用RFLP标记剖析水稻穗颈维管束及穗部性状的遗传基础

采用籼、粳亚种间杂种F1(圭630×02428)花药培养获得的DH群体,对水稻穗颈大、小维管束数和倒数第2节间大、小维管束数等4个维管束性状,以及一、二次枝梗数,每穗颖花数3个穗部性状进行QTL分析,共检测到16个QTLs,其中有7个QTLs的加性效应较大,单个QTL的贡献率在20%以上。发现有4个QTLs成簇分布于第1染色体从RZ776到C11的大约35cM的区段上,来源于亲本"圭630"的这一染色体区段对穗颈大维管束、第2节间大维管束、第2节间小维管束和二次枝梗数4个性状的表达均具有增效作用。还讨论了利用分子标记辅助选择聚合增效QTLs、实现穗颈维管束性状遗传改良的策略。     

粳型超级稻品种''沈农265''穗部和穗颈维管束性状的QTL剖析

采用粳型超级稻品种'沈农265'和普通品种'丽江新团黑谷'的176株F2群体分析24个穗部和穗颈维管束数量性状位点(QTL)的结果显示,共检测到37个QTL,它们分布在水稻的第1、2、3、4、5、6、7,8,9和12号染色体上,单个QTL对性状表型贡献率在11.0%-65.0%之间,其中大于20%的有15个.这些QTL,分别在第3、4、6、9和12号染色体上.以6个QTL簇(QCR)的形式存在.QCR-3和QCR-12控制穗部和穗颈维管束性状,QCR-4a、QCR-4b、QCR-6和QCR-9控制穗部性状.在这些区域已经定位了多个控制穗部性状的QTL,说明紧密连锁或成簇分布是穗颈维管束性状和穗部性状高度相关的遗传学基础之一.     

与水稻籼粳分化有关的穗颈维管束性状基因的分子标记定位

水稻穗颈维管束数及其与穗一次枝梗数之比（V／R）是与籼粳分化有关的重要性状,采用籼粳交（圭630／02428）杂种F1花药培养获得的DH群体,对水稻穗颈维管束数,穗一次枝梗数及V／R比进行了QTL分析,检测到3个控制穗颈维管束数的QTL;其中,效应最大的qVB-8的贡献率为31．1％,加性效应值为1．96％,增效等位基因来自灿稻亲本圭630,2个控制一次枝梗数的QTL效应较小,但分别与控制穗颈维管束数的2个QTL同位,检测到影响V／R比的3个QTL,其中,效应最大的qV/R-1的贡献率为25．3％,被定位于第1染色体上,与落粒性基因sh-2紧密连锁（亦或为一因多效）。此外,还检测到4对和2对分别控制穗颈维管束数和V／R比的互作QTL。结果分析表明,水稻穗颈维管束数与穗一次枝梗数受不同的多基因系统控制,但这2个多基因系统的某些位点在基因组中具有同位性;在第1染色体上,控制V／R比,且效应最大的qV/R-1所在的染色体区段在水稻籼粳分化过程中可能具有重要作用。     

水稻穗颈维管束及穗部性状的QTL分析

以籼稻(Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica ZYQ8)和粳稻(O. sativa ssp. japonica JX17)的杂交F1代花培加倍的DH群体为材料考察了该群体的穗颈节大小维管束数、一次枝梗数、每穗颖花数、穗颈节顶部直径和穗长,并用该群体构建的分子图谱进行数量性状座位(QTL)分析.检测到控制大维管束的3个QTL (qLVB-1、qLVB-6和qLVB-7)分别位于第1、第6和第7染色体;控制小维管束的2个QTL (qSVB-4和qSVB-6)分别位于第4和第6染色体;控制一次枝梗的4个QTL (qPRB-4a、qPRB-4b、qPRB-6和qPRB-7)分别位于第4 (2个)、第6和第7染色体;每穗颖花数的3个QTL (qSPN-4a、qSPN-4b和 qSPN-6)分别位于第4 (2个)和第6染色体上;穗颈节顶部直径的5个QTL (qPTD-2、qPTD-5、qPTD-6、qPTD-8和qPTD-12)分别位于第2、第5、第6、第8和第12染色体;穗长的3个QTL (qPL-4、qPL-6和qPL-8)分别位于第4、第6、第8染色体上.其中qLVB-6、qSVB-6、qSPN-6、qPTD-6和qPL-6均位于第6染色体的G122-G1314b之间;qPL-8和qPTD-8位于第8染色体的GA408-BP127a之间;qPRB-4a和qSPN-4a位于第4染色体的G177-CT206之间;qPL-4和qSPN-4b位于第4染色体CT404-CT500之间;qSVB-4所在的区间与qPL-4、qSPN-4b和qPRB-4b所在的区间相邻.     

