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1.
Since Jones et al. (2000) drew attention to a "new" type of glume wheat from Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in northern Greece, several finds of this morphologically distinct tetraploid wheat form have been made across central and southeastern Europe. Charred remains of this wheat, dating from 819–1031 cal b.c., have also been discovered in a storage pit at late Bronze Age Stillfried, eastern Austria. As both chaff and grains were found, it was not only possible to match the diagnostic features of the spikelet bases to the "new" form, but also to examine the grains, which are strikingly long, slender and flat. A dorsal ridge is absent and there is no hump above the embryo. The embryo angle is relatively low and compression lines are much more distinct. Within the Stillfried store "new" glume wheat grains were also easily separable from two-grained einkorn and spelt grains. The morphology of the grains is not inconsistent with the suggestion that the "new" type glume wheat might correspond to modern Triticum timopheevi. In Stillfried "new" glume wheat was grown as a winter crop, and it seems to have been cultivated as a maslin (mixed crop) together with T. monococcum (einkorn). 相似文献
2.
Marjeta Jeraj Anton Velušček Stefanie Jacomet 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2009,18(1):75-89
Analyses were performed of plant remains from the Late Neolithic (in Slovenian terminology corresponding to Eneolithic or
Copper Age, ca. 4300–2300 b.c.) pile dwelling Hočevarica in the Ljubljansko barje (Ljubljana Moor), Slovenia. This settlement existed between ca. 3650
and 3550 cal b.c. Seeds, fruits, wooden piles, macroscopic charcoal and pollen from the cultural layers were analysed. The remains of domestic
plants such as charred grains of Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum (einkorn and emmer wheat) and Papaver somniferum (poppy seeds), as well as seeds of weeds such as Chenopodium album-type indicate early cultivation in the area. In addition, numerous remains of nuts and berries, especially of Quercus sp., Cornus mas, Rubus fruticosus and Corylus avellana demonstrate that the gathering of wild plants was an important part of subsistence. Palaeoecological and archaeobotanical
data from Hočevarica further suggest that cleared land was used for agriculture and pastures during the Neolithic, and that
different wood was cut for construction and for fuel. The species assemblage from Hočevarica is very similar to those recovered
from northern Alpine lake dwelling sites, however, several new taxa (e.g. Lathyrus sativus, Vicia sp.) appear in the assemblage. One of the most surprising finds is the seed of wild grape (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris), which are the oldest on-site remains of grapevine from Slovenia. 相似文献
3.
Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) and Vicia faba L. (faba bean, broad bean or horse bean) were found in late 10th millennium b.p. levels at Tell el-Kerkh, in north-west Syria. They are the earliest well preserved archaeobotanical finds of these two species. Over a hundred C. arietinum specimens were recovered which showed a wide morphological diversity varying from C. arietinum ssp. reticulatum to the more rounded shape as seen in cultivated varieties. For Vicia faba, 29 complete and 119 half seeds, as well as many fragments were recovered. Tell el-Kerkh is one of the few early PPNB Near Eastern sites situated in the Mediterranean zone which could have been the habitat of the unknown wild progenitor of the faba bean. The wild progenitor of chickpea, C. a. reticulatum, is found in a limited area of southeast Turkey, at a considerable distance from Tell el-Kerkh. These finds suggest that the use and domestication of these pulses is perhaps earlier than was previously supposed. 相似文献
4.
Identifying morphologically domestic cereals is essential to understanding the origins of agriculture. Charred spikelet bases
provide the best evidence for distinguishing wild from domestic varieties of emmer, einkorn and barley; however until now,
identification criteria have not been agreed upon or well established. We examined more than 20,000 remains of charred spikelets
from eleven early Holocene sites in the Near East, classing them into nine groups. We show that damage and fragmentation of
wheat spikelets probably due to dehusking makes identification problematic, and only when the abscission scar is well preserved
is it possible to distinguish wild spikelets which shatter from domestic spikelets which adhere and separate during threshing.
Barley spikelets were found to be less damaged and more easily identified, perhaps because the processing was less damaging.
Einkorn was dominant over emmer on early sites, whereas on later sites emmer was dominant. Identifications presented here
from eleven sites date from approximately 13000 to 8200 cal b.p. They give an incomplete picture, but no domestic cereals were identified during the PPNA (Pre-pottery Neolithic A). Early
PPNB Aswad produced domestic barley but at other sites for this period the evidence is inconclusive. Unequivocal signs of
domestic emmer spikelets appear during the Middle PPNB about 10,000 years ago but wild forms continue as part of the crop
after this period. These conclusions are based on limited data. Future studies will undoubtedly produce a more accurate picture. 相似文献
5.
