酵母丙氨酸转移核糖核酸3′-端(36～45)CP~(m~1)IpψpGpGpGpApGpApG十核苷九磷酸片段的合成

本文报道利用T_4 RNA连接酶酶促合成酵母丙氨酸转移核糖核酸3′端(36～45)Cp~(m~1)Ip-ψpGpGpGpApGpApG十核苷九磷酸片段的工作。合成制备时,我们采用将Cp~(m~1)IpψpG、GpG、ApGpApGp三片段从5′向3′延伸的合成路线。在合成路线的探索中我们发现了一些新现象:1.在T_4 RNA连接酶催化反应中Cp~(m~1)Ipψ作为受体有局限性。2.GpG等二核苷一磷酸可以与pCp等供体分子连接。3.60℃预温育对GpG片段的标记和六核苷酸、十核苷酸连接反应提高产率有明显的作用。     

DNA聚合酶Ⅰ

1957年科恩伯格(A.Kornbeng)通过测定放射性标记的[~(14)C]胸苷三磷酸参入DNA的能力,发现一种催化DNA合成的酶。这种酶现在叫做DNA聚合酶Ⅰ或Pol Ⅰ,为含有928个氨基酸残基的多肽单链。酶促反应的底物是4种脱氧核苷三磷酸。反应需要DNA模板和一小段与模板互补的多核苷酸引物。反应中,引物或生长中DNA链的3′羟基与新参入核苷酸的α-磷酸基结合。反应     

在核苷酸三磷酸酶活化过程中核苷酸与Na~+之间的关系

<正> Na~++K~+-ATP酶反应序列包括依赖Na~+的磷酸化作用及依赖K~+的去磷酸化作用。具体包括五部分反应:1.Na~+和ATP与酶的高亲和结合部位任意结合;2.依赖Na~+和Mg~(++)的磷酸化反应,此步被ADP所抑制;3.从对ADP敏感的E_1～P转化成对K~+敏感的E_2-P;4.在K~+刺激下使E_2-P水解,释放无机磷;5.核苷酸促使E_2K→E_1K转换。 为探讨膜结合Na~+和K~+激活的核苷酸三磷酸酶活性及依赖Na~+的磷酸化反应的核苷酸特异性,我们选用ATP、CTP、ITP和GTP四种核苷酸做底物,观察Na~+与核苷酸的关系。     

问：ATP是唯一的直接提供可利用能量的物质吗？

答：新陈代谢所需要的能量是由细胞内的ATP直接提供的,ATP是新陈代谢所需能量的直接来源,但体内有些合成反应不一定都直接利用ATP供能,而可以利用其他三磷酸核苷。例如UTP(三磷酸尿苷)用于多糖合成、CTP(三磷酸胞苷1用于磷脂合成、GTP(三磷酸鸟苷)用于蛋白质合成等。但物质氧化时释放的能量大都是必须先合成ATP。然后ATP可使UDP、CDP或GDP生成相应的UTP、CTP或GTP。     

核糖核酸一级结构微量分析方法的研究 Ⅲ.萤光标记法测定寡核糖核苷酸3′端及核苷酸顺序

本文报导了一种新的萤光试剂DNS-Gly-NHNH_2在寡核糖核苷酸一级结构分析中的应用。寡核糖核苷酸3′端经高碘酸氧化后能与萤光试剂DNS-Gly-NHNH_2反应,经红酵母RNase酶解后得到DNS-Gly-核苷腙。通过聚酰胺薄板层析鉴定DNS-Gly-核苷腙,从而能测定寡核糖核苷酸3′端核苷。另外,运用β消去循环,对寡核糖核苷酸进行化学逐步降解,在此基础上结合上述萤光标记测定寡核糖核苷酸3′端技术,对化学合成片段UpCpCpA进行了顺序分析。片段用量为0.16A_(260)单位。这一方法较紫外吸收法灵敏,易在一般实验室中使用。     

