基于卫星跟踪的救护猛禽失联案例分析

对救护猛禽进行卫星跟踪,有助于了解猛禽放飞后的生存状况,评估救护成效。2019至2021年间,先后为6只救护猛禽安装卫星跟踪器。根据获得的卫星跟踪数据分析了个体失联前的活动轨迹以及中途停歇情况等。借助最后的位置信息对失联个体展开实地搜寻,分析其死亡原因。研究结果显示,白尾海雕（Haliaeetus albicilla）、红隼（Falco tinnunculus）、苍鹰1（Accipiter gentilis）和苍鹰2的迁飞距离依次为159.5 km、150.5 km、292.5 km和832.7 km;越冬时期红隼和2只苍鹰都更倾向于选择人类活动比较密集的区域,如农田、村庄、城市居民区以及城市湿地公园;放飞猛禽的活动量通常在100 ~ 500次/h之间;个体最终状态显示,猎隼（F. cherrug）因受困和饥饿死亡,白尾海雕因二次中毒死亡,日本松雀鹰（A. gularis）、红隼和2只苍鹰失联,原因不详。救护放飞的技术环节存在失误、放飞后遭到非法猎捕、跟踪器对个体产生的负面影响以及设备脱落或故障都可能导致救护猛禽放飞后失联或死亡,建议规范猛禽救护放飞过程,慎重选择放飞时间和地点,提高救护猛禽放飞后的野外生存率。     

卫星跟踪河北猎隼的秋季迁徙路线

猎隼（Falco cherrug）是国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,IUCN物种红色名录濒危物种。为探究猎隼的迁徙规律,2018年9月26日在河北省保定市成功为1只猎隼佩戴了卫星追踪器,对其迁徙活动进行了跟踪。此猎隼个体的秋季迁徙路线涉及河北省、内蒙古自治区、山西省、陕西省、甘肃省、青海省6个省区,自东向西迁徙,越冬地为甘肃省白银市平川区。迁飞过程分为三个阶段,即放飞阶段、游荡期和迁飞期,三个阶段的飞行距离分别为297.62 km、1 129.69 km和2 040.9 km。此猎隼个体每天的飞行时段为（7:33 ± 2:01）时到（18:12 ± 1:09）时,即在白天飞行。平均日飞行时间为（10.44 ± 1.76）h,一天中平均飞行速度有三个高峰,分别为9:00、14:00和18:00时。迁飞过程中的平均飞行速度为（45.77 ± 20.88）km/h,平均日飞行距离（188.65 ± 113.90）km。此猎隼个体在越冬地晚间没有固定的休息点,休息地的海拔在1 500 ~ 2 000 m的位点较多,90%的活动区域面积为85.5 km2。2019年3月7日发现此猎隼个体被电死并悬挂在一根电线杆上,漏电电线杆是猎隼栖息的死亡陷阱。     

330例2型糖尿病患者死因分析

目的:通过对80年代、90年代及近6年(2000-2006)我院2型糖尿病患者死因的比较,探讨分析糖尿病患者的死亡原因及其变迁,为提高糖尿病防治水平,减少糖尿病死亡率提供科学依据。方法:采用回顾性调查方法对我院1983-2006年住院2型糖尿病患者死因进行分析,并分三阶段进行比较。共调查2型糖尿病死亡病例330例。结果:不同年代心脑血管疾病均是导致2型糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因,位居死因第一,占总死亡人数的38.2%。肿瘤作为2型糖尿病患者的死因所占比例明显增加,占总死亡人数的19.4%。以感染为直接死因逐渐下降,但仍为重要死因,占14.2%。而糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高渗昏迷和低血糖昏迷等急性并发症所占比例显著减少,占8.8%。结论:糖尿病慢性并发症尤其是心脑血管病变是2型糖尿病的主要死因,近年来肿瘤已经成为2型糖尿病患者的重要死因,以感染为直接死因逐渐下降,但仍为重要死因,而糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高渗昏迷和低血糖昏迷等急性并发症所占比例显著减少。     

基于Cytb和COⅠ基因的猎隼分子鉴定

通过与从GenBank中下载的8种隼属鸟类的Cytb和COⅠ部分序列进行同源比对,并以最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯推断法(BI)构建系统树,对1只涉案的隼科鸟类进行了分子鉴定。结果表明:样品与猎隼Cytb和COⅠ的序列同源性最高,分别为98.91%～99.41%和99.67%～100%,样品与猎隼Cytb和COⅠ序列的遗传距离最小,分别为0.003～0.007和0.000～0.003;同时,样品和猎隼在两种系统树上都始终聚在一起。由此可推断该样品为猎隼,为2010年5月四川省丹巴县森林公安局受理的非法盗猎和贩运隼形目鸟类一案的审理提供了有力的证据。     