Evidence for plant exploitation and vegetation history from three Early Neolithic pre-pottery sites on the Euphrates (Syria) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
George Willcox 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》1996,5(1-2):143-152
Archaeobotanical results based on a limited number of samples from three aceramic sites dating from 9800 to 7800 B.P., which
are under excavation in the valley of the Middle Euphrates, are discussed. The finds are presented simply by presence, and
are compared to the contemporary vegetation and finds from similar sites. Carbonised plant remains recovered by flotation
from levels dated to between 9800 and 9200 B.P. (Dja'de and Jerf al Ahmar) indicate that wild cereals (einkorn wheat, rye
and barley) and pulses (lentils, pea and bitter vetch) were exploited. Other plants such as wild grasses, Pistacia, wild almond and oak, suggest that the local vegetation provided a rich diversity of resources. A study of possible weed
taxa is being carried out in order to see whether this assemblage could be used to identify the cultivation of morphologically
wild cereals for this period. Ninth millennium B.P. levels at Halula see the appearance of domestic crops such as emmer, naked
wheat and barley, but wild-type cereals persist. The cultivars appear to have been introduced from elsewhere and later ninth
millennium B.P. species include olive and flax. Ash, vine, maple, plane, alder and elm from the gallery forest, wild rye,
wild einkorn, deciduous oak, wild almond, Pistacia, and Pyrus, from the hinterland, indicate cooler conditions. 相似文献
6.
Late Holocene climatic changes caused a large scale regression of the Lake Chad shoreline followed by an expansion of settlements into previously unexplored territories. Numerous Final Stone Age sites of the Gajiganna Culture (1,800 to 800 b.c.) in the Lake Chad Basin (northeast Nigeria) yielded plant impressions in potsherds. The ceramics of Phase I (1,800–1,400 b.c.) were mineral tempered, and plant impressions, mainly of Paniceae, were caused only by incidental inclusion. In contrast, a considerable number of the sherds from Phase II (1,500–800 b.c.) were intentionally tempered with chaff derived from domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), wild Paniceae and wild rice species (Oryza cf. barthii
and O. cf. longistaminata). This plant spectrum suggests the exploitation of the wet wild areas, and also the cultivation of pearl millet on sandy soils. The evidence suggests that agricultural practices were established late and were introduced from elsewhere. During the time of seasonally occupied sites in Phase I, the subsistence strategy was based on herding, fishing, and gathering, while in Phase II there are signs of permanent settlements and agriculture. The evidence from the plant impressions indicates that in the Final Stone Age Gajiganna Culture around 1,000–800 b.c., pearl millet became well established while the gathering of wild millets and rice was still practised.*Klee et al. (2000), Zach and Klee (2003) 相似文献
7.
The article presents archaeobotanical results from six late Neolithic excavation sites in eastern Austria. Two of the sites
belong to the Jevišovice culture (3200–2800 cal b.c.), the remaining four to the Baden culture (3600–2900 cal b.c.). Results show that farmers around 3000 cal b.c. were relying on the use of Triticum monococcum and Hordeum vulgare as principal cereals, with Triticum dicoccum and Panicum miliaceum as additional crops. Common millet was found in quantity at one of the Jevišovice sites and shows the remarkably early westward
spread of this species. Single records of Triticum spelta are discussed in the light of the recently proposed ideas about an independent central European origin of spelt. Another
record concerns the “new-type” glume wheat, providing further evidence for the once widespread occurrence of this cultivar.
Triticum aestivum (hexaploid naked wheat) and Setaria italica (foxtail millet) were found as rare admixtures at the Jevišovice settlements. Pulses were represented by Pisum sativum and Lens culinaris, oil plants by Papaver somniferum and Linum usitatissimum. One of the Jevišovice sites offered a good opportunity for a study of the undisturbed spatial distribution of charred plant
remains within a burnt house. Among wild plants, the occurrence of Stipa sp., Teucrium chamaedrys, Asperula cynanchica and Plantago media point to the presence of dry steppe grassland in the vicinity of the settlements, which was probably used for grazing. Woodland
plants were mainly represented by fruit-bearing plants growing in clearings and forest edges, reflecting both the deliberate
collection of wild fruits and the growing human impact on the vegetation. 相似文献
8.