核糖核酸一级结构微量分析方法的研究 Ⅲ.萤光标记法测定寡核糖核苷酸3′端及核苷酸顺序

本文报导了一种新的萤光试剂DNS-GIy-NHNH_2在寡核糖核苷酸一级结构分析中的应用。寡核糖核苷酸3′端经高碘酸氧化后能与萤光试剂DNS-Gly-NHNH_2反应,经红酵母RNase 酶解后得到DNS-Gly-核苷腙。通过聚酰胺薄板层析鉴定DNS-Gly-核苷腙,从而能测定寡核糖核苷酸3′端核苷。另外,运用β消去循环,对寡核糖核苷酸进行化学逐步降解,在此基础上结合上述萤光标记测定寡核糖核苷酸3′端技术,对化学合成片段UpCpCpA 进行了顺序分析。片段用量为0.16A~(260)单位。这一方法较紫外吸收法灵敏,易在一般实验室中使用。     

名词解释

核苷、核苷酸碱基与脱氧核糖或核糖以糖苷键连接而成的糖苷叫做核苷。所含的糖若为脱氧核糖,所形成的核苷叫脱氧核糖核苷:所含的糖若为核糖。则所形成的核苷叫核糖核苷。碱基有多种,组成脱氧核糖核苷的碱基主要有腺嘌呤(A)、鸟嘌呤(G)、胸腺嘧啶(T)和胞嘧啶(C)四种:而组成核糖核苷的碱基主要也是四种,但它没有胸腺嘧啶(T),被尿嘧啶(U)所代替。组成核酸的碱基数量都是很大的,排列的顺序富有多样性。核替的糖上再连上一个磷酸,就成为核苷酸。很多核苷酸连接起来,就成为多核苷酸——核糖核酸(RNA)或脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)。     

植物中的G蛋白

G蛋白是一类参与跨膜信号传导的GTP(三磷酸乌苷)结合蛋白质。GTP结合蛋白质是具有重要功能的蛋白质。G蛋白参与的信号传导链可概括为:信号→受体→G蛋白→效应体(靶子)等。70年代末期,在动物腺苷酸环化酶的激素调节研究、视觉光信号传导的研究中发现了G蛋白。动物体内有多种不同功     

5′-和3′-末端带双羟基的寡聚核糖核苷酸具有不寻常的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳行为

为了制备核糖核酸酶P的底物——人工合成的tRNA前体,我们用五核苷四磷酸_(HO)U_PC_PC_PA~*_PC_(OH)(~*P代表~(32)P)与天然的酵母丙氨酸tRNA或其5′半分子在T_4RNA连接酶催化下反应,连接产率甚低。但观察到一个很奇特的现象:不管何种反应条件,甚至不加tRNA和不加酶的对照实验中,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(PAG)电泳分析反应产物时发现,在约相当于RNA序列分析“梯子”18核苷酸(nt)处总     

添加核苷对肝素黄杆菌发酵产肝素酶的影响

研究了添加核苷对肝素黄杆菌发酵产肝素酶的影响,结果发现,单种核苷的添加会抑制产酶,而复合核苷的添加则促进产酶,当4种核苷的添加比例与肝素酶mRNA中4种相应核苷酸的比例一致时,促进作用最强。通过HPLC检测,证实添加后核苷很快进入了菌体内。HPLC的结果还表明,菌体内嘧啶核苷酸和嘌呤核苷酸的合成代谢可能不平衡,这对产酶是不利的。为此,还研究了通过添加天冬氨酸以增强嘧啶核酸合成代谢的调节方式,使产酶得到了提高。     

Purification of tubulin from bovine brain and its interaction with guanine nucleotides.

A rapid and sensitive assay for [3H]GTP binding activity of tubulin has been developed. This assay method is based on the quantitative retention of [3H]GTP. Tubulin complex on a nitrocellulose membrane filter. It was also found that bovine brain tubulin is markedly stablized by glycerol and GTP against denaturation. A large-scale purification of bovine brain tubulin was achieved using the new assay procedure and by the inclusion of glycerol and GTP in a buffer solution used for column chromatograph. The purified tubulin could be stored at -80degrees in the presence of glycerol and GTP for at least a year without any apprecialbe loss of [3H]GTP- and [3H]colchicine binding activities. The interaction of tubulin with guanine nucleotides was also studied using the nitorcellulose membrane filter procedure. It was found that the binding of [3H]GTP to tubulin with an empty exchangeable site proceeded promptly within k sec while the exchange of [3H]GTP- with a GTP-tubulin complex in which the exchangeable site had been occupied with unlabeled GTP occured more slowly. The dissociation constants for GTP and GDP at the exchangeable site of tubulin were determined as 0.5 times 10-6M and 1.9 times 10-6M, respectively. 5'-Guanylylimidodiphosphate could interact, although less strongly, with tubulin at this site, whereas the interaction of other nucleoside triphosphates includint ATP, CTP, UTP, and 5'-guanylyl methylenediphosphonate was very weak, if it occured at all. The presence of Mg2+ and a free sulfhydryl group was found to be essential for binding of [3H]GTP to tubulin. Ca2+ was found to replace Mg2+ in this binding reaction.     

