植物对碱胁迫适应机制的研究进展

碱胁迫包含离子毒害、渗透胁迫和根外高pH值(pH8.5)伤害等多重胁迫,是一种主要的非生物胁迫,严重危害着植物的生长发育及作物的产量和品质。随着我国盐碱化土地不断扩增,当下生态系统平衡也遭到越来越严重的破坏,而相对于盐胁迫,目前对碱胁迫的认识还比较肤浅,对植物碱胁迫适应机制更是知之甚少。因此,了解并掌握碱胁迫以及植物对碱胁迫做出应答的适应机制,对挖掘耐碱种质资源改善生态环境,以及培育耐碱性作物品种、改良盐碱地具有重要的现实意义。基于近年来国内外研究报道,简要概述了盐、碱胁迫的定义与区别;总结了碱胁迫条件下,植物不同器官和细胞器的形态变化;阐述了植物通过细胞代谢,化学物质的合成与积累,以及活性氧的清除等途径响应于碱胁迫的生理适应机制;并从耐碱相关基因的克隆与功能鉴定、利用转录组学技术挖掘耐碱相关候选基因、Ca2+信号系统介导的植物耐碱性等3个方面揭示了植物应答碱胁迫的分子适应机制;指出尽管目前获得的耐碱相关候选基因较多,但真正分离克隆和功能鉴定到的基因较少。本文还对以修饰组学为主的多组学在植物耐碱机制中的研究前景做出展望,以期为挖掘植物新的耐碱相关基因并阐明其耐碱调控机制提供理论依据。     

植物对盐胁迫响应的信号转导途径

植物通过调控复杂的信号网络来应对盐胁迫。近年来,随着植物基因工程技术的发展,对植物在盐胁迫下信号转导系统的研究取得了一定进展。本文以拟南芥为代表,对盐胁迫下参与调控植物耐盐生理响应的两大类主要信号转导途径——Ca2＋依赖型信号转导通路和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）级联反应途径的研究进展进行综述,主要介绍参与各信号转导通路的组件及诱发的耐盐生理响应等方面,并对该研究领域存在的问题及今后可能的研究方向进行展望。     

植物盐胁迫适应性机制研究进展北大核心CSCD

盐胁迫是最重要的非生物胁迫之一,严重威胁植物的生长发育。了解植物盐胁迫适应性机制有利于科学选育耐盐作物,进而有效利用盐地滩涂,减轻日益增加的粮食压力。盐胁迫导致植物体内离子失衡、渗透紊乱以及毒性物质积累,特别是活性氧(ROS,reactive oxygen species)。为了适应盐胁迫,植物需要平衡细胞离子、重塑渗透势并维持ROS稳态。在过去遗传学和生理生化研究揭示了大量的植物盐胁迫响应和调控因子,它们通过多重复杂的胁迫信号通路调控植物的耐盐性。本文综述了近年来盐胁迫下植物的感知、信号转导、基因表达调控、激素调控以及适应性响应,归纳了一套较为完整的植物盐胁迫响应机制。     

植物响应联合胁迫机制的研究进展

自然界中, 植物通常面对多重联合胁迫。在全球气候变化日益加剧的背景下, 多重联合胁迫对植物生长发育及作物产量形成的不利影响日益显著。阐明植物响应和适应联合胁迫的生理与分子机制, 对人们理解植物对自然环境的适应机理, 及培育耐受联合胁迫的新品种有重要意义。研究表明, 植物响应联合胁迫的机制是特异的, 不能简单地从单一胁迫响应叠加来推断。植物遭受联合胁迫时, 各种生理、代谢和信号途径相互作用, 使得植物响应联合胁迫非常复杂。该文综述了植物响应联合胁迫的生理与分子机理的最新进展, 并阐述了植物响应联合胁迫的研究方法。     

植物响应联合胁迫机制的研究进展

自然界中, 植物通常面对多重联合胁迫。在全球气候变化日益加剧的背景下, 多重联合胁迫对植物生长发育及作物产量形成的不利影响日益显著。阐明植物响应和适应联合胁迫的生理与分子机制, 对人们理解植物对自然环境的适应机理, 及培育耐受联合胁迫的新品种有重要意义。研究表明, 植物响应联合胁迫的机制是特异的, 不能简单地从单一胁迫响应叠加来推断。植物遭受联合胁迫时, 各种生理、代谢和信号途径相互作用, 使得植物响应联合胁迫非常复杂。该文综述了植物响应联合胁迫的生理与分子机理的最新进展, 并阐述了植物响应联合胁迫的研究方法。     

盐胁迫对翅碱蓬生长和渗透调节物质浓度的影响

盐胁迫环境抑制植物的生长,不同的盐分浓度对植物的抑制伤害存在差异.本文探讨了翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera Kitagawa)对盐生环境的生理生态适应机制,研究其在不同盐浓度下,株高、根长、鲜重、干重等生长指标以及相对含水量、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量的变化情况.结果表明:盐分对翅碱蓬幼苗的抑制作用...     

