中国帕米尔高原豆科植物根瘤菌多样性研究

从新疆帕米尔高原采集豆科植物根瘤,经分离纯化获得68株供试根瘤菌,并选取36株参比菌株,进行唯一碳源利用、唯一氮源利用、对抗生素和染料抗性、耐盐性、初始pH生长、温度生长范围及石蕊牛奶反应、氧化酶、过氧化氧酶、脲酶共117项生理生化性状测定,并进行比较分析。结果表明：帕米尔高原豆科植物根瘤菌在碳氮源利用、抗生素敏感性、对染料抗性程度等方面存在着差异。该地区豆科植物根瘤菌均能耐受低温,并具有较强的耐盐、耐碱能力,所有供试菌株均能在初始pH9～12的YMA培养基上生长,84．7％的菌株能耐受3．0％的NaCl。从数值分类树状图可见,在86％的相似水平上未知菌株构成了4个新的表观群。第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群分别有19、5、6、8株菌,中心菌株分别为NWHQLP412、NWHQLP481、NWTX1901、NWTX952。     

新疆苦豆子根瘤菌的数值分类研究

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)对于干旱荒漠地区的畜牧业发展有着非常重要的意义,其生长特性与根瘤菌有密切关系。我们对分离自新疆苦豆子根瘤的67株根瘤菌及36个模式菌株进行了118项表型性状的测定,包括唯一碳源利用、唯一氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH值生长范围、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应、氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶。对测定结果用聚类分析方法进行了分析,获得数值分类树状图。结果表明：新疆苦豆子根瘤菌在碳氮源利用、抗生素敏感性以及对染料的抗性程度等方面存在着差异。新疆苦豆子根瘤菌能耐受低温,并具有较强的耐盐、碱能力,所有供试菌株均能在初始pH值为9－12的YMA培养基上生长,92.5％的菌株能耐受3.0％的NaCl,91.0％的菌株能耐受4.0％的NaCl,有18株菌甚至能耐受5.0％和6.0％的NaCl。聚类结果表明, 在84.8%的相似性水平上,67个供试菌株构成了4个新的表观群,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群分别有21、7、4、3个菌株,中心菌株分别为NWBC152、NWTKX101、NWYJS12、NWLP112。此外,数值分类结果还表明,苦豆子根瘤菌与模式菌株的相似性较低,它们所形成的4个独立群可能有新种出现。     

西北部分地区苦马豆根瘤菌的表型多样性研究

将采集自甘肃、新疆、宁夏等地区的苦马豆根瘤,经分离、纯化获得48株未知菌株,并选取7株参比菌株,进行唯一碳、氮源利用、对抗生素及染料抗性、耐盐性、初始pH生长、生长温度范围及酶活性等共113项生理生化测定;采用数值分类方法对未知根瘤菌进行表型多样性分析。结果表明：供试菌株在碳氮源利用、抗生素敏感性、抗逆性等方面存在着差异。该地区苦马豆根瘤菌具有较强的耐盐、耐碱能力,所有菌株均能在初始pH9~12的YMA培养基上生长,35%菌株可耐受6%的NaCl。从数值分类树状图可见,未知供试菌株在56%的相似水平上聚在一起,在72%的相似水平上分为5个表观群。群Ⅰ有39株菌,在74.6%相似水平聚合,中心菌株为CCNWGS0215;群Ⅱ有5株菌,在76%的相似水平聚合,中心菌株为CCNWGS0228;群Ⅳ有2株菌,在81.5%的相似水平聚合,群Ⅲ和群Ⅴ分别只有1株菌,它们与模式株分离,可能为潜在的新种。     

刺槐根瘤菌的表型多样性研究

从杨陵地区采集豆科树种刺槐的根瘤,经分离、纯化,获得40株未知菌株,并选取35株参比菌株,进行唯一碳源、氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH生长、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应等共105项生理生化测定。结果表明：供试的刺槐根瘤菌在碳、氮源利用、抗生素敏感性、对染料的抗性程度等方面存在着差异。部分菌株具有较强的耐盐碱能力,其中42．5％的菌株能耐受3.0％的NaCl,17．5％的菌株可在初始pH12的YMA培养基上生长。从数值分类树状图可见,在86％的相似水平上未知菌株构成了3个新的类群,其中第1、2类群各有10株菌,中心菌株分别为NWYC113和NWYCl29,第3类群有7株菌,中心菌株为NWYC147。其分类地位需进一步研究和确定。     