Radoslaw Grabowski 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2011,20(5):479-494
Macrofossil data from 73 sites dating to the south Swedish Iron Age (500 b.c.–a.d. 1100) have been compiled and analyzed in order to elucidate long term changes in cereal cultivation. The analyses indicate
that “permanent field” agriculture was established at the end of the Bronze Age utilizing Hordeum vulgare var vulgare as a primary crop and Triticum aestivum ssp vulgare/compactum, Triticum spelta/dicoccum/monococcum, Avena sativa and Secale cereale as secondary crops. An observed change towards the end of Roman Iron Age (1–a.d. 400) is the expansion of Secale cereale and Avena sativa cultivation. Evidence also suggests that winter sowing of the former commenced at the latest during the eighth, ninth and
tenth centuries a.d. The introduction of winter sowing possibly coincided with the establishment of crop rotation agriculture. During most of
the Iron Age southern Sweden displays significant regional variations with regards to cereal cultivation practice. There is
however evidence that a more homogenous agriculture appeared across the investigated area from the beginning of the Viking
Age (a.d. 800–1100) onwards. 相似文献
9.
Tja?a Tolar Stefanie Jacomet Anton Velu??ek Katarina ?ufar 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2011,20(3):207-222
We present the results of a plant macroremain study of the late Neolithic lakeshore settlement Stare gmajne (SG) at Ljubljansko
barje, Slovenia, with cultural horizons that ended around 3330 and 3110 cal. b.c., as obtained by dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating of the most frequent construction timbers of Quercus sp. (oak) and Fraxinus sp. (ash). Fourteen systematically taken samples were investigated, using standard methods for studying waterlogged plant
remains, which had been developed during lake dwelling research north of the Alps. Most of the remains were preserved in a
waterlogged state, and we identified a total of 93 taxa. The most important cultivated plants were Triticum dicoccum (emmer), Hordeum vulgare (six-rowed naked barley), T. monococcum (einkorn), Linum usitatissimum (flax) and Papaver somniferum (opium poppy). The numerous possibly gathered plants also included Trapa natans (water chestnut) and Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (wild grapevine). Chenopodium album (goosefoot) and Brassica rapa (turnip) with seeds/fruits rich in oil and starch were probably gathered as well. Comparisons of the Stare gmajne results
with contemporary north Alpine sites (NA) showed, among other things, that Triticum durum/turgidum (tetraploid naked wheat), frequent at NA, was not found at SG. Trapa natans (water chestnut) was rare and Vitis (grapevine) was not found at NA. The observed differences in the wild plant spectra may have ecological causes, for example
a warmer climate south of the Alps, but differences in cultivar spectra are more likely for cultural-historical reasons. 相似文献
10.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is sensitive to d-amino acids: those corresponding to almost all proteinous l-amino acids inhibit the growth of yeast even at low concentrations (e.g. 0.1 mM). We have determined that d-amino acid-N-acetyltransferase (DNT) of the yeast is involved in the detoxification of d-amino acids on the basis of the following findings. When the DNT gene was disrupted, the resulting mutant was far less tolerant
to d-amino acids than the wild type. However, when the gene was overexpressed with a vector plasmid p426Gal1 in the wild type
or the mutant S. cerevisiae as a host, the recombinant yeast, which was found to show more than 100 times higher DNT activity than the wild type, was
much more tolerant to d-amino acids than the wild type. We further confirmed that, upon cultivation with d-phenylalanine, N-acetyl-d-phenylalanine was accumulated in the culture but not in the wild type and hpa3Δ cells overproducing DNT cells. Thus, d-amino acids are toxic to S. cerevisiae but are detoxified with DNT by N-acetylation preceding removal from yeast cells. 相似文献
11.
Charred plant remains from the Cypriot Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Krittou Marottou ‘Ais Yiorkis, situated in the foothills of the Troödos Mountains and dated to ca. 7500 cal. b.c., demonstrate the early introduction of two-grained einkorn (Triticum monococcum sensu lato). Grain measurements of two-grained einkorn from ‘Ais Yiorkis are compared to those from Aceramic and early Neolithic sites elsewhere in Cyprus, in northern Syria and central Europe. The grains appear to be larger than domestic grains of a later date from the Levantine mainland. Recent work by Purugganan and Fuller (Evolution 65:171–183, 2011) demonstrates a slow evolutionary rate in increasing grain size relative to the rates of evolution in wild species subject to natural selection. When the measurements of two-grained einkorn wheat from ‘Ais Yiorkis are compared with these same allochronic data the results indicate an accelerated rate in attaining larger grain size on Cyprus than on the mainland. The possibility of a domestication ‘event’ or rapid fixation of larger grain size characteristic of domesticated cereal crops in the context of an initially small island population is suggested by the colonisation by farmers of Cyprus in the Cypro-Pre-Pottery Neolithic. 相似文献
12.