WRKY转录因子参与植物抗盐性调控的研究进展

盐胁迫是影响植物生长发育重要的环境因子之一,为了适应及抵御盐胁迫危害的逆境,作物自身会通过一系列变化来适应环境而作出相关性应激性改变,如宏观形态学、生理学改变、微观分子生物学变化等。转录调控是细胞内部调控网络中最重要的一个环节,WRKY转录因子响应并参与多种植物的生物和非生物胁迫。本综述从盐胁迫下作物形态结构的变化、盐胁迫对作物生理代谢的影响以及WRKY转录因子参与作物抗盐调控网络等方面文献,来汇总分析近年来拟南芥、水稻及其他种类植物应对胁迫的响应机制以及WRKY转录因子的功能,为提高园艺作物抗盐性生理作用及分子机制提供帮助,同时为作物抗盐栽培提供新思路。     

植物分子水平的耐盐机制

从盐过敏感调控途径、离子分室效应、胁迫反应转录因子及胁迫对基因表达的调控等方面综述了植物的抗盐机制,并对今后植物抗盐机制的研究方向提出自己的观点.     

植物盐胁迫的信号调控机制

盐胁迫会引起渗透胁迫、离子毒害和次级胁迫,极大危害到植物的生存。之前的研究中,借助于分子生物学和遗传学手段,已经鉴定出多个基因参与到盐胁迫信号通路的调控,其中SOS途径是主要的植物抗盐调节机制。氨基酸、甜菜碱、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质,脯氨酸、多胺等信号小分子,SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶,HKT等离子通道蛋白均参与到了植物对盐胁迫的响应。本研究总结了盐胁迫条件下植物调控离子平衡、氧化胁迫、生长发育的最新研究进展,为之后的研究提供依据。     

植物对盐分空间不均匀分布的形态和生理响应研究进展

盐胁迫是干旱、半干旱地区以及灌溉土地主要的非生物胁迫,是影响农业生产的主要不利环境因子之一。随集约化灌溉农业的发展、水资源的缺乏、气候干旱带来的蒸发量的增加,土壤及地下水盐渍化程度不断增加。自然界中,土壤盐分在时空上呈不均匀分布。关于植物对均匀盐胁迫的响应研究报到较多,然而植物对不均匀盐胁迫的响应研究报道较少。分析了国内外植物适应不均匀盐胁迫的研究案例,从植物地上部分生长、地下部分生长、水分调节、光合作用以及离子调控等方面阐述植物适应盐分不均匀分布的生理机制,并提出展望。     

The antioxidant system in Suaeda salsa under salt stress

ABSTRACTSuaeda salsaL. is a typical euhalophyte and is widely distributed throughout the world. Suaeda plants are important halophyte resources, and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of their various organsand their response to salt stress have been intensively studied. Leaf succulence, intracellular ion localization, increased osmotic regulation and enhanced antioxidant capacities are important responses for Suaeda plants to adapt to salt stress. Among these responses, scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important mechanism for plants to withstand oxidative stress and improve salt tolerance. The generation and scavenging pathways of ROS, as well as the expression of scavenging enzymes change under salt stress. This article reviews the antioxidant system constitute of S. salsa, and the mechanisms by which S. salsaantioxidant capacity is improved for salt tolerance. In addition, the differences between types of antioxidant mechanisms in S. salsaare reviewed, thereby revealing the adaptation mechanisms of Suaeda to different habitats. The review provides important clues for the comprehensive understanding of the salt tolerance mechanisms of halophytes.KEYWORDS: Suaeda salsa, halophyte, salt-tolerance mechanism, oxidative stress, antioxidant system     

Ectopic expression of ADP ribosylation factor 1 (SaARF1) from smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel) confers drought and salt tolerance in transgenic rice and Arabidopsis

Salinity and drought are two very important abiotic stressors that negatively impact the growth and yield of all sensitive crop plants. Genes from halophytes have been shown to be useful to engineer crop plants that can survive under adverse soil and water conditions. The present report establishes, for the first time, the physiological role of a class one ADP ribosylation factor gene (SaARF1) from the halophyte Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) in imparting salinity and drought stress tolerance when expressed in both monocot (rice) and dicot (Arabidopsis) systems. The Arabidopsis and rice plants overexpressing ARF1 are many-fold more tolerant to salt and drought than wild-type (WT) plants. The transgenics exhibited improved growth and productivity relative to WT through tissue tolerance by maintaining higher relative water content and membrane stability, and higher photosynthetic yield by retaining higher chlorophyll concentration and fluorescence under stress conditions compared to WT. These findings indicated that genes from halophyte resources can be useful to engineer and improve salt and drought stress tolerance in both monocot and dicot plants.     

Effect of NaCl on the activities of glutamate synthase from a halophyte Suaeda maritima and from a glycophyte Phaseolus vulgaris

The action of NaCl on the activity of root and leaf glutamate synthase is compared in a halophyte, Suaeda maritima var. macrocarpa and in a glycophyte Phaseolus vulgaris. The addition of salt in the nutrient medium lowers the activity of glutamate synthase from Phaseolus without affecting that of Suaeda. This result, attributed to the fact that glutamate synthase is stimulated while glutamate dehydrogenase is partly inhibited in the halophyte grown in presence of high NaCl concentrations, suggests that the GS-GOGAT pathway is the primary route for ammonia assimilation. This pathway is especially active in the leaves. In vitro, NaCl (25–300mM) reduces the activity of glutamate synthase in Phaseolus as well as in Suaeda. Comparison with results obtained in situ suggests that there are differences in intracellular compartmentalization between the two types of plant.     

