猪SOCS-3 cDNA序列克隆及在各组织中表达

 根据大鼠细胞因子信号转导抑制因子（suppressor of cytokine signaling,SOCS)-3设计并合成一对引物,从八眉猪皮下脂肪组织提取总mRNA,RT-PCR扩增获得猪SOCS-3 cDNA;利用半定量（semi-quantitative, SQ）RT-PCR技术检测大白猪各组织中SOCS-3 mRNA的表达量.扩增获得SOCS-3 基因GenBank 登陆号DQ644577,用CDD软件进行SOCS-3 基因结构分析,该序列具有SOCS-3 特有的保守结构域SH2和SOCS-box. 用Clustal W软件进行同源性分析发现,猪SOCS-3 基因与人、大鼠和小鼠的同源性分别为92%、88%和88%.SQ RT-PCR组织表达检测表明：SOCS-3 基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、肌肉、皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪中均有表达,其中肺脏和脾脏的表达丰度最高,肝脏和内脏脂肪中的表达量最低.     

维生素C通过调控脂肪形成相关基因的转录促进猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖与分化

探讨维生素C（Vit C）诱导猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化最佳浓度及在分化过程中,5种脂肪形成相关基因peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma(PPARγ)和retinoid X receptor alpha(RXRα),脂肪细胞分化标志基因lipoprotein lipase (LPL),生脂基因phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK)、stearoyl CoA desaturase(SCD) mRNA表达时序性的变化. 以3　d龄猪前体脂肪细胞为实验对象,用Vit C诱导猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化,分别在增殖分化第2、4、6和8 d收获细胞,利用MTT测定其增殖程度;油红O染色提取法检测其脂肪含量;采用SQ RT PCR法检测脂肪生成相关基因PPARγ、RXRα、LPL、PEPCK和SCD mRNA表达的变化. 结果显示,PPARγ mRNA在诱导分化第2 d时有低水平表达,在诱导分化过程中表达量逐步升高,在终末分化阶段仍保持高水平表达;RXRα mRNA在诱导分化第2和4 d表达量很低,诱导分化第6 d时表达增加.在诱导分化第8 d,RXRα mRNA表达与第6 d相比差异不显著,直至终末分化. 脂肪细胞分化标志基因LPL在第2 d开始表达,第4和6 d逐步升高,在终末分化阶段仍保持高水平的表达;生脂基因PEPCK和SCD mRNA在第2和4 d开始表达,第6和8 d仍保持高水平的表达. 研究结果表明,100 μmol/L的Vit C促进猪前体脂肪细胞增殖能力最强;250 μmol/L Vit C能显著促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化. 其作用机制可能是通过对转录因子PPARγ和RXRα及标志基因LPL mRNA时序性表达的调控来进行的,促进生脂基因的表达,从而诱导脂肪细胞的分化.     

猪Musclin基因的组织表达特征及其与生脂基因的相关性分析

根据人、大鼠、小鼠Musclin基因序列设计引物,从大白猪肌肉组织提取总mRNA, R T-PCR扩增猪Musclin cDNA;利用半定量(Semi Quantitative, SQ) RT-PCR检测猪Musclin mRNA在不同组织、以及不同生长阶段和不同品种猪脂肪与肌肉组织中的表达量,研究不同品种猪皮下脂肪组织Musclin基因与脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (PP ARγ)、甘油三酯水解酶(TGH)基因mRNA表达量的相关性.结果表明:猪Musclin基因片段与其他物种的同源性达59%以上, 该基因在内脏脂肪和皮下脂肪表达丰度最高,脾脏表达量最低(P<0.05);随月龄增长猪肌肉和皮下脂肪组织中Musclin mRNA表达量呈显著下降( P<0.05) ;瘦肉型猪肌肉和皮下组织Musclin mRNA表达显著高于脂肪型猪(P<0.05);皮下脂肪组织中该基因mRNA表达与FAS、PPARγ分别呈显著负相关和正相关(P<0.05),与TGH相关性不显著 (P>0.05).因此,猪Musclin基因除在肌肉中表达外,在脂肪等其他组织也能表达 ;该基因的表达与猪生长阶段、品种有关,且与生脂基因FAS、PPARγ密切相关.推测该基因可能在脂代谢中起到一定的作用 [动物学报 54(3):453-459,2008].     