滨州市2008—2016年疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的分析滨州市2008—2016年疑似预防接种异常反应(adverse events following immunization,AEFI)的发生特征,评价AEFI监测系统的运转情况,为进一步完善AEFI监测工作提供依据。方法通过中国AEFI信息管理系统,收集滨州市2008—2016年报告的AEFI个案数据,采用描述流行病学方法对其进行分析。结果滨州市2008—2016年共报告AEFI 3 052例,报告发生率为35.07/10万剂次,全市所辖7个县(区)均有AEFI数据报告;其中一般反应报告占94.20%、异常反应报告占4.59%、偶合症报告占1.21%,无疫苗质量事故和接种事故报告。48 h内报告率为98.39%,48 h内调查率为94.29%。各月均有AEFI报告,邹平县位居报告例数首位占18.12%。男女性别比为1.32∶1,且病例主要集中在≤1岁儿童,占48.92%;87.75%发生在接种后≤1 d。所涉及的34种疫苗中,无细胞百白破疫苗AEFI发生率最高;有95.31%的AEFI病例均治愈。结论滨州市2008—2016年AEFI监测系统运转良好,及时报告率与调查率均较高;一类疫苗不良反应报告发生率均在预期范围内,安全性良好。今后应提高AEFI监测和处置能力,加强督导,确保AEFI监测质量。     

灵山县人民医院5岁以下儿童死因分析及干预措施

目的 了解我院2006～2010年5岁以下儿童死因及特点与趋势,提出干预措施.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,对2006～2010年我院5岁以下儿童的死亡率、死因及相关因素进行分析.结果 5岁以下儿童死亡率,2006年为10.73‰,2007年为11.91‰,2008年为9.93‰,2009年为5.60‰,2010年为12.58‰.5岁以下儿童死亡的年龄分布,以婴儿死亡最高,占总死亡人数的44.09%;其次是新生儿,占总死亡人数的30.11%;1～5岁儿童占总死亡人数的25.8%.5岁以下儿童死亡的原因,前五位分别为意外事故占21.51%,肺炎占15.05%,腹泻占11.82%,出生窒息占10.75%,败血症占8.60%.结论降低婴儿、新生儿死亡率是降低5岁以下儿童死亡率的关键;防止意外发生,加强围产期保健,提高基层产科、儿科医疗质量是降低儿童死亡率的重要途径.     

宁夏中卫黄河沿岸迁徙灰鹤停歇模式

中途停歇地是候鸟重要的能量补给地及休息站,对其顺利完成迁徙有着重要作用。为了解灰鹤(Grus grus)迁徙途中的停歇模式,于2013年和2015年冬季,采用卫星跟踪技术在贵州草海保护区成功跟踪了4只灰鹤。结果显示,其中3只灰鹤在宁夏中卫市境内的黄河和清水河流域湿地停歇,表明该地区为灰鹤迁徙时的重要停歇地。春季迁徙时,灰鹤在2月初至3月初到达中卫,平均停留(24.5?6.7)d(15~30 d,n=4),2月底至3月底迁离;秋季迁徙时,10月末至11月初到达,平均停留(32.0?4.2)d(29~35 d,n=2),至11月底迁离。停留期间主要的活动范围为中宁县境内的长山头水库、黄河河心岛及同心县境内的清水河周边区域。2017年3月18日,采用夜栖地直接计数法进行实地调查,共发现灰鹤636只,其日间活动范围和卫星跟踪结果类似。此次发现的灰鹤停歇地均未纳入自然保护体系,建议当地林业部门在灰鹤迁徙期间加强管理,可适当投食,以减少灰鹤误食耕地中经农药包衣处理的玉米(Zea mays)种子造成的死亡。     

青藏高原东部高寒草甸54种禾本科植物种子的萌发特性

在实验室条件下观测了青藏高原东部高寒草甸54种禾本科植物的种子萌发特点。结果发现:在54种植物中,有43种植物种子萌发率都达到了50%,其中萌发率80%以上的物种有26种,60%~80%的有11种,40%~60%的有8种,20%~40%的有5种,小于20%的有4种; 萌发开始时间为3~5 d的植物有14种,6~8 d的植物有29种,9~10 d的植物有10种,大于10 d的有1种;萌发持续时间为1~7 d的植物有16种,8~14 d的植物有28种,15~21 d的有10种;达50%萌发率的时间为1~7 d的植物有11种,8~14 d的植物有27种,大于14 d的植物有5种,萌发率一直没达到50%的植物有11种。这些植物显示了4种萌发类型:爆发型、过渡型、缓萌型(萌发率大于50%的物种)和低萌型(萌发率小于50%的物种)。     

绿海龟卫星追踪报道

自2001年来,惠东港口海龟国家级自然保护区已成功地利用卫星追踪了21只海龟的洄游路线。本文利用美国卫星信号发射器(Tag)和法国Argos系统追踪3只成年雌性绿海龟。跟踪海龟"西沙"和"南沙"26d,二者均在海口市附近海域消失;"东沙"从阳江市海陵岛出发,取东南向至菲律宾,然后沿菲律宾西海岸向南,最后在巴拉望岛西侧海域逗留,共追踪111d。该试验说明港口海龟具有不同的洄游线路,偏爱沿岸的浅海洄游;洄游路线与等温线之间无显著关系;海龟洄游具有明确的目的地。建议政府相关部门采取科学策略来保护海龟。     

根除畜禽传染病的新对策——动物基因工程抗病育种

一、兽医防疫工作的困惑 养殖业的发展,使畜禽数量增加,生产性能提高,但是某些传染病的流行并未减弱,而且种类不断增长,危害日益加剧。“七五”期间疫病普查结果表明(1)1987-1989年全国20个省市区畜禽死亡5.14亿头(只),年均死亡1.71亿头(只),其中传染病致死占67-69％,年损失达数十亿元。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.