Benzodiazepine inhibition of site-specific binding of nitrobenzylthioinosine, an inhibitor of adenosine transport

A number of benzodiazepines were tested for their ability to inhibit the site-specific binding of nitrobenzylthioinosine to the nucleoside transport system in human erythrocytes. Dipyridamole, a recognized inhibitor of nucleoside transport, inhibited binding in a competitive manner. Benzodiazepines also inhibited nitrobenzylthioinosine binding competitively, but were considerably less potent in that respect than dipyridamole. The low affinities of the benzodiazepines for the erythrocyte transport system suggest that significant inhibition of nucleoside transport may not occur at anxiolytic concentrations. However, at higher concentrations, some benzodiazepines would appear to have the potential to inhibit adenosine transport via interaction with the transport-inhibitory site.     

GDP does not mediate but rather inhibits hormonal signal to adenylate cyclase

This study was aimed to elucidate whether GDP can mediate hormonal signal to adenylate cyclase in hepatic glucagon sensitive adenylate cyclase with ATP as substrate. Conversion of added GDP to GTP catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase was suppressed to less than 0.3% of added GDP by including UDP. Inhibition of this enzyme activity by UDP was accompanied by a preferential loss of the stimulatory effect of glucagon plus GDP on cyclase activity without changes in effects of glucagon plus GTP, glucagon plus guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate, and NaF. Under this condition, i.e. in the presence of UDP, GDP competitively inhibited the actions of GTP (Ki for GDP, 1 microM) and guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate in the presence of glucagon, the inhibition being complete at high GDP concentrations. GDP also inhibited cyclase activity stimulated by NaF with UDP but did only slightly without UDP. It was demonstrated that nucleoside diphosphate kinase is located in membranes in addition to cytosol fraction. However, the activity of membrane-associated enzyme was not affected by the addition of glucagon. Based on these observations, it is concluded that GDP is unable to mediate hormonal signal to adenylate cyclase and that it acts as an inhibitor of cyclase activity stimulated by GTP or its analog along with hormone. The results suggest a possible role of membrane-associated nucleoside diphosphate kinase in determining GTP and GDP levels at or near their binding site so as to replenish GTP and, thereby, decrease the inhibitory action of GDP when hormone is present.     

Kinetics of the interaction of methylene diphosphonic acid and inorganic pyrophosphate with DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase from calf thymus

The kinetics of interaction of PPi and its diphosphonic analog, methylenediphosphonic acid (MDPA), with nucleoside triphosphates, DNA and Mg2+ binding sites of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from calf thymus was investigated. The values of apparent Km in the NTP polymerization reaction for ATP and CTP equal to 2.7 X 10(-4) and 1.8 X 10(-4) M, respectively, were determined. It was shown that MDPA and PPi competitively inhibited the RNA polymerase reaction with respect to nucleoside triphosphate. The inhibition constants (Ki) of ATP and CTP incorporation for MDPA were 2.2 X 10(-4) and 3.3 X 10(-4) M, respectively, while those of the nucleoside triphosphate incorporation for PPi were equal to 1.4 X 10(-4) and 2.0 X 10(-4) M, respectively. MDPA and PPi were incompetitive inhibitors of template (DNA) and Mn2+. A possible mechanism of inhibition of the RNA polymerase reaction by MDPA is proposed.     

Dual Function of Mitochondrial Nm23-H4 Protein in Phosphotransfer and Intermembrane Lipid Transfer: A CARDIOLIPIN-DEPENDENT SWITCH*?