小鼠Mterf2基因cDNA的克隆、序列分析与组织表达特征

目的:克隆BALB/c小鼠线粒体转录终止因子2(Mterf2)基因cDNA编码区序列,分析Mterf2 mRNA和蛋白质在小鼠大脑、心、脾、肺、肾、肝、胰腺、肌肉和睾丸等9种组织中的表达情况。方法:以BALB/c小鼠肝组织总RNA为模板,RT-PCR扩增Mterf2基因cDNA编码区序列,将其克隆至pMD-19T载体,通过菌落PCR、双酶切和DNA序列测定进行验证;采用MEGA 6.0软件构建Mterf2基因系统发生树;通过Northern印迹和qRT-PCR方法检测Mterf2基因mRNA在小鼠各组织中的表达量;通过Western印迹检测MTERF2蛋白在小鼠多个组织中的表达量。结果:克隆获得BALB/c小鼠Mterf2基因cDNA的编码区序列,其全长1158 bp,编码385个氨基酸残基,克隆到的序列与GenBank参考序列的同源性为100%,无任何碱基突变和移码突变。小鼠Mterf2基因与大鼠Mterf2基因的同源性最高,达到91.0%,在系统发生树上聚类为一簇。Mterf2基因mRNA和蛋白质在BALB/c小鼠心、脑、肝和肾等新陈代谢旺盛的组织中表达丰度最高,其次是在胰腺、睾丸和肌肉组织,而在脾和肺组织中表达相对较低。结论:克隆了BALB/c小鼠Mterf2基因cDNA的编码区序列,并进行了多种组织的表达特征分析,为后续研究Mterf2基因在实验动物体内的生理功能奠定了基础。     

过表达miR-103促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化

为阐明miR-103在猪前体脂肪细胞分化过程中的调控作用,采用Real-time PCR检测猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化过程中的miR-103表达谱,明确了其在分化过程中的表达趋势;使用miR-103的腺病毒超表达载体感染猪原代脂肪细胞,随后采用Real-time PCR和Western blotting分别检测成脂标记基因PPARγ、aP2的mRNA和蛋白表达量变化;油红O染色观察腺病毒miR-103侵染的前体脂肪细胞诱导分化第8天的成脂情况。结果显示,miR-103的表达量随着脂肪细胞分化而增加,在miR-103超表达的猪原代脂肪细胞的诱导分化过程中,成脂标记基因PPARγ、aP2的表达量与对照相比显著升高,分化第8天观察到明显的脂滴。说明miR-103能够促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化。     

一种种系发生分析的新方法

利用所测定的猪脂肪组织表达序列标签以及来源于GenBank中非冗余核酸数据库和表达序列标签数据库中的人、牛及小鼠cDNA序列 ,在随机抽样方法建立的基础上 ,分别采集 70个已知功能基因的cDNA序列 ,分析了 4个物种 70× 15 0bp序列连接体的突变规律 ,建立了不同物种之间的综合种系发生分析方法。结果表明 ,在 4个物种 70个已知功能基因所构成的cDNA序列连接体同源性分析中 ,共发现 391个单碱基突变 ,不同物种之间的突变数量大大超过了同一物种基因组水平预测的 1/ 10 0 0。其中以C/T(T/C)转换和A/G(G/A)转换为主要的单碱基突变类型。种系发生分析结果表明 ,作为偶蹄目的猪和牛的遗传关系最近 ,其次是人类 ,小鼠与家猪和牛的遗传关系最远。 4种动物从共同祖先分化的顺序分别为小鼠最早 ,人类次之 ,然后为猪和牛     