水稻穗颈维管束及穗部性状的QTL分析

以籼稻 (OryzasativaL .ssp .indicaZYQ8)和粳稻 (O .sativassp .japonicaJX17)的杂交F1代花培加倍的DH群体为材料考察了该群体的穗颈节大小维管束数、一次枝梗数、每穗颖花数、穗颈节顶部直径和穗长 ,并用该群体构建的分子图谱进行数量性状座位 (QTL)分析。检测到控制大维管束的 3个QTL (qLVB_1、qLVB_6和qLVB_7)分别位于第 1、第 6和第 7染色体 ;控制小维管束的 2个QTL (qSVB_4和qSVB_6 )分别位于第 4和第 6染色体 ;控制一次枝梗的 4个QTL (qPRB_4a、qPRB_4b、qPRB_6和qPRB_7)分别位于第 4(2个 )、第 6和第 7染色体 ;每穗颖花数的 3个QTL (qSPN_4a、qSPN_4b和qSPN_6 )分别位于第 4(2个 )和第 6染色体上 ;穗颈节顶部直径的 5个QTL (qPTD_2、qPTD_5、qPTD_6、qPTD_8和qPTD_12 )分别位于第 2、第 5、第 6、第 8和第 12染色体 ;穗长的 3个QTL (qPL_4、qPL_6和qPL_8)分别位于第 4、第 6、第 8染色体上。其中qLVB_6、qSVB_6、qSPN_6、qPTD_6和qPL_6均位于第 6染色体的G12 2_G1314b之间 ;qPL_8和qPTD_8位于第 8染色体的GA40 8_BP12 7a之间 ;qPRB_4a和qSPN_4a位于第 4染色体的G177_CT2 0 6之间 ;qPL_4和qSPN_4b位于第 4染色体CT40 4_CT5 0 0之间 ;qSVB_4所在的区间与qPL_4、qSPN_4b和qPRB_4b所在的区间相邻。     

水稻产量库相关穗部性状的遗传分析

收人李源于珍汕97/明恢63的重组系群体中与产量库容有关的10个穗部性状的表现型数据。总体上,每穗颖花数与每穗二次枝梗数、每个二次枝梗上的颖花数、颖花密度有更大的相关性。对所研究的10个性状,两年间共检测到53个QTLs。约43.4%的QTLs能在两年同时检测到。5个染色体区域（第1染色体上G359-RG532和C567-C86-RG236,第2染色体上R712-RM29,第6染色体上P-RG424,第10染色体上C148-RM258）分别对多个穗部性状表现出效应。结果显示相关性状的QTLs大致定位在相似的染色体区域,这表明基因的多效性或紧密连锁是穗部性状间相关的遗传基因。在检测到的大量2位点互作对中,约18.2%在两年都能被检测到。不同性状的共同互作对的比例为8.7%～32.6%。在两年都能检测到2位点组合中,约26.7%的组合同时影响着多个性状,表现出多效效应。结果表明每个性状都由数个QTL、基因型与环境互作、大量的上位性互作所控制。     