陕西太白尾矿区根瘤菌多样性及抗性菌株筛选

以研究陕西太白金矿尾矿区根瘤菌的资源多样性和重金属、苯酚抗逆性菌株的筛选为目的,选取分离自尾矿废弃地及太白河边的8种豆科植物的108株根瘤菌及42株参比菌株,进行了生长温度范围,唯一碳源、氮源利用,生长初始pH,耐盐性,重金属和苯酚的抗性等151项表型性状分析。结果表明,供试根瘤菌的表型特性存在明显差异,在85%的相似水平上供试菌株聚成5个类群,其中类群I有26株菌,主要分离自天蓝苜蓿(Medicago lu-pulina);类群Ⅱ有12株菌,其寄主各不同;类群Ⅲ有3株菌,寄主均为金翼黄芪(Astragalus chrysopterus);类群Ⅳ有40株菌,主要分离自金翼黄芪;类群Ⅴ有4株菌,寄主均为截叶铁扫帚(Lespedeza cuneata)。类群Ⅳ与已知种R.mongolense聚在一起,其这4个类群未与参比菌株聚在一起,可能是新的表观群,其分类地位需进一步确定。一些菌株表现了较强的抗重金属和苯酚毒性的能力,其中1株菌能耐受0.15 mmol/L的Hg2 ,4株菌能耐受0.4mmol/L的Cu2 ,3株菌能耐受1.6 mmol/L的Zn2 ,5株菌能耐受900 mg/L的苯酚。     

苦豆子根瘤内生细菌分离及表型多样性分析

对分离自新疆苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)根瘤的60株内生细菌进行了108项表型性状的测定,包括唯一碳源利用、唯一氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH值生长、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应、氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶等.结果表明:新疆苦豆子根瘤内生细菌具有较强的抗逆性,具有较强的耐受高温和耐盐、碱能力.77%的菌株能在50℃条件下生长,43%的菌株能耐受6.0%的NaCl,73%的菌株能在pH为10的碱性环境下生长.聚类分析结果表明在Watson距离为0.26时可聚为11个表观群,代表菌株分别属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)和气芽孢杆菌属(Aerobacillus sp.).     

新疆土著大豆根瘤菌的表型多样性

选用分离自新疆昌吉市郊土壤的大豆根瘤菌61株和参比菌5株,对它们进行唯一碳氮源、抗生素抗性和抗逆性等表型性状分析,结果表明所有菌株在70.1％相似水平上分为快生大豆根瘤菌和慢生大豆根瘤菌2群,其中快生大豆根瘤菌在81.4％相似水平上又分为2个亚群,40株供试的新疆快生大豆根瘤菌与新疆中华根瘤菌聚为一群;7株供试菌聚为一小群,抗逆性强。所有供试快生菌株都与费氏中华根瘤菌相似性低,所以新疆快生大豆根瘤菌可能是与费氏中华根瘤菌相独立的一个种。     

山东省根瘤菌表型多样性及数值分析

在山东省根瘤菌资源调查的基础上,选取31株快生根瘤菌和34株参比菌株,进行了102项表型性状测定和聚类分析。结果表明：不同地理来源、甚至同一地区来源或同种寄主的不同菌株在碳氮源利用、抗生素抗性、耐逆性等方面存在着较高的多样性。32% 的菌株可耐受300 μg/mL的新霉素,39%的菌株可耐受300 μg/mL的青霉素和洁霉素。2株菌能耐受4.0% 的NaCl。13株菌可以在pH11的条件下生长。在87％的相似水平上,未知菌株形成2个独立的亚群,第1亚群有3株菌,中心菌株为SD109;第2亚群有4株菌,中心菌株为SD083。     

我国豇豆和绿豆根瘤菌的数值分类及16S rDNA PCR-RFLP研究

对分离自中国14个不同省(自治区)的79株豇豆和绿豆根瘤菌及12株参比菌株进行了唯一碳、氮源利用,抗生素抗性,抗逆性和酶活性等128个表型性状的测定,并用MINTS软件进行聚类分析。表型性状测定结果发现,所有菌株都有极其广泛的碳、氮源利用谱,大多数菌株可在较宽的pH(pH5·0~11·0)值范围内生长,大部分菌株能在37℃高温条件下生长,个别菌株能耐受60℃高温较长时间(20~45min)的热激。聚类分析结果表明,全部供试菌株在63·5%的相似性水平上分为两大群:一个群为慢生菌群,另一群为快生和中慢生菌群;在79%的相似性水平上分为7个亚群。在数值分类的基础上,又将参比菌株增加到22株,对79株待测菌株进行了16SrDNAPCR-RFLP分析,16SrDNAPCR产物经HaeⅢ、HinfⅠ、MspⅠ和AluⅠ4种内切酶酶切共产生34种遗传图谱类型,经GelComparⅡ软件聚类后,在79%的相似性水平上也可划分为7个亚群,与数值分类的结果有很好的一致性。     