3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞分化过程中G蛋白偶联受体48的表达研究

目的 观察G蛋白偶联受体48（GPR48）、过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体g2（PPARγ2）和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α（C/EBPα）基因在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞（3T3-L1）前体脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中不同时段表达水平的变化,探讨GPR48在脂肪细胞分化过程的作用。方法 体外培养3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟脂肪细胞,在分化不同时段（第0~14天）,采用Real-timePCR技术检测脂肪细胞中GPR48、PPARγ2和C/EBPα基因信使核糖核酸（mRNA）的表达水平。结果 GPR48基因在3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞诱导分化第2天和第3天表达显著上调,差异均有统计学意义（t=4.12,P=0.015;t=6.21,P=0.003）,分化第6~14天与分化前表达无差异。PPARγ2表达在诱导分化后明显上调,分化第6天达高峰,第10~14天持续处于较高水平并趋于稳定,与诱导前期相比各时段间表达水平差异均有统计学意义（t在4.17~22.65间,P均〈0.01）。C/EBPα表达在诱导分化后明显上调,分化后第3天达高峰,第6~10天持续保持在较高水平,与诱导前期相比各时段表达水平差异均有统计学意义（t在4.38~13.87间,P均〈0.01）,第14天趋于下调,与分化前比较无差异。GPR48基因表达高峰早于PPARγ2和C/EBPα。结论 在3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化过程中PPARγ2和C/EBPα表达变化与脂肪细胞分化、脂质积聚过程相一致。GPR48基因表达高峰早于PPARγ2和C/EBPα,可能参与了脂肪细胞分化的早期过程。     

猪肌肉素基因的cDNA克隆与表达

从人肌肉素基因出发, 在dbEST数据库中进行同源性搜索, 找到七个有较高同源性的Expressed Sequence Tag(DY426490, CF787546, AJ660979, AJ664670, AJ663820, AJ680159, DN106254)。通过拼接和进一步RT-PCR实验验证, 获得猪肌肉素基因全长cDNA序列, 其全长651 bp, 开放阅读框为54~452 bp, 编码有132个氨基酸。同源性分析结果表明, 与人、小鼠和大鼠的肌肉素基因cDNA编码区(CDS)同源性分别为87.2%、77.6%和77.9%。利用克隆出的猪肌肉素cDNA, 构建表达载体pGEX-4T-1-musclin, 并在BL21大肠杆菌中成功表达和纯化了分子量为38.59 kD的融合蛋白GST-Musclin, 并运用蛋白印迹技术进行鉴定。     

GPR143在绵羊皮肤组织中的表达及定位分析

G蛋白偶联受体143(G-protein coupled receptor143, GPR143)在黑素体的生物合成中起重要作用,本文旨在研究GPR143基因在不同毛色绵羊皮肤组织中的差异表达及定位,探索GPR143基因与毛色形成的相关性。通过qRT-PCR方法和免疫印迹方法分别检测不同毛色绵羊皮肤组织中GPR143基因mRNA水平和蛋白水平的表达差异;运用免疫荧光法对不同毛色绵羊皮肤组织中的GPR143基因进行定位并对结果进行光密度值分析。qRT-PCR结果显示,GPR143基因在黑色绵羊皮肤组织中mRNA相对表达量为白色绵羊的7.84倍,二者差异极显著(P<0.01);免疫印迹结果显示,黑色绵羊皮肤组织中GPR143蛋白表达量是白色绵羊的1.3倍,二者差异显著(P<0.05)。免疫荧光结果显示,GPR143蛋白的主要表达部位为绵羊皮肤组织毛囊外根鞘和表皮层,经光密度值分析后发现,GPR143在黑色绵羊皮肤毛囊外根鞘和表皮层的表达量显著高于白色绵羊。本研究结果表明不同毛色绵羊皮肤组织均能表达GPR143基因,但黑色绵羊皮肤组织中该基因的mRNA和蛋白水平都显著高于白色绵羊,说明GPR143的mRNA和蛋白在黑色绵羊皮肤组织中表达上调,在白色绵羊皮肤组织中表达下调。GPR143基因可能通过调控MITF水平和黑素体的数量、大小、运动和成熟进而参与绵羊毛色的形成过程。     