Post-mortem ecosystem engineering by oysters creates habitat for a rare marsh plant

Oysters are ecosystem engineers in marine ecosystems, but the functions of oyster shell deposits in intertidal salt marshes are not well understood. The annual plant Suaeda linearis is associated with oyster shell deposits in Georgia salt marshes. We hypothesized that oyster shell deposits promoted the distribution of Suaeda linearis by engineering soil conditions unfavorable to dominant salt marsh plants of the region (the shrub Borrichia frutescens, the rush Juncus roemerianus, and the grass Spartina alterniflora). We tested this hypothesis using common garden pot experiments and field transplant experiments. Suaeda linearis thrived in Borrichia frutescens stands in the absence of neighbors, but was suppressed by Borrichia frutescens in the with-neighbor treatment, suggesting that Suaeda linearis was excluded from Borrichia frutescens stands by interspecific competition. Suaeda linearis plants all died in Juncus roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora stands, regardless of neighbor treatments, indicating that Suaeda linearis is excluded from these habitats by physical stress (likely water-logging). In contrast, Borrichia frutescens, Juncus roemerianus, and Spartina alterniflora all performed poorly in Suaeda linearis stands regardless of neighbor treatments, probably due to physical stresses such as low soil water content and low organic matter content. Thus, oyster shell deposits play an important ecosystem engineering role in influencing salt marsh plant communities by providing a unique niche for Suaeda linearis, which otherwise would be rare or absent in salt marshes in the southeastern US. Since the success of Suaeda linearis is linked to the success of oysters, efforts to protect and restore oyster reefs may also benefit salt marsh plant communities.     

Alleviation of Salt Stress by Enterobacter sp. EJ01 in Tomato and Arabidopsis Is Accompanied by Up-Regulation of Conserved Salinity Responsive Factors in Plants

Microbiota in the niches of the rhizosphere zones can affect plant growth and responses to environmental stress conditions via mutualistic interactions with host plants. Specifically, some beneficial bacteria, collectively referred to as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs), increase plant biomass and innate immunity potential. Here, we report that Enterobacter sp. EJ01, a bacterium isolated from sea china pink (Dianthus japonicus thunb) in reclaimed land of Gyehwa-do in Korea, improved the vegetative growth and alleviated salt stress in tomato and Arabidopsis. EJ01 was capable of producing 1-aminocy-clopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase and also exhibited indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. The isolate EJ01 conferred increases in fresh weight, dry weight, and plant height of tomato and Arabidopsis under both normal and high salinity conditions. At the molecular level, short-term treatment with EJ01 increased the expression of salt stress responsive genes such as DREB2b, RD29A, RD29B, and RAB18 in Arabidopsis. The expression of proline biosynthetic genes (i.e. P5CS1 and P5CS2) and of genes related to priming processes (i.e. MPK3 and MPK6) were also up-regulated. In addition, reactive oxygen species scavenging activities were enhanced in tomatoes treated with EJ01 in stressed conditions. GFP-tagged EJ01 displayed colonization in the rhizosphere and endosphere in the roots of Arabidopsis. In conclusion, the newly isolated Enterobacter sp. EJ01 is a likely PGPR and alleviates salt stress in host plants through multiple mechanisms, including the rapid up-regulation of conserved plant salt stress responsive signaling pathways.     

RNA-Seq Analysis of the Response of the Halophyte,Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Ice Plant) to High Salinity

Understanding the molecular mechanisms that convey salt tolerance in plants is a crucial issue for increasing crop yield. The ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) is a halophyte that is capable of growing under high salt conditions. For example, the roots of ice plant seedlings continue to grow in 140 mM NaCl, a salt concentration that completely inhibits Arabidopsis thaliana root growth. Identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for this high level of salt tolerance in a halophyte has the potential of revealing tolerance mechanisms that have been evolutionarily successful. In the present study, deep sequencing (RNAseq) was used to examine gene expression in ice plant roots treated with various concentrations of NaCl. Sequencing resulted in the identification of 53,516 contigs, 10,818 of which were orthologs of Arabidopsis genes. In addition to the expression analysis, a web-based ice plant database was constructed that allows broad public access to the data. The results obtained from an analysis of the RNAseq data were confirmed by RT-qPCR. Novel patterns of gene expression in response to high salinity within 24 hours were identified in the ice plant when the RNAseq data from the ice plant was compared to gene expression data obtained from Arabidopsis plants exposed to high salt. Although ABA responsive genes and a sodium transporter protein (HKT1), are up-regulated and down-regulated respectively in both Arabidopsis and the ice plant; peroxidase genes exhibit opposite responses. The results of this study provide an important first step towards analyzing environmental tolerance mechanisms in a non-model organism and provide a useful dataset for predicting novel gene functions.