西北地区甘草根瘤菌的表型多样性研究*

选用分离自西北干旱、半干旱地区的甘草根瘤菌68株和34株参比菌株,进行了113项表型性状测定,结果表明：不同地理来源、同一地理来源、甚至同一植株不同根瘤菌株在碳氮源利用、抗生素敏感性、抗逆性等方面存在着差异。部分菌株具有较强的耐盐耐碱能力,其中有5株和1株菌分别能耐受50g／L、60g／L的NaCl2有43％的菌株能在初始DH12的YMA培养基上生长。从数值分类树状图谱发现,在85．5％的相似水平上供试菌株构成了3个表观群。群I有27株菌,除4株来自陕西外,其余均来自新疆。群Ⅱ有4株菌,皆来自陕西。群Ⅲ有8株菌,6株来自陕西,2株来自宁夏,它们与R．hainanense聚在一起。而群I、群Ⅱ没有与参比菌株聚在一起,可能是新的表观群,其分类地位需进一步确定。     

Nodulation competitiveness of nodule bacteria: Genetic control and adaptive significance: Review

The most recent data on the system of cmp (competitiveness) genes that determine the nodulation competitiveness of rhizobial strains, i.e., the ability to compete for nodule formation in leguminous plants, is analyzed. Three genetic approaches for the construction of economically valuable strains of rhizobia are proposed: the amplification of positive regulators of competitiveness, the inactivation of the negative regulators of this trait, and the introduction of efficient competitiveness factors into strains capable of active nitrogen fixation.     

Effects of Engineered Sinorhizobium meliloti on Cytokinin Synthesis and Tolerance of Alfalfa to Extreme Drought Stress

Cytokinin is required for the initiation of leguminous nitrogen fixation nodules elicited by rhizobia and the delay of the leaf senescence induced by drought stress. A few free-living rhizobia have been found to produce cytokinin. However, the effects of engineered rhizobia capable of synthesizing cytokinin on host tolerance to abiotic stresses have not yet been described. In this study, two engineered Sinorhizobium strains overproducing cytokinin were constructed. The tolerance of inoculated alfalfa plants to severe drought stress was assessed. The engineered strains, which expressed the Agrobacterium ipt gene under the control of different promoters, synthesized more zeatins than the control strain under free-living conditions, but their own growth was not affected. After a 4-week inoculation period, the effects of engineered strains on alfalfa growth and nitrogen fixation were similar to those of the control strain under nondrought conditions. After being subjected to severe drought stress, most of the alfalfa plants inoculated with engineered strains survived, and the nitrogenase activity in their root nodules showed no apparent change. A small elevation in zeatin concentration was observed in the leaves of these plants. The expression of antioxidant enzymes increased, and the level of reactive oxygen species decreased correspondingly. Although the ipt gene was transcribed in the bacteroids of engineered strains, the level of cytokinin in alfalfa nodules was identical to that of the control. These findings suggest that engineered Sinorhizobium strains synthesizing more cytokinin could improve the tolerance of alfalfa to severe drought stress without affecting alfalfa nodulation or nitrogen fixation.     

A rhizobia strain isolated from root nodule of gymnosperm Podocarpus macrophyllus

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of rhizobia and leguminous plants is considered as the most important biologic nitrogen fixation system on earth. Symbiotic nodulafion of gymnosperm Podocarpus macrophyllus and rhizobia has never been reported. In this study, 11 endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from root nodules of P. macrophyllus and its variation P. macrophyllus var. maki. The plant infection tests on these strains indicated that the isolated strains could be nodulated on P. macrophyllus plants, and weak nitrogenase activity of nodules was found in acetylene reduction method. According to the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the 11 strains, GXLO 02 was selected as the representative strain. 16S rDNA full-length sequence analysis of GXLO 02 confirmed that the representative strain GXLO 02 belongs to Rhizobium sp.     

A rhizobia strain isolated from root nodule of gymnosperm Podocarpus macrophyllus

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of rhizobia and leguminous plants is considered as the most important biologic nitrogen fixation system on earth. Symbiotic nodulation of gymnosperm Podocarpus macro-phyllus and rhizobia has never been reported. In this study, 11 endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from root nodules of P. macrophyllus and its variation P. macrophyllus var. maki. The plant infection tests on these strains indicated that the isolated strains could be nodulated on P. macrophyllus plants, and weak nitrogenase activity of nodules was found in acetylene reduction method. According to the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the 11 strains, GXLO 02 was selected as the representative strain. 16S rDNA full-length sequence analysis of GXLO 02 confirmed that the representative strain GXLO 02 belongs to Rhizobium sp.     