团头鲂GPR43基因克隆、组织分布及黄连素对其mRNA表达量的影响

试验采用RACE技术克隆了团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)G蛋白偶联受体43(GPR43)基因的cDNA序列, 并探究了不同组织中的GPR43 mRNA表达量及黄连素对其表达量的影响。结果显示, 克隆得到的团头鲂GPR43基因的cDNA序列全长为2026 bp, 含有1个长度为 981 bp的开放阅读框, 编码了326个氨基酸。RT-PCR检测发现GPR43在团头鲂的肠道、肌肉、鳃和肝胰腺中具有较高的表达。为期8周的养殖试验选取均重为(80.00±0.90) g的团头鲂320尾, 随机分于16个网箱中, 饲喂4种不同的试验日粮, 分别为正常日粮(脂肪含量为5%)、正常日粮+50 mg/kg黄连素、高脂日粮(脂肪含量为10%)、高脂日粮+50 mg/kg黄连素。结果显示: 在肠道组织中, 与正常日粮组相比, 高脂组的GPR43表达量降低, 添加黄连素能够显著升高其表达水平(P<0.05)。与正常日粮组相比, 高脂组的胆固醇(CHO)含量以及细胞分裂素蛋白激酶(p38)的表达量均呈现了显著上升(P<0.05)的趋势, 添加黄连素后其含量及表达量显著下降(P<0.05)。肝胰腺组织和肌肉组织中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量变化也有着相似的趋势, 而肉碱棕榈酰基转移酶Ⅰ(CPT Ⅰ)、过氧化物酶体增值因子α&β (PPARα&β)、AMP依赖性蛋白激酶(AMPK)的表达量以及2个组织中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量呈现出了相反的趋势。此外, 在正常日粮中添加黄连素并不能对上述各指标产生明显的调控效应, 有时反而会导致轻微的负调控效应。综上结果表明, 黄连素能够显著上调GPR43在高脂抑制下的表达量, 同时能够缓解高脂诱导的团头鲂肝胰腺脂肪沉积, 改善其脂肪代谢性能。黄连素对于脂肪代谢的调控作用可能通过GPR43受体来实现。     

The regulation of adipogenesis through GPR120

Recently, it has been found that long-chain fatty acids activate the G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), GPR120 and GPR40. However, there have been no reports to date on the possible physiological roles of these GPRs in adipose tissue development and adipocyte differentiation. GPR120 mRNA was highly expressed in the four different adipose tissues, and the amount of mRNA was elevated in adipose tissues of mice fed a high fat diet. However, GPR40 mRNA was not detected in any of the adipose tissues. The expression of GPR120 mRNA was higher in adipocytes compared to stromal-vascular (S-V) cells. The level of GPR120 mRNA increased during adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Similar results were observed in human adipose tissue, human preadipocytes, and cultured adipocytes. Moreover, use of a small interference RNA (siRNA) to down-regulate GPR120 expression resulted in inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. Our results suggest that GPR120 regulates adipogenic processes such as adipocyte development and differentiation.     