The nucleoside diphosphate kinase Nm23-H4/NDPK-D forms symmetrical hexameric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space with phosphotransfer activity using mitochondrial ATP to regenerate nucleoside triphosphates. We demonstrate the complex formation between Nm23-H4 and mitochondrial GTPase OPA1 in rat liver, suggesting its involvement in local and direct GTP delivery. Similar to OPA1, Nm23-H4 is further known to strongly bind in vitro to anionic phospholipids, mainly cardiolipin, and in vivo to the inner mitochondrial membrane. We show here that such protein-lipid complexes inhibit nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity but are necessary for another function of Nm23-H4, selective intermembrane lipid transfer. Mitochondrial lipid distribution was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using HeLa cells expressing either wild-type Nm23-H4 or a membrane binding-deficient mutant at a site predicted based on molecular modeling to be crucial for cardiolipin binding and transfer mechanism. We found that wild type, but not the mutant enzyme, selectively increased the content of cardiolipin in the outer mitochondrial membrane, but the distribution of other more abundant phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine) remained unchanged. HeLa cells expressing the wild-type enzyme showed increased accumulation of Bax in mitochondria and were sensitized to rotenone-induced apoptosis as revealed by stimulated release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, elevated caspase 3/7 activity, and increased annexin V binding. Based on these data and molecular modeling, we propose that Nm23-H4 acts as a lipid-dependent mitochondrial switch with dual function in phosphotransfer serving local GTP supply and cardiolipin transfer for apoptotic signaling and putative other functions.     

Blue news update: BODIPY-GTP binds to the blue-light receptor YtvA while GTP does not

Light is an important environmental factor for almost all organisms. It is mainly used as an energy source but it is also a key factor for the regulation of multiple cellular functions. Light as the extracellular stimulus is thereby converted into an intracellular signal by photoreceptors that act as signal transducers. The blue-light receptor YtvA, a bacterial counterpart of plant phototropins, is involved in the stress response of Bacillus subtilis. The mechanism behind its activation, however, remains unknown. It was suggested based on fluorescence spectroscopic studies that YtvA function involves GTP binding and that this interaction is altered by absorption of light. We have investigated this interaction by several biophysical methods and show here using fluorescence spectroscopy, ITC titrations, and three NMR spectroscopic assays that while YtvA interacts with BODIPY-GTP as a fluorescent GTP analogue originally used for the detection of GTP binding, it does not bind GTP.     

Effect of nucleotide cofactor structure on recA protein-promoted DNA pairing. 2. DNA renaturation reaction.

We have examined the effects of the structurally related nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), purine riboside triphosphate (PTP), inosine triphosphate (ITP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), on the recA protein-promoted DNA renaturation reaction (phi X DNA). In the absence of nucleotide cofactor, the recA protein first converts the complementary single strands into unit-length duplex DNA and other relatively small paired DNA species; these initial products are then slowly converted into more complex multipaired network DNA products. ATP and PTP stimulate the conversion of initial product DNA into network DNA, whereas ITP and GTP completely suppress network DNA formation. The formation of network DNA is also inhibited by all four of the corresponding nucleoside diphosphates, ADP, PDP, IDP, and GDP. Those nucleotides which stimulate the formation of network DNA are found to enhance the formation of large recA-ssDNA aggregates, whereas those which inhibit network DNA formation cause the dissociation of these nucleoprotein aggregates. These results not only implicate the nucleoprotein aggregates as intermediates in the formation of network DNA, but also establish the functional equivalency of ITP and GTP with the nucleoside diphosphates. Additional experiments indicate that the net effect of ITP and GTP on the DNA renaturation reaction is dominated by the corresponding nucleoside diphosphates, IDP and GDP, that are generated by the NTP hydrolysis activity of the recA protein.     

