色彩对茶园昆虫的引诱力

为评估色板用于监测和诱捕茶园害虫的可能性,于10月份茶园昆虫盛发期在绍兴和杭州分别选有机、无公害茶园,同时使用10种粘性色板大面积诱捕茶园昆虫和蜘蛛.每种色彩重复10次.结果表明:(1)在两片供试茶园捕获的目、科和种类基本相同.蜘蛛很少.24 h后,绍兴茶园中10种色板共捕获9目53科10200个昆虫和蜘蛛;72 h 后杭州茶园中捕获10目63科21526个昆虫和蜘蛛.(2)同翅目为优势类群.绍兴茶园中,纯白色板诱捕的同翅目种数占该色板捕获的总物种数的15.2%、同翅目个体数占该色板捕获的总个体数的34.1%;其它9种色板诱捕同翅目种数占各自捕获总种数的21.2%～31.0%、同翅目个体数占各自捕获总个体数的45.8%～75.4%.杭州茶园中,纯白、湖蓝和天蓝色板诱捕同翅目种数小于各自捕获的总种数的20%、同翅目个体数小于各自捕获的总个体数的51%;其它7种色板诱捕同翅目种数大于各自捕获的总种数的22.7%,果绿和墨绿诱捕的同翅目个体数占各自诱捕的总个体数的48.6%和49.8%,桃红、素馨黄、土黄、芽绿和桔黄诱捕的同翅目个体数占各自诱捕的总个体数的55.5%～78.1%.绍兴茶园中,素馨黄和芽绿诱捕的粉虱、假眼小绿叶蝉和广翅蜡蝉分别占两种色板诱捕的总个体数的67.7%和50.1%;杭州茶园中,素馨黄和芽绿诱捕的这几种害虫总数分别占二者诱捕的总个体数的70.7% 和59.2%.(3) 捕获的主要是害虫,绍兴茶园中诱捕的害虫数是天敌的1.63倍,杭州茶园中诱捕的害虫数是天敌的2.23倍.(4)色板之间引诱的种数和个体数差异显著.素馨黄和芽绿诱捕的种数和个体数最多、被捕昆虫的群落多样性指数很小,对叶蝉、粉虱和蜡蝉的引诱力最强;土黄和桔黄诱捕的种数和个体数较多、多样性指数较小,对同翅目昆虫的引诱力较强;纯白色诱捕的种数和个体数居中、多样性指数最大,即诱捕的各种昆虫的个体数差别小;果绿、桃红、墨绿和湖蓝诱捕的种数和个体数明显较少、多样性指数也较小;天蓝色诱捕的种数和个体数最少.(5) 寄生蝇类偏嗜蓝色,缨小蜂类、茧蜂类和小蜂类偏嗜芽绿色.建议将素馨黄和芽绿色板与信息素组合,分别用于监测和诱捕叶蝉和粉虱.     

盛夏西湖龙井茶园色板诱杀的昆虫类群的组成及其趋色性差异

探讨减免施药,代之以诱虫板有效诱杀西湖龙井茶园重要害虫,并避免误伤天敌。遂选一大片西湖龙井茶园,于茶园昆虫类群繁盛的7月下旬,连续72 h用芽绿和素馨黄等12种诱虫板诱捕昆虫,解析被捕昆虫的类群组成及其趋色性差异。结果：（1）捕获253870头昆虫,隶属于147种57科8目,半翅目、膜翅目和双翅目是优势类群,依次占总个体数的98.8%、0.6%和0.5%;害虫、天敌和中性昆虫种数分别为61、54和32;（2）黑刺粉虱和茶小绿叶蝉占总个体数94.1%和2.0%;（3）平均每块芽绿、素馨黄色板诱捕茶小绿叶蝉和黑刺粉虱分别是86头和10410头;（4）平均每块墨绿、桃红、天蓝、湖蓝、紫色和纯白色板诱杀的个体数< 400、诱杀的种数≤10、天敌/害虫个体数之比在1/10和1/40之间,被捕昆虫的群落多样性指数H''>1.0;平均每块大红、果绿色板诱杀的个体数 > 450且 < 800、诱杀的种数 > 9且 < 10,天敌/害虫个体数之比值介于1/85和1/45间,0.5 < H'' < 0.7;平均每块桔黄、土黄、芽绿和素馨黄色板诱杀的个体数>3700头、诱捕的种数≥10、天敌/害虫个体数之比<1/100,多样性指数H''<0.5;（5）芽绿、素馨黄、土黄和桔黄诱杀害虫个体数极显著大于其它8种色板诱杀的害虫个体数。认为：在西湖龙井茶园盛夏3日就可诱杀极多昆虫,既说明茶园昆虫种类多且个体数大,又揭示茶园优势种害虫茶小绿叶蝉和黑刺粉虱具有显著趋黄绿色习性,可分别使用芽绿、素馨黄色板诱杀之,还能尽量减少天敌和中性昆虫被误杀,部分地替代化学防治。     