粳稻穗部结构性状的QTL分析

利用温带粳稻‘沈农265’和‘丽江新团黑谷’构建的重组自交系群体,在沈阳和哈尔滨两地对15个穗部结构性状进行了QTL分析。共检测到61个相关QTL,其中沈阳检测到的38个QTL在第1、4、6、11和12号染色体上形成了sir-QTL簇;而在哈尔滨检测到的31个QTL也在第3、9和10号染色体上形成了QTL簇。仅有8个QTL是在两地同时被检测到的,分别是控制一次枝梗数#＇．jqPBN4、控制穗长的qPL6和qPL9、控制一次枝梗实粒数的qGNPB4、控制一次枝梗颖花数的qTSNPBJ、控制结实率的qPSSIO、以及控制着粒密度qSD3和qSD9。其中,qPBN4（最高表型贡献率43．2％）、qPL9（最高表型贡献率63．2％）、qGNPB4（最高表型贡献率30．9％）和qSD9（最高表型贡献率42．9％）是主效QTL。通过进一步的分析发现控制穗长qPL9和控制着粒密度qSD94于DEPl所在区间。同时控制一次枝梗数和一次枝梗实粒数的位于第4号染色体长臂端的穗部结构主效QTL,qPBN4qGNPB4极富研究与应用价值。     

利用两种方法构建的近等基因系对水稻两个多效区段遗传效应进行评价

水稻每穗颖花数是水稻产量的重要构成因子之一。适当的抽穗期和株高对水稻高产是非常必要的。依据珍汕97和HR5衍生的重组自交系初步定位的结果, 利用高世代回交的方法构建了第7染色体同时控制抽穗期、株高和每穗颖花数的靶区段近等基因系(BC4F2); 利用基于重组自交系群体的杂合区段自交的方法构建了第8染色体同时控制抽穗期、株高和每穗颖花数的靶区段近等基因系, 并利用两个近等基因系对这两个多效区段的遗传效应进行了准确的评价。两个近等基因系的QTL分析结果表明, 3个性状都是由一个QTL或紧密连锁的QTL控制, 而且加性效应和显性效应的方向均相同; 同时3个性状在各自的近等基因系中呈现典型的双峰分布或不连续分布,这些结果暗示3个性状可能是一因多效的结果。文章还对抽穗期和株高与水稻产量的关系、3个性状显著正相关在育种中的应用及两种构建近等基因系方法的优缺点也进行了讨论。     

直播条件下水稻6个穗部性状的QTL分析

在大田直播条件下,利用来源于＂Lemont/特青＂的重组自交系群体,对水稻6个穗部性状及其相互间遗传相关的分子基础进行了QTL分析,共检测到19个QTL,各性状QTL数为2～4个,单个QTL贡献率为4%～22%。共检测到3个染色体区段能同时影响多个穗部性状,其中第1染色体RM212-RM104和第2染色体RM263-RM221区段的QTL能同时影响单株产量、每穗颖花数、着粒密度和二次枝梗数中的3个或4个性状,且这2个区段的QTL对各性状的效应方向相同,增效等位基因均来自‘特青’,为各性状间表型正相关提供了重要的遗传解释。第11染色体RG1022附近的QTL对着粒密度的效应值为负,来自‘特青’的等位基因增加性状值,而对穗长的效应值为正,来自‘特青’的等位基因降低性状值,为这2个性状间表型负相关也提供了一定的遗传解释。此外,对水稻穗部性状QTL在多种环境和遗传背景下的稳定表达及其在分子标记辅助育种中的应用进行了讨论。     

穗颈维管性状与产量相关性状的遗传分析

穗颈维管性状是实现"源"合成的同化物输送至籽粒中的唯一通道。本研究利用来源于籼稻93-11(受体)和粳稻日本晴(供体)构建的染色体片段代换系群体,调查穗颈维管性状与穗部产量性状。结果表明,大部分穗颈维管性状与穗部产量性状呈显著相关;7个穗颈维管性状共检测到42个QTL,其中16个位点日本晴等位基因起增效作用;6个穗部产量性状共检测到45个QTL,其中14个位点日本晴等位基因起增效作用。综合分析穗颈维管性状与产量性状的QTL定位区间,发现有6个同时调控穗颈维管性状和穗部产量性状的QTL簇,结合已有报道与候选基因序列分析,推测一因多效基因Ghd7和IPA1可能分别调控第7染色体9 Mb和第8染色体25 Mb的QTL簇。这些结果表明了水稻穗颈维管性状和产量性状既存在不同的遗传基础,也存在共同的遗传机制。挖掘更多控制"流"的QTL与同时调控"流"和"库"的一因多效基因可为水稻聚合育种、品种改良提供十分重要的理论与实践意义。     