Structure of Escherichia coli UMP kinase differs from that of other nucleoside monophosphate kinases and sheds new light on enzyme regulation

Bacterial UMP kinases are essential enzymes involved in the multistep synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates. They are hexamers regulated by the allosteric activator GTP and inhibited by UTP. We solved the crystal structure of Escherichia coli UMP kinase bound to the UMP substrate (2.3 A resolution), the UDP product (2.6 A), or UTP (2.45 A). The monomer fold, unrelated to that of other nucleoside monophosphate kinases, belongs to the carbamate kinase-like superfamily. However, the phosphate acceptor binding cleft and subunit assembly are characteristic of UMP kinase. Interactions with UMP explain the high specificity for this natural substrate. UTP, previously described as an allosteric inhibitor, was unexpectedly found in the phosphate acceptor site, suggesting that it acts as a competitive inhibitor. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues Thr-138 and Asn-140, involved in both uracil recognition and active site interaction within the hexamer, decreased the activation by GTP and inhibition by UTP. These experiments suggest a cross-talk mechanism between enzyme subunits involved in cooperative binding at the phosphate acceptor site and in allosteric regulation by GTP. As bacterial UMP kinases have no counterpart in eukaryotes, the information provided here could help the design of new antibiotics.     

Characterization of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide solubilized from the lung

The zwitterionic detergent CHAPS was used to solubilize functional receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from guinea pig lung. The solubilized receptors were resolved by high performance gel filtration in 3 mM CHAPS into two active fractions with apparent Stokes radii of 5.9 +/- 0.1 and 2.3 +/- 0.1 nm. The binding of 125I-VIP to the two receptor fractions was time-dependent, reversible, and saturable. Trypsin destroyed the binding activity of the receptor fractions, indicating their proteinic nature. Unlabeled VIP competitively displaced the binding of 125I-VIP to the 5.9-nm fraction (IC50 = 240 pM) and the 2.3-nm fraction (IC50 = 1.2 microM). Scatchard analysis indicated a single class of binding sites in each receptor fraction, with Kd values 300 pM and 0.97 microM for the 5.9- and 2.3-nm Stokes radii fractions, respectively. When the high affinity, 5.9-nm Stokes radius fraction was rechromatographed in 9 nM CHAPS, 46% of the binding activity eluted in the low affinity, 2.3-nm Stokes radius fraction, indicating that the latter is a product of dissociation of the high affinity receptor complex. GTP inhibited the binding of 125I-VIP to the high affinity complex but not the low affinity species. Scatchard plots of VIP binding by the high affinity receptors treated with GTP suggested the presence of two distinct binding sites (Kd 4.4 and 153 nM), compared to a single binding site (Kd = 0.3 nM) obtained in untreated receptors. The nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate, inhibited VIP binding by the high affinity receptor fraction with potency nearly equivalent to that of GTP. These observations suggest that GTP-binding regulatory proteins are functionally coupled to the VIP-binding subunit in the high affinity receptor complex. The peptide specificity characteristics of the two receptor fractions were different. Peptide histidine isoleucine and growth hormone releasing factor, peptides homologous to VIP, were 87.5- and 22.9-fold less potent than VIP in displacing 125I-VIP binding by the high affinity receptor complex, respectively. On the other hand, growth hormone-releasing factor was more potent (22.7-fold) and peptide histidine isoleucine was less potent (31.3-fold) than VIP in displacing the binding by the low affinity species.     

Interaction of elongation factor 2 from wheat germ with guanosine nucleotides and ribosomes.

1. The amino acid composition of wheat germ EF2 differs to some extent from that of elongation factors from mammals and bacteria. 2. The purified wheat germ EF2, similarly as the factors from other sources, is active in the: EF1-dependent polymerization of phenylalanine; ribosome-dependent GTP hydrolysis; binding of guanosine nucleotides; and ADP-ribosylation in the presence of diphtheria toxin. Fusidic acid at a concentration of 1 mM inhibits all these EF2-dependent reactions. 3. Diphtheria toxin in the presence of NAD+ inhibits polymerization of phenylalanine but does not effect GTP binding to EF2. 4. Binding of GDP to wheat germ EF2 is inhibited by ribosomes. During interaction with ribosomes, GTP in EF2-GTP complex is rapidly hydrolysed to GDP. Both GTP and 5'-guanylmethylenediphosphonate competitively inhibit formation of the ribosome-EF2-GDP complex due to the replacement of GDP from the complex. The latter is stabilized by fusidic acid.