Charl��ne Bouchaud Margareta Tengberg Patricia Dal Pr�� 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2011,20(5):405-417
The discovery of seeds and textiles from Gossypium (cotton) in Achaemenian levels of the mid-6th–late 4th century b.c. at Qal’at al-Bahrain, Bahrain and in early 1st millennium a.d. at Mada’in Salih, Saudi Arabia, reveals the role played by the Arabian Peninsula as a textile production centre during the
centuries before and after the beginning of the Christian era. Both these sites were situated on important trade routes, overseas
(Qal’at al-Bahrain) and overland (Mada’in Salih), and it is likely that at least part of the cotton production was intended
for trade, complementing and perhaps competing with other sources of cotton textiles in the contemporary Middle East. In the
arid climate of the Arabian Peninsula, cotton was probably grown in association with irrigated date palm gardens where a wide
array of other crops was grown, as is shown by the analysis of charred seeds and wood from occupation levels at both sites.
The present article places these particular finds in the larger context of cotton cultivation in the Middle East and India. 相似文献
13.
Roland Noti Jacqueline F. N. van Leeuwen Daniele Colombaroli Elisa Vescovi Salvatore Pasta Tommaso La Mantia Willy Tinner 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2009,18(5):371-387
The vegetation and fire history of few coastal sites has been investigated in the Mediterranean region so far. We present
the first paleoecological reconstruction from coastal Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. We analysed pollen
and charcoal in the sediments of Biviere di Gela, a lake (lagoon) on the south coast of Sicily. Our data suggest that the
area became afforested after a marine transgression at ca. 7200 cal b.p. (5250 b.c.). Build-up of forest and shrublands took ca. 200–300 years, mainly with the deciduous trees Quercus, Ostrya and Fraxinus. Juniperus expanded ca. 6900 cal b.p. (4950 b.c.), but declined again 6600 cal b.p. (4650 b.c.). Afterwards, evergreen trees (Q. ilex-type and Olea) became dominant in the forest and Pistacia shrublands were established. Forest and shrubland reached a maximum ca. 7000–5000 cal b.p. (5050–3050 b.c.); subsequently forest declined in response to human impact, which was probably exacerbated by a general trend towards a
more arid climate. During the Neolithic, fire was used to open the landscape, significantly reducing several arboreal taxa
(Q. ilex, Fraxinus, Juniperus) and promoting herbs and shrubs (Achillea, Cichorioideae, Brassicaceae, Ephedra). Final forest disruption occurred around 2600 cal b.p. (650 b.c.) with the onset of the historically documented Greek colonization. We conclude that the open maquis and garrigue vegetation
of today is primarily the consequence of intensive land-use over millennia. Under natural or near-natural conditions arboreal
taxa such as Q. ilex, Olea and Pistacia would be far more important than they are today, even under the hot and rather dry coastal conditions of southern Sicily. 相似文献
14.
Lipomyces starkeyi is an oleaginous yeast, and has been classified in four distinct groups, i.e., sensu stricto and custers α, β, and γ. Recently,
L. starkeyi clusters α, β, and γ were recognized independent species, Lipomyces mesembrius, Lipomyces doorenjongii, and Lipomyces kockii, respectively. In this study, we investigated phylogenetic relationships within L. starkeyi, including 18 Japanese wild strains, and its related species, based on internal transcribed spacer sequences and evaluated
biochemical characters which reflected the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of Japanese wild strains
formed one clade and this clade is more closely related to L. starkeyi s.s. clade including one Japanese wild strain than other clades. Only three Japanese wild strains were genetically distinct
from L. starkeyi. Lipomyces mesembrius and L. doorenjongii shared one clade, while L. kockii was genetically distinct from the other three species. Strains in L. starkeyi s.s. clade converted six sugars, d-glucose, d-xylose, l-arabinose, d-galactose, d-mannose, and d-cellobiose to produce high total lipid yields. The Japanese wild strains in subclades B, C, and D converted d-glucose, d-galactose, and d-mannose to produce high total lipid yields. Lipomyces mesembrius was divided into two subclades. Lipomyces mesembrius CBS 7737 converted d-xylose, l-arabinose, d-galactose, and d-cellobiose, while the other L. mesembrius strains did not. Lipomyces doorenjongii converted all the sugars except d-cellobiose. In comparison to L. starkeyi, L. mesembrius, and L. doorenjongii, L. kockii produced higher total lipid yields from d-glucose, d-galactose, and d-mannose. The type of sugar converted depended on the subclade classification elucidated in this study. 相似文献
15.