普通野生稻中增产相关QTL的发掘

普通野生稻(Oryza Rufipogon)是重要的遗传资源,发掘其优良等位基因将对水稻遗传改良产生重要影响。文章从以珍汕97为轮回亲本,普通野生稻为供体的BC2F1群体中选择一个与珍汕97表型明显不同的单株BC2F1-15,经过连续自交获得回交重组自交系BC2F5群体。均匀分布于12条染色体的126个多态性SSR(Simplesequence repeats)标记基因型分析,发现BC2F1-15单株在30%的标记位点为杂合基因型;利用该群体共检测到4个抽穗期、3个株高、4个每穗颖花数、2个千粒重和1个单株产量QTL。在第7染色体RM481-RM2区间,检测到抽穗期、每穗颖花数和产量QTL,野生稻等位基因表现增效作用;其他3个每穗颖花数QTL位点,野生稻等位基因也均具有增效作用。结果表明野生稻携带有增产相关的等位基因,这些有利等位基因无疑是水稻遗传改良可资利用的新资源。     

Quantitative trait loci for rice yield-related traits using recombinant inbred lines derived from two diverse cultivars

The thousand-grain weight and spikelets per panicle directly contribute to rice yield. Heading date and plant height also greatly influence the yield. Dissection of genetic bases of yield-related traits would provide tools for yield improvement. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for spikelets per panicle, thousand-grain weight, heading date and plant height was performed using recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between two diverse cultivars, Nanyangzhan and Chuan7. In total, 20 QTLs were identified for four traits. They were located to 11 chromosomes except on chromosome 4. Seven and five QTLs were detected for thousand-grain weight and spikelets per panicle, respectively. Four QTLs were identified for both heading date and plant height. About half the QTLs were commonly detected in both years, 2006 and 2007. Six QTLs are being reported for the first time. Two QTL clusters were identified in regions flanked by RM22065 and RM5720 on chromosome 7 and by RM502 and RM264 on chromosome 8, respectively. The parent, Nanyangzhan with heavy thousand-grain weight, carried alleles with increased effects on all seven thousand-grain weight QTL, which explained why there was no transgressive segregation for thousand-grain weight in the population. In contrast, Chuan7 with more spikelets per panicle carried positive alleles at all five spikelets per panicle QTL except qspp5. Further work on distinction between pleiotropic QTL and linked QTL is needed in two yield-related QTL clusters.     

Analysis of QTLs for yield-related traits in Yuanjiang common wild rice （Oryza rufipogon Griff.）

Using an accession of common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)collected from Yunnjiang County,Yunnan Province,China,as the donor and an elite cnltivar 93-11,widely used in two-line indica hybrid rice production in China,as the recurrent parent,an advanced backcross populations were developed.Through genotyping of 187 SSR markers and investigation of six yield-related traits of two generations(BC4F2 and BC4F4),a total of 26 QTLs were detected by employing single point analysis and interval mapping in both generations.Of the 26 QTLs,the alleles of 10(38.5%)QTLs originating from O.rufipogon had shown a beneficial effect for yield-related traits in the 93-11 genetic background.In addition,five QTLs controlling yield and its components were newly identified,indicating that there arc potentially novel alleles in Yuanjiang common wild rice.Three regions underling significant QTLs for several yield-related traits were detected on chromosome 1,7 and 12.The QTL clusters were founded and corresponding agronomic traits of those QTLs showed highly significant correlation,suggesting the pleiotropism or tight linkage.Fine-mapping and cloning of these yield-related QTLs from wild rice would be helpful to elucidating molecular mechanism of rice domestication and rice breeding in the future.     

Novel pleiotropic loci controlling panicle architecture across environments in japonica rice （Oryza sativa L.）