CLA differently regulates adipogenesis in stromal vascular cells from porcine subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a mixture of isomers of linoleic acid, has previously been shown to be able to decrease porcine subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue levels while increasing the count of intramuscular (IM) adipose tissue in vivo. However, the underlying mechanisms through which it acts are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the different effects of CLA on adipogenesis in cultured SC adipose tissue and IM stromal vascular cells obtained from neonatal pigs. As shown here, trans-10, cis-12 CLA decreased the expression of adipocyte-specific genes as well as adipose precursor cell numbers and the accumulation of lipid in cultured SC adipose tissue stromal vascular cells. However, the cis-9, trans-11 CLA did not alter adipogenesis in SC cultures. On the other hand, both CLA isomers increased the expression of adipocyte-specific genes in IM cultures, together with the increasing accumulation of lipid and Oil Red O-stained cells. Collectively, these data show that CLA decreases SC adipose tissue but increases IM adipose tissue by different regulation of adipocyte-specific gene expression. These results suggest that adipogenesis in IM adipocytes differs from that in SC adipocytes.     

Inflammatory changes in adipose tissue enhance expression of GPR84, a medium-chain fatty acid receptor: TNFα enhances GPR84 expression in adipocytes

In this study we aimed to identify the physiological roles of G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) in adipose tissue, together with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), the specific ligands for GPR84. In mice, high-fat diet up-regulated GPR84 expression in fat pads. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, co-culture with a macrophage cell line, RAW264, or TNFα remarkably enhanced GPR84 expression. In the presence of TNFα, MCFAs down-regulated adiponectin mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, our results suggest that GPR84 emerges in adipocytes in response to TNFα from infiltrating macrophages and exacerbates the vicious cycle between adiposity and diabesity.     

Breed difference and regulation of the porcine adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone sensitive lipase by TNFα

Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) are major novel triglyceride lipases in animals. The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in the porcine ATGL ( pATGL ) and HSL genes between Jinhua pigs (a fatty breed) and Landrace pigs (a leaner breed). In addition, the effect of TNFα and pATGL-specific siRNA ( pATGL-siRNA ) on the expression of pATGL and HSL in porcine adipocytes was also examined. Compared with Landrace pigs, the body weight ( BW ) of Jinhua pigs was lower ( P <  0.01), while intramuscular fat content (in the longissimus dorsi muscle), as well as the back fat thickness and body fat content were higher ( P <  0.01). The expression of pATGL and HSL mRNA in Jinhua pigs was lower ( P <  0.01) in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and greater ( P <  0.01) in longissimus dorsi muscle compared with Landrace pigs. In vitro treatment of porcine adipocytes with TNFα decreased ( P <  0.01) the glycerol release and the gene expression of pATGL , HSL and PPARγ in porcine adipocytes. Furthermore, transfection with pATGL-siRNA significantly decreased ( P <  0.01) the expression of pATGL , while it had no effect on the expression of HSL . Treatment with 25 ng/ml TNFα in conjunction with pATGL-siRNA significantly decreased ( P <  0.01) the expression of pATGL and HSL in cultured porcine adipocytes. These results provide useful information to further the understanding of the function of pATGL and HSL in porcine lipid metabolism, which should be applicable to the regulation of fat deposition and improvement of meat quality.     

Depot specific differences during adipogenesis of porcine stromal-vascular cells

Recently a role of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ secreting factors involved in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis has emerged. Preadipocytes in different fat depots have distinct adipogenic potential and the metabolic activity differs between mature adipocytes of different depot origins. Here we describe the proliferation and differentiation of stromal-vascular cells derived from subcutaneous and visceral fat depots of adult pigs. We demonstrate that subcutaneous porcine preadipocytes proliferate more actively and that individual subcutaneous adipocytes have a more rapid accumulation of triacylglycerols than visceral cells. During differentiation, subcutaneous and visceral preadipocytes showed similar gene expression patterns with increased expression of adiponectin (APM1), adipocyte-specific fatty acid binding protein (FABP4), catalase (CAT), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARG2). Furthermore, initial data showing depot-originated effects on the expression of CAT, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B (CPT1B) and FABP4 suggest possible depot specific differences in the function and metabolism of mature porcine adipocytes.     