小麦-油菜邻作对麦田主要害虫和天敌的影响

应用昆虫群落生态学的群落特性分析方法,于2008年和2009年在河北省邯郸市调查了小麦与油菜邻作对麦田蚜虫及主要天敌群落的构成、丰富度和稳定性的影响.结果表明：小麦与油菜田间昆虫群落的组成相似,主要田间害虫为蚜虫,其捕食性天敌包括瓢虫类、草蛉类、蜘蛛类和食蚜蝇,寄生性天敌为蚜茧蜂;两年间田间昆虫群落的组成有一定的变化,但均表现为邻近油菜的麦田蚜虫丰富度最低,捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌的丰富度最高;邻近油菜的麦田昆虫群落、麦蚜亚群落、捕食性天敌亚群落的稳定性高,远离油菜的稳定性低.该模式可以有效保护和利用天敌,增强田间自然天敌对害虫的控制能力.     

Influence of wheat harvesting on populations of the main natural enemies of cotton pests in northern Xinjiang

于2009年6-8月小麦成熟至收割期对新疆北部奎屯垦区124团集约化棉区进行了调查,通过扫网法采集了棉区麦田和棉田的昆虫,并对其种群数量进行了统计分析.结果表明:随着小麦逐渐成熟,麦田中的天敌昆虫数量持续下降;当小麦全部收割后,麦田中只有极少数天敌昆虫生存.而与麦田相邻的棉田中的天敌昆虫数量在小麦收割后迅速上升,平均百网虫量达到59.23头,高于对照组连片棉田(平均百网虫置15.33头);小麦的收割比例与棉田天敌昆虫的种群数量存在显著正相关关系(P＜0.05),4类主要天敌昆虫(草蛉科、姬蜂科、瓢虫科、食蚜蝇科)种群数量变化趋势之间没有显著差异.小麦收割会驱使失去生境的天敌昆虫转移进入相邻的棉田,姬蜂科、瓢虫科、食蚜蝇科等活动能力强的天敌昆虫类群更容易进入新的生境,而活动能力相对较弱的类群(草蛉科)则难以转移至棉田中.深入研究集约化棉区麦田与棉田中天敌昆虫的库源关系,将有助于集约化农业体系的进一步发展.     

小麦收割对新疆北部集约化棉区主要天敌昆虫种群数量的影响

于2009年6—8月小麦成熟至收割期对新疆北部奎屯垦区124团集约化棉区进行了调查,通过扫网法采集了棉区麦田和棉田的昆虫,并对其种群数量进行了统计分析。结果表明:随着小麦逐渐成熟,麦田中的天敌昆虫数量持续下降;当小麦全部收割后,麦田中只有极少数天敌昆虫生存。而与麦田相邻的棉田中的天敌昆虫数量在小麦收割后迅速上升,平均百网虫量达到59.23头,高于对照组连片棉田(平均百网虫量15.33头);小麦的收割比例与棉田天敌昆虫的种群数量存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05),4类主要天敌昆虫(草蛉科、姬蜂科、瓢虫科、食蚜蝇科)种群数量变化趋势之间没有显著差异。小麦收割会驱使失去生境的天敌昆虫转移进入相邻的棉田,姬蜂科、瓢虫科、食蚜蝇科等活动能力强的天敌昆虫类群更容易进入新的生境,而活动能力相对较弱的类群(草蛉科)则难以转移至棉田中。深入研究集约化棉区麦田与棉田中天敌昆虫的库源关系,将有助于集约化农业体系的进一步发展。     

美国杂交杏李花果期节肢动物的生态位分析

美国杏李园害虫中绣线菊蚜与山楂叶螨的生态位宽度较宽,占据空间较大,为害虫优势种群,在空间维度上害虫之间存在较大竞争;大草蛉在各期的生态位宽度最大,说明大草蛉是重要的优势天敌,且天敌与主要害虫在空间上相遇机率较大;天敌之间生态位重叠指数较高,表明主要天敌之间存在明显的相互竞争关系;美国杏李园天敌对主要害虫在时间维度上有较强的追随效应和控制作用.主要天敌的数量与主要害虫绣线菊蚜种群数量追随关联度顺序为草蛉类>龟纹瓢虫>蜘蛛类>异色瓢虫>其它瓢虫类>食蚜蝇类>七星瓢虫>多异瓢虫.草蛉类和龟纹瓢虫与绣线菊蚜的模糊贴近度最高,说明这两种天敌与绣线菊蚜的同域效应高,对绣线菊蚜有较强的追随作用,抑制着绣线菊蚜种群数量的增长.     