To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling panicle architecture in japonica rice, a genetic map was constructed based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 254 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between cultivars Xiushui 79 and C Bao. Seven panicle traits were investigated under three environments. Single marker analysis indicated that a total of 27 SSR markers were highly associated with panicle traits in all the three environments. Percentage of phenotypic variation explained by single locus varied from 2% to 35%. Based on the mixed linear model, a total of 40 additive QTLs for seven panicle traits were detected by composite interval mapping, explaining 1.2%-35% of phenotypic variation. Among the 9 QTLs with more than 10% of explained phenotypic variation, two QTLs were for the number of primary branches per panicle (NPB), two for panicle length (PL), two for spikelet density (SD), one for the number of secondary branches per panicle (NSB), one for secondary branch distribution density (SBD), and one for the number of spikelets per panicle (NS), respectively. qPLSD-9-1 and qPLSD-9-2 were novel pleiotropic loci, showing effects on PL and SD simultaneously. qPLSD-9-1 explained 34.7% of the phenotypic variation for PL and 25.4% of the phenotypic variation for SD, respec- tively. qPLSD-9-2 explained 34.9% and 24.4% of the phenotypic variation for PL and SD, respectively. The C Bao alleles at the both QTLs showed positive effects on PL, and the Xiushui 79 alleles at the both QTLs showed positive effects on SD. Genetic variation of panicle traits are mainly attributed to additive effects. QTL × environment interactions were not significant for additive QTLs and additive × additive QTL pairs.     

RFLP mapping of QTLs for yield and related characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Quantitative triat loci (QTLs) for yield and related traits in rice were mapped based on RFLP maps from two indica/indica F₂ populations, Tesanai 2/CB and Waiyin 2/CB. In Tesanai 2/CB, 14 intervals carrying QTLs for eight traits were detected, including 3 for grain weight per plant (GWT), 2 for number of panicles per plant (NP), 2 for number of grains per panicle (NG), 1 for total number of spikelets per panicle (TNS), 1 for spikelet fertility (SF), 3 for 1000-grain weight (TGWT), 1 for spikelet density (SD), and 1 for number of first branches per main panicle. The 3 QTLs for GWT were located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4, with 1 in each chromosome. The additive effect of the single locus ranged from 2.0 g to 9.1 g. A major gene (np4) for NP was detected on chromosome 4 within the interval of RG143–RG214, about 4cM for RG143, and this locus explained 26.1% of the observed phenotypic variance for NP. The paternal allele of this locus was responsible for reduced panicles per plant (3 panicles per plant). In another population, Waiyin 2/CB, 12 intervals containing QTLs for six of the above-mentioned traits were detected, including 3 for GWT, 2 for each of NP, TNS, TGWT and SD, 1 for SF. Three QTLs for GWT were located on chromosome 1, 4, and 5, respectively. The additive effect of the single locus for GWT ranged from 6.7 g to 8.8 g, while the dominance effect was 1.7–11.5 g. QTL mapping in two populations with a common male parent is compared and discussed.     

利用水稻重组自交系群体对一些重要农艺性状进行基因定位和互作分析

对水稻（OryzasativaL．）籼（indica）、粳（Japonica）交（窄叶青8号×京系17）通过一粒传获得了一个自交9代的重组自交系（RIL）群体,该群体含有107个稳定纯合的株系,通过构建分子连锁图谱,对水稻播抽期、株高、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数、200粒重和结实率进行数量性状基因座位（QTL）分析,定位了影响播抽期的2个QTLs、株高的2个QTLs、每穗颖花数的2个QTLs和每穗实粒数的1个QTL。其中,控制播抽期的1个QTL即qHD－8为主效基因,控制株高的1个QTL即qPH－1为主效基因,其余为微效基因。同时分析了影响水稻生产力的数量性状基因座位间的互作。结果表明,影响播抽期、株高、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数和结实率的互适型互作共有24个,对性状有6．2％～10．9％的贡献率。     

转拟南芥NPR1基因桂99 T3代植株的抗病性及农艺性状表现

以转拟南芥AtNPR1基因的恢复系品种桂99T3代纯合株系为材料,考查其农艺性状及其抗病性,并比较转基因植株与桂99侵染水稻白叶枯病菌后的农艺性状。结果表明:转基因植株表现出对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著增强77%以上;穗长、剑叶长、有效穗数、一次枝梗数、每穗实粒数、单株产量和谷粒宽等农艺性状与未转基因桂99无显著差别。在受到水稻白叶枯病菌侵染后,转基因植株的一次枝梗数、每穗粒数、每穗实粒数和单株产量等方面均比对照桂99高出13%～78%。说明AtNPR1基因增强了水稻的抗病能力,从而降低了病害引起的产量损失。转基因植株的恢复力不受影响,稻米品质比桂99更加优良。本工作为转基因水稻抗病育种的研究奠定了基础。