The dependence of currents through the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels of mammalian olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)
on the concentration of NaCl was studied in excised inside-out patches from their dendritic knobs using the patch-clamp technique.
With a saturating concentration (100 μm) of adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), the changes in the reversal potential of macroscopic currents were studied
at NaCl concentrations from 25 to 300 mm. In symmetrical NaCl solutions without the addition of divalent cations, the current-voltage relations were almost linear,
reversing close to 0 mV. When the external NaCl concentration was maintained at 150 mm and the internal concentrations were varied, the reversal potentials of the cAMP-activated currents closely followed the
Na+ equilibrium potential indicating that P
Cl/P
Na≈ 0. However, at low external NaCl concentrations (≤100 mm) there was some significant chloride permeability. Our results further indicated that Na+ currents through these channels: (i) did not obey the independence principle; (ii) showed saturation kinetics with K
ms in the range of 100–150 mm and (iii) displayed a lack of voltage dependence of conductance in asymmetric solutions that suggested that ion-binding sites
were situated midway along the channel. Together, these characteristics indicate that the permeation properties of the olfactory
CNG channels are significantly different from those of photoreceptor CNG channels.
Received: 7 November 1996/Revised: 24 March 1997 相似文献
16.
J. L. Araus A. Febrero M. Catala M. Molist J. Voltas I. Romagosa 《Global Change Biology》1999,5(2):201-212
The analysis of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in crop plant remains from archaeological sites may help to assess water availability for early agriculture. This study presents the analysis of Δ in seeds of naked wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum), lentil (Lens orientalis/culinaris), and flax (Linum sp.) found at the archaeological site of Tell Halula in the valley of the Middle Euphrates (Syria). This Neolithic site is the oldest in this region of the Fertile Crescent where the cultivation of domesticated plants has been reported, with seed remains ranging from 9550 to 8465 BP. Most of the seeds analysed showed Δ values greater than 16 ‰, reaching 20 ‰ for some samples of flax. For wheat, Δ values were much higher than those reported in present-day (1996) durum wheat crops cultivated under rainfed conditions in north-west Syria under environments with somewhat higher rainfall than Tell Halula. Similarly, grains of present-day (1997) barley cultivated in the archaeological site also showed lower values than those found in archaeological kernels. An empirical relationship between Δ of mature kernels and total precipitation (plus irrigation where applicable) from heading to maturity (r2 = 0.82, n = 11) was established for durum wheat, currently cultivated in different environments of the Mediterranean basin. The resulting relationship was applied to the data on Δ of wheat fossil kernels from Tell Halula to estimate the accumulated water inputs during the time (about 6 weeks) the kernels were produced. Calculated water inputs for wheat during early agriculture were (over 110 mm) at least 5 times higher than current-day rainfall accumulated in Tell Halula during the same phenological period. These results strongly suggest that early agriculture wheat was cultivated at Tell Halula under much wetter conditions than are currently to be found in the area. The presence of flax and its very high Δ values also support this conclusion. Whether such humid conditions during cultivation were due to moister conditions prevailing at this time, by planting in alluvial areas or by irrigation works is discussed. 相似文献
17.
Recent research strongly suggests polyphetic origins of multiple cultigens across Southwest Asia approximately 11,000 years
ago during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A period. The harvesting practices that contributed to the dedicated use of cultivation
as a plant exploitation strategy remain largely unidentified. Archaeobotanical data from el-Hemmeh, a settlement site dating
to ca. 10850 cal. b.p., provides an opportunity to examine in close detail the harvesting strategies that may have contributed to the development
of domesticated forms. Initial analyses indicate a variety of wild plant foods including barley, lentils, vetch, Pistacia cf. atlantica and fig were exploited, while the presence of large predomesticated barley grains and potential weed species suggest cereal
cultivation was also pursued at the site. Barley rachis internodes from el-Hemmeh typically possess a wild morphology, but
22% of specimens show evidence of a forced or “ripped” disarticulation. This suggests barley may have been harvested while
ears were partially immature and required subsequent processing in order to disarticulate spikelets. 相似文献
18.