茶蚜(Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer))蜜露分泌节律及对多种天敌的引诱效应

为研究茶蚜蜜露的分泌节律及对蚜茧蜂、中华草蛉、大草蛉、门氏食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫二斑变型、显现变种、显明变种和十九斑变种的引诱效应,在21℃、85%RH、3500lx光照和12L∶12D光周期下,把1头无翅胎生雌成蚜在1h内产出的45头无翅胎生雌若蚜分别引至小茶苗上,观测发育,收集蜜露。发现若蚜和成蚜历期为32.4d±5.8d,分泌蜜露325.6滴±35.8滴,体积为41.98μl±6.14μl,质量为45.34mg±8.76mg。1～4龄期间的蜜露量与天数呈Logistic关系。其中1～2龄期分泌的蜜露量较小。成蚜历期22.0d±0.0d,分泌蜜露176.31滴±22.38滴,体积30.38μl±5.32μl,连续分泌5～8h之后间歇2～5h。另取一头雌成蚜在1h内产出的、已发育为成蚜的45头雌成蚜,在13～21℃、85%RH、3500lx光照和12L∶12D光周期下观测,发现室温的升降明显影响蜜露分泌量。蜜露显著延长9种(亚种)天敌昆虫搜寻时间;随着蜜露剂量的增大,搜寻时间显著地延长。蚜茧蜂搜寻时间最长,门氏食蚜蝇最短,异色瓢虫4变种(型)中,显明变种搜寻时间最长。茶蚜蜜露是重要的引诱多种天敌的接触性利它素。     

麦田昆虫群落的结构与时序动态

采用目测法和网捕法 ,通过对小麦整个生长季节内昆虫群落的系统调查 ,共查得昆虫11目 2 3科 36种 ,其中捕食性昆虫有 4目 5科 12种、寄生性昆虫有 2目 3科 4种、植食性昆虫有 5目 12科 15种、粪食性等其他类昆虫有 1目 3科 5种。在捕食性天敌昆虫中 ,瓢虫的种类和数量最多 ,其次为草蛉和食蚜蝇 ;在寄生性天敌昆虫中 ,蚜茧蜂为优势种 ,其次为寄蝇 ;在植食性昆虫中 ,麦长管蚜为绝对的优势种 ,其次为赤须盲蝽、灰飞虱和麦蓟马。天敌昆虫对害虫具有明显的跟随现象 ,不能有效地控制麦长管蚜的发生与危害。依据昆虫群落的组成与结构 ,结合小麦生育期 ,采用最优分割法将麦田昆虫群落动态划分为 5个阶段 ,并指出不同阶段昆虫群落特点及相应的害虫防治策略。     

太行山前平原麦田昆虫种类调查及4种药剂对麦红吸浆虫的药效实验

以藁城为例,采用淘土、扫网、挂黄板等方法对太行山前平原麦田昆虫群落进行了调查,结果表明该区域超高产麦田昆虫种类相对较少,总计22种,隶属于6目14科。害虫主要有2类,吸浆虫类和麦蚜类。小麦吸浆虫以麦红吸浆虫为主。天敌昆虫常见有蚜茧蜂、食蚜蝇、草蛉和瓢虫4类。采用氧乐果、毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉4种常用药剂对麦红吸浆虫成虫进行了田间药效实验,结果表明上述4种药剂对麦红吸浆虫均有较好的防治效果,虫口减退率均在80%以上。其虫口减退率从高到低依次为:氧乐果、毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉。建议根据麦红吸浆虫的发生情况,选择中低毒药剂毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉交替使用。     

合肥郊区春季菜园和茶园昆虫群落的组成及差异

20 0 0年春对合肥郊区菜园和茶园进行了 5天 1次的系统调查 ,共发现菜园有 3 7科 49种昆虫和蜘蛛 ,主要害虫为小菜蛾、菜粉蝶、几种蚜虫和潜叶蝇 ;茶园有 3 1科 44种。重要害虫是茶蚜和黑刺粉虱等。菜园和茶园中主要天敌是黑带食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫、蚜茧蜂和斜纹猫蛛。自 4月中旬 ,菜园物种数、个体数和多样性指数明显增大。茶园物种数、个体数和多样性指数波动性稍小。菜园害虫种数较多 ,个体数波动较大。茶园中益害物种数之比是 1 0 0 ,菜园中则为 0 5 8。主成分分析显示茶园群落的稳定性稍强。     

