏的同形合子患者的家族性高胆固醇血症及其动物模型中 ,极早出现动脉粥样硬化病变。以后用抗氧化药能阻止高ＬＤＬ血症的实验兔发生动脉粥样硬化。用特异性的氧化ＬＤＬ的单克隆抗体 ,采用免疫组织化学法 ,从高脂血症的患者及动物模型的动脉粥样硬化病变部位检出氧化ＬＤＬ。ＬＤＬ的氧化变性的实际部位在活体内 ,特别是在血管壁内发生 ,对动脉粥样硬化的形成起重要作用。…     

Stomatal Density and Bio-water Saving

Bio-water saving is to increase water use efficiency of crops or crop yield per unit of water input. Plant water use efficiency is determined by photosynthesis and transpiration, for both of which stomata are crucial. Stomata are pores on leaf epidermis for both water and carbon dioxide fluxes that are controlled by two major factors： stomatal behavior and density. Stomatal behavior has been the focus of intensive research, while less attention has been paid to stomatal density. Recently, a number of genes controlling stomatal development have been identified. This review summarizes the recent progress on the genes regulating stomatal density, and discusses the role of stomatal density in plant water use efficiency and the possibility to increase plant water use efficiency, hence bio-water saving by genetically manipulating stomatal density.     

Crop Yield and Planting Density

From the established responses of plants to photosynthetic activityand to the availability of nutrients in the soil, a crop yield:planting density response equation is derived with parametersthat are of biological significance. crop yield, planting density, mathematical model     

Stomatal Density and Bio-water Saving

Bio-water saving is to increase water use efficiency of crops or crop yield per unit of water input. Plant water use efficiency is determined by photosynthesis and transpiration, for both of which stomata are crucial. Stomata are pores on leaf epidermis for both water and carbon dioxide fluxes that are controlled by two major factors: stomatal behavior and density. Stomatal behavior has been the focus of intensive research, while less attention has been paid to stomatal density. Recently, a number of genes controlling stomatal development have been identified. This review summarizes the recent progress on the genes regulating stomatal density, and discusses the role of stomatal density in plant water use efficiency and the possibility to increase plant water use efficiency, hence bio-water saving by genetically manipulating stomatal density.