The stages of the early Neolithic and the spread of agriculture in northern Italy are difficult to determine and basically
still unclear, since this region was influenced by deeply different cultures coming from both the Mediterranean coasts and
the Balkans. The complex interrelations due to the contributions from both cultures are reinterpreted here thanks to recent
data, modifying a picture which 15 years ago was believed to be definite. According to radiocarbon chronology, the appearance
of the earliest farming communities in northern Italy should be dated around 5600–5500 cal b.c. Early farmers cultivated several cereal and pulse taxa, of which the more important were Hordeum vulgare/distichum, Triticum dicoccum, T. monococcum, T. aestivum/durum/turgidum, Lens culinaris and Pisum sp. In addition they gathered many wild plants. The spread of agriculture was a rapid phenomenon and within a few centuries
agriculture was established into the Alps. Little is known about the middle and late Neolithic, with the Square-mouthed pottery
culture “Bocca Quadrata”, from c. 5100 cal b.c. onwards, since most of the archaeological features discovered up to the present have produced only a few plant remains. We
demonstrate the introduction of poppy and a few other innovations like a slightly increased cultivation of free-threshing
cereals and flax. Archaeobotanical analyses from Chalcolithic or Copper Age settlements, from c. 3500 cal b.c. onwards, are even scarcer and a comparison with the earlier Neolithic settlements does not yet seem possible. 相似文献
19.
Kaitlyn D. Read Matthew A. Lemay Stephanie Acheson Elizabeth G. Boulding 《Conservation Genetics》2012,13(3):801-810
The restoration of abalone (Haliotis spp.) populations through supplementation with the offspring of hatchery-spawned wild parents has been attempted in several
species, with variable results. Between 2002 and 2005, the Bamfield Huu-ay-aht Community Abalone Project released 4.5 million
larvae and 152,000 juveniles of the northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) into Barkley Sound, BC. The purpose of this study was to estimate the long-term survival of outplanted abalone 3–7 years
after their release and thus determine their contribution to local population densities at three different outplanting sites.
We identified outplanted abalone by genotyping epipodal tentacles sampled from wild-caught abalone for seven microsatellite
loci. We then used three different pedigree reconstruction programs: one that used genotypes from hatchery-reared siblings
(pedigree 2.2), one that used the wild parent genotypes that were available (cervus 3.0), and one that used both sources of information (colony 2.0). Each program identified different but partially overlapping subsets of hatchery-outplanted offspring. From this we
inferred that up to 26% of the individuals sampled at the main outplanting site were from hatchery spawnings. Despite this
large contribution of hatchery-reared stock, the density of mature abalone at each site was below the level required for successful
fertilization. More intensive outplanting efforts might increase population densities of this broadcast spawner above this
minimum sustainable level. However, for supplementation to be successful, other factors that could reduce outplanted juvenile
survival, including the low genetic diversity of hatchery-produced offspring and the low habitat quality of some outplanting
sites, need to be monitored. 相似文献
20.
A strictly anaerobic, mesophilic and chitinolytic bacterial strain was isolated from human feces. Based on morphological and
physiological properties and 16S rRNA sequence analysis the strain was identified asClostridium paraputrificum. The strain utilized chitin andN-acetyl-d-glucosamine, grew on glucose and hydrolyzed starch. Cultivation of the strain with colloidal chitin as the growth substrate
resulted in the production of gas (hydrogen and carbon dioxide) and formation of acetate and lactate (21.6 and 18.9 mmol/L,
respectively) and only small quantities of propionate and butyrate (1.7 and 2.6 mmol/L, respectively). In the course of a
10-d cultivation with chitin, the endochitinase activity was detected after 1 d and gradually increased, reaching maximum
after 3 d (251 nkat/LN-acetyl-d-glucosamine). The β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity appeared just at the beginning of the cultivation, increased to day 2 and then remained nearly
constant. More than 90% of chitin added was degraded within 2 d of cultivation. On the zymogram of the extracellular chitinolytic
complex were visible at least 6 isoenzymes with molar mass 43.5–65.0 kDa. The temperature optimum of endochitinase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities was 50°C; the optimum activity of both enzymes was found at pH 4–6. 相似文献