6种颜色粘虫板对春季菜地昆虫的诱集效应

为筛选对春季蔬菜害虫具有较好诱集效果的粘虫板,促进蔬菜害虫绿色防控技术的研究与推广,采用红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色、白色和黑色6种颜色的市售粘虫板对菜地昆虫进行诱集试验.结果显示,粘虫板诱集的害虫以尖眼蕈蚊Bradysia minpleuroti、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、端大蓟马Megalurothrips distalis和黄蓟马Thrips flavus为优势种;黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata、南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis、灰地种蝇Delia platura、棉蚜Aphis gossypii、小绿叶蝉Empoasca flavescens、菜粉蝶Pieris rapae为常见种.试验中蓝色粘虫板诱集的灰地种蝇的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);黄色粘虫板诱集的南美斑潜蝇、棉蚜、小绿叶蝉的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);蓝色和白色粘虫板诱集的端大蓟马、黄蓟马的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);蓝色粘虫板诱集到的尖眼蕈蚊的数量显著低于其它处理组(P<0.05).各种颜色粘虫板诱集昆虫的益害比较低,诱集益虫总数仅占诱集昆虫总数的1.64％,表明该时段使用粘虫板防治菜地害虫,对益虫伤害较小,对保护利用天敌昆虫具有重要意义.本研究结果为科学使用粘虫板防治菜地害虫提供理论依据.     

不同颜色黏虫板对小绿叶蝉的诱集效果评价

小绿叶蝉为果园主要害虫之一.本文选用了10种颜色的黏虫板对桃园小绿叶蝉进行诱集试验.结果表明黄色黏虫板诱虫效果最佳,绿色次之,而淡蓝色、紫色和深蓝色诱虫效果差.不同颜色的黏虫板对蜂类、蜘蛛和瓢虫等天敌均有杀伤作用,另诱集得到其他害虫5种.通过分析不同色板的诱捕生态效益表明:黄色黏虫板最佳,次为绿色.     

昆虫趋色性及诱虫色板的研究和应用进展

昆虫与植物之间色彩通讯是彼此信息交流的渠道之一,基于害虫趋色性研发的诱虫板作为一种绿色防控手段,已广泛用于农林害虫的虫情监测、预测预报、大量诱杀以及天敌诱集和指引,效果良好.本文概述了昆虫趋光趋色机理、诱虫板诱杀害虫机制和诱虫板色彩、形状、大小、高度、密度、方向、诱虫时长、植株形态和害虫生理状态等对于诱捕效果的影响,总结了诱虫板在茶园、菜地和大棚等作物环境中的多种实用技术,解析了诱虫板与昆虫性诱剂、植物源引诱剂等配合使用方法及其功效,评价了诱虫板治虫的优缺点并提出改进措施,讨论了诱虫板诱效的评价方法和成本核算.展望了新一代诱虫板研发方向、诱虫板与信息素等产品在有害生物综合治理(IPM)中的集成应用和诱虫板产业前景.     

Insect reactions to light and its applications to pest management

Insects are able to see ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Nocturnal insects are often attracted to light sources that emit large amounts of UV radiation, and devices that exploit this behavior, such as light traps for forecasting pest outbreaks, and electric insect killers, have been developed. Some diurnal species are attracted to yellow; yellow pan traps are used for conducting surveys for pest outbreaks and yellow sticky plates are used for pest control. Lamps that give off yellow illumination have been used effectively to control the activity of nocturnal moths and thus reduce damage to fruit, vegetables, and flowers. Covering cultivation facilities with film that filters out near-UV radiation reduces the invasion of pests such as whiteflies and thrips into the facilities, thus reducing damage. Reflective material placed on cultivated land can control the approach of flying insects such as aphids. Future development and use of new light sources such as light-emitting diodes is anticipated for promoting integrated pest management.     

The role of odour and visual cues in the pan-trap catching of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Coloured pan traps are frequently used to attract and catch insects, such as in the monitoring of populations of beneficial insects in classical or conservation biological control. They are also used in the evaluation of the recovery of insect populations after disturbance and in many other situations where an estimate of relative insect numbers is required. However, the fact that traps may be visible to the insects over a considerable distance can influence the interpretation of catch data. This difficulty may arise, for example, if traps along a transect can attract insects from some or all of the other transect positions. This study compared the effect of different coloured traps on attraction and catch of hoverflies. The hypothesis was that completely yellow traps would attract hoverflies from a distance, while traps that were green outside and yellow inside would catch fewer flies because only those from above or near the trap can see the yellow stimulus. A subsidiary hypothesis was that rose water would enhance hoverfly capture rates. For the two main hoverfly species captured, Melanostoma fasciatum (Macquart) and Melangyna novaezelandiae (Macquart), significantly more individuals were caught in completely yellow traps than in yellow and green or in completely green traps. Moreover, the addition of rose water increased the number of hoverflies caught significantly. It is suggested that if a measure of hoverfly numbers relating to a particular distance along a transect is required, consideration should be given to the ability of hoverflies to see yellow traps from a distance. The use of traps that are green outside would more accurately reflect the local abundance of hoverflies. If higher trap catches of hoverflies are needed for statistical purposes, rose water can enhance catches.     