Symbiotic soil microorganisms as players in aboveground plant–herbivore interactions – the role of rhizobia

Rhizobia play a key role for performance of leguminous plants and ecosystem productivity. However, no studies to date have investigated the importance of the rhizobial symbiosis for legume–herbivore interactions. The additional nitrogen provided by the rhizobia improves the nutritional quality of plants, but may also be used for the synthesis of defence compounds. We performed greenhouse experiments with nodulating and non-nodulating, as well as cyanogenic and acyanogenic strains of Trifolium repen s to study the effects of rhizobia Rhizobium leguminosarum on plant growth and the performance of the chewing herbivore Spodoptera littoralis and the phloem-sucking aphid Myzus persicae . We demonstrate that for nodulating strains of T. repens rhizobia increased plant growth and the performance of Spodoptera littoralis . However, this positive effect of rhizobia on the caterpillars did not occur in a cyanogenic clover strain. Reproduction of the phloem-sucking aphid Myzus persicae was inconsistently affected by rhizobia. Our study provides evidence that the additional nitrogen provided by the rhizobia may be used for the production of nitrogen-based defence compounds, thereby counteracting positive effects on the performance of chewing herbivores. The symbiosis with rhizobia is therefore an important driver of legume–herbivore interactions.     

Chemotaxonomic characterization of some fast-growing rhizobia nodulating leguminous trees

A total of about 50 strains of rhizobia from two leguminous trees (Acacia andProsopis) were described and compared with 20 reference strains of rhizobia, from other tree and herb legumes on the basis of protein, fatty acid and plasmid profiles, and DNA-DNA hybridization. The rhizobia formed thirteen clusters based on protein profile analysis. These clusters were not in complete agreement with a previously published cluster analysis based on numerical taxonomy of phenotypic characteristics and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile analysis (Zhanget al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41, 104, 1991; Lindström and Zahran,FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 107, 327, 1993). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of representative strains of rhizobia were analyzed. The rhizobia formed fourteen different clusters based on FAME analysis but the results also conflicted with the phenotypically based methods of analysis. Strains of rhizobia classified in one cluster by any of the above methods of analysis may have shown very different fatty acid profiles. The plasmid profile analysis of the tree rhizobia., on the other hand, was more consistent with the phenotype- and LPS-based numerical analysis. Some strains of the tree rhizobia showed medium or high levels of DNA homology withRhizobium meliloti. The DNA-DNA hybridization correlated well with protein and fatty acid profiles. The described methods provide a significant taxonomic tool for discrimination between rhizobia of leguminous trees. However, further DNA-DNA hybridization studies with other recognized species of rhizobia are needed for proper identification and classification of the diverse rhizobia from leguminous trees.     

中国帕米尔高原根瘤菌-豆科植物共生资源调查

对帕米尔高原进行了根瘤菌——豆科植物共生资源的调查与收集,分析了根瘤的特征和根瘤菌的抗逆性。共采集到11属22种豆科植物,除菜豆、昆仑锦鸡儿、豇豆和白花草木樨等4种豆科植物未见结瘤外,其它豆科植物均能结瘤,其中帕米尔扁蓿豆、美丽棘豆、毛序棘豆、金毛脬萼黄芪等4种为新发现的结瘤豆科植物。共收集到8属18种豆科植物的根瘤样品250份,发现根瘤数量相对较少,颜色以白色或褐色为多,形状多样,多着生于主根、侧根的上部。通过对109株根瘤菌的抗逆性分析,获得一些具有耐低温和耐盐碱能力的优良菌株。     

The taxonomy of rhizobia: an overview

The taxonomy of rhizobia, bacteria capable of nodulating leguminous plants, has changed considerably over the last 20 years, with the original genus Rhizobium, a member of the alpha-Proteobacteria, now divided into several genera. The study of new geographically dispersed host plants, has been a source of many new species and is expected to yield many more. Here we provide an overview of the history of the rhizobia, but focus on the Rhizobium–Allorhizobium–Agrobacterium relationship. Finally, we review recent reports of nodulation and nitrogen fixation with legume hosts by bacteria that are outside the traditional rhizobial phylogenetic lineages. They include species of Methylobacterium and Devosia in the alpha- Proteobacteria and of Burkholderia and Ralstonia in the beta-Proteobacteria.