Regulation of PPARgamma but not obese gene expression by dietary fat supplementation

Leptin, the product of the obese gene, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) are important regulators of energy metabolism, adipogenesis, and immune function. In rodent models, both genes seem to respond at the mRNA and/or protein levels to dietary fat consumption. To determine the effect(s) of dietary saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the expression (mRNA abundance) of these genes, adipose tissue was obtained from pigs fed three different dietary fat sources. Corn-soybean meal diets containing no added fat (NO, control) or 10% beef tallow (BT), safflower oil (SO), or fish oil (FO) were fed ad libitum (n = 12) for 12 weeks. The abundance of obese, PPARgamma1, and PPARgamma2 mRNA was quantified relative to 18S rRNA using ribonuclease protection assays. The gain:feed ratio was improved (P < 0.05) 21% by all fats with a corresponding reduction (P < 0.05) in feed intake. Relative to pigs fed NO, serum total cholesterol was increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed BT and triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were increased (P < 0.01) by all supplemental fats. Serum insulin was increased (P < 0.10) only by SO. Neither obese nor PPARgamma1 mRNA abundance were responsive to added fat (P > 0.15). However, the abundance of PPARgamma2 mRNA was increased fourfold by SO compared with the NO diet. These data indicate that the abundance of obese mRNA is independent of dietary fat consumption per se, whether saturated or unsaturated, when feed consumption is reduced due to greater dietary caloric density. Furthermore, we provide evidence that expression of the PPARgamma2 gene in porcine adipose tissue is selectively responsive to SO (presumably linoleic acid, 18:2n-6).     

Roles of GPR41 and GPR43 in leptin secretory responses of murine adipocytes to short chain fatty acids

GPR41 is reportedly expressed in murine adipose tissue and mediates short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-stimulated leptin secretion by activating Gα_i. Here, we agree with a contradictory report in finding no expression of GPR41 in murine adipose tissue. Nevertheless, in the presence of adenosine deaminase to minimise Gα_i signalling via the adenosine A1 receptor, SCFA stimulated leptin secretion by adipocytes from wild-type but not GPR41 knockout mice. Expression of GPR43 was reduced in GPR41 knockout mice. Acetate but not butyrate stimulated leptin secretion in wild-type mesenteric adipocytes, consistent with mediation of the response by GPR43 rather than GPR41. Pertussis toxin prevented stimulation of leptin secretion by propionate in epididymal adipocytes, implicating Gα_i signalling mediated by GPR43 in SCFA-stimulated leptin secretion.     

Cloning,molecular characterization,and spatial and developmental expression analysis of GPR41 and GPR43 genes in New Zealand rabbits

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a regulatory role in various physiological processes in mammals and act as endogenous ligands for the G protein-coupled receptors (GPR) 41 and 43. The role of GPR41 and GPR43 in mediating SCFA signaling in the rabbit remains unclear. The present study was to investigate the sequence of the GPR41 and GPR43 messenger RNA (mRNA) and their expression pattern in different tissues and developmental stages in New Zealand rabbit. Comparison of genomic sequences in GenBank using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool program suggested that the New Zealand rabbit GPR41 mRNA has high similarities with the human (84%), bovine (84%) and Capra hircus (84%) genes. Similarly, GPR43 mRNA has high similarity with the rat (84%) and mouse (84%) genes. Real-time PCR results indicated that GPR41 and GPR43 mRNA were expressed throughout rabbit’s whole development and were expressed in several tissues. G protein-coupled receptor 41 and GPR43 mRNA were most highly expressed in pancreas (P<0.05) and s.c. adipose tissue (P<0.05), respectively. The expression levels of GPR41 mRNA was down-regulated in duodenum, cecum (P<0.05) and pancreas and up-regulated in jejunum, ileum, adipose tissue and spleen during growth. G protein-coupled receptor 43GPR43 mRNA was highly expressed in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, cecum and lung at 15^th day (P<0.05), whereas the expression levels in the pancreas and spleen increased later after birth, with the highest expression at 60^th day (P<0.05).