上海地区葡萄种植园昆虫种群调查

葡萄是上海地区重要的经济水果,为探明上海葡萄种植园中昆虫种群组成,本研究在2017-2018年间,通过搜捕法、马氏网诱集法和黄色粘纸诱集法,对上海市嘉定区、奉贤区、青浦区、浦东新区、崇明岛进行了昆虫种群调查,共采集并鉴定昆虫7目65科123属182种,明确了上海地区葡萄种植园内主要害虫、天敌昆虫及环境昆虫的种类,并对上海葡萄园的昆虫种群结构和多样性进行了分析。     

RNAi技术在昆虫学中的研究进展及展望

在昆虫中,RNAi是一种对抗外源病毒的天然免疫方式,基于生物体中的这种内在机制而建立的RNAi技术已经被广泛用来研究多种昆虫基因的功能。近年的研究结果表明RNAi技术在抵御害虫和防治益虫疾病方面具有潜在的应用价值,有可能对农业有害生物的控制起到巨大的推动作用。本文综述了RNAi与昆虫免疫、及其在昆虫基因功能研究、害虫控制、益虫疾病控制和昆虫系统生物学方面的最新研究进展,并展望了RNAi在昆虫学研究中的发展趋势。     

Symbiont-mediated RNA interference in insects

RNA interference (RNAi) methods for insects are often limited by problems with double-stranded (ds) RNA delivery, which restricts reverse genetics studies and the development of RNAi-based biocides. We therefore delegated to insect symbiotic bacteria the task of: (i) constitutive dsRNA synthesis and (ii) trauma-free delivery. RNaseIII-deficient, dsRNA-expressing bacterial strains were created from the symbionts of two very diverse pest species: a long-lived blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus, and a short-lived globally invasive polyphagous agricultural pest, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). When ingested, the manipulated bacteria colonized the insects, successfully competed with the wild-type microflora, and sustainably mediated systemic knockdown phenotypes that were horizontally transmissible. This represents a significant advance in the ability to deliver RNAi, potentially to a large range of non-model insects.     

Behavioral responses for evaluating the attractiveness of specific tea shoot volatiles to the tea green leafhopper,Empoaca vitis

Abstract The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis Göthe, is one of the most serious insect pests of tea plantations in mainland China. Over the past decades, this pest has been controlled mainly by spraying pesticides. Insecticide applications not only have become less effective in controlling damage, but even more seriously, have caused high levels of toxic residues in teas, which ultimately threatens human health. Therefore, we should seek a safer biological control approach. In the present study, key components of tea shoot volatiles were identified and behaviorally tested as potential leafhopper attractants. The following 13 volatile compounds were identified from aeration samples of tea shoots using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS): (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, (E)‐ocimene, linalool, nonanol, (Z)‐butanoic acid, 3‐hexenyl ester, decanal, tetradecane, β‐caryophyllene, geraniol and hexadecane. In Y‐tube olfactometer tests, the following individual compounds were identified: (E)‐2‐hexenal, (E)‐ocimene, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate and linalool, as well as two synthetic mixtures (called blend 1 and blend 2) elicited significant taxis, with blend 2 being the most attractive. Blend 1 included linalool, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol and (E)‐2‐hexenal at a 1 : 1 : 1 ratio, whereas blend 2 was a mixture of eight compounds at the same loading ratio: (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, 2‐penten‐1‐ol, (E)‐2‐pentenal, pentanol, hexanol and 1‐penten‐3‐ol. In tea fields, the bud‐green sticky board traps baited with blend 2, (E)‐2‐hexenal or hexane captured adults and nymphs of the leafhoppers, with blend 2 being the most attractive, followed by (E)‐2‐hexenal and hexane. Placing sticky traps baited with blend 2 or (E)‐2‐hexenal in the tea fields significantly reduced leafhopper populations. Our results indicate that the bud‐green sticky traps baited with tea shoot volatiles can provide a new tool for monitoring and managing the tea leafhopper.