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风能是一种清洁而稳定的可再生能源,风力发电可以减少全球温室气体排放,在减缓气候变化中发挥重要作用。然而,风电场的建设会对自然保护、生态环境和动物生存会造成一定的负面影响,其中对鸟类的影响尤为突出。本文通过查阅欧美等国风电场对鸟类及野生动物影响的研究文献,总结了风电场对鸟类的生存、迁徙和栖息地环境的影响,以及导致鸟类与风电塔相撞的影响因素,并提出了相关防范措施和方法。近十年中国风力发电事业发展迅猛,已经成为世界上风电装机容量最大的国家,但中国在评估风电场发展对野生动物影响方面的研究工作非常匮乏。目前,我国应借鉴国外相关研究管理经验,通过长期的连续观测,认真评估国内正在运行和在建风电场对于鸟类和其他野生动物的影响及潜在威胁。同时,应重视鸟类迁徙的基础研究,为新建风电场选址提供科学方案,保证风力发电与生态环境保护之间的和谐发展。 相似文献
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简要介绍了鸟类迁徙导航定位机制的各种学说及机制,分析了人工设施对鸟类迁徙导航和定位的影响概况,提出了降低人工设施对鸟类影响的保护措施。 相似文献
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人工巢箱对次级洞巢鸟类多样性及繁殖鸟类群落稳定性的作用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
人工巢箱在鸟类研究与保护中的使用越来越广泛, 但是人工巢箱对鸟类群落的影响并不清楚, 人工巢箱在鸟类群落保护过程中所扮演的角色仍然值得商榷。我们于2007年3–8月, 在北京门头沟区小龙门国家森林公园选择两块海拔及植被情况相似的样地, 一块悬挂50个人工巢箱, 另一块作为对照。我们调查了巢箱利用情况、巢箱内鸟类的繁殖情况及两样地的植被群落和鸟类群落。50个巢箱中有20个分别被褐头山雀(Parus songarus)、白眉姬鹟(Ficedula zanthopygia)、普通鳾(Sitta europaea)及大山雀(Parus major)占用。通过比较分析得知, 人工巢箱使实验样地白眉姬鹟的种群密度显著增加, 使实验样地次级洞巢鸟类群落的多样性指数(H’)和群落种间相遇率(PIE)显著高于对照样地, 而优势度指数(λ)显著低于对照样地。同时, 繁殖鸟类群落的相应指数也呈现出相同变化。这种变化更多地应该归因于人工巢箱的调节作用。通过这次研究, 我们认为人工巢箱影响了一部分次级洞巢鸟的分布模式, 并通过影响鸟类多度影响了次级洞巢鸟的多样性, 增加了一部分利用巢箱鸟类的种群密度, 进而使得实验样地繁殖鸟类多样性增加, 个体数量差异降低, 而群落均匀性增加。巢箱的悬挂对次生林鸟类群落保护产生了积极的影响。 相似文献
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中国受胁鸟类的分布与现状分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
参照《Threatened Birds of Asia》(《亚洲受胁鸟类红皮书》),将其中记载的在中国有分布的物种与《中国濒危动物红皮书·鸟类》的物种进行比较。两者的物种组成有明显差异,仅69种鸟同时出现在两个红皮书中;《亚洲受胁鸟类红皮书》中雀形目鸟类占比例最大,而《中国濒危动物红皮书·鸟类》中鸡形目鸟类占比例最大。两个红皮书中的受胁鸟类均以森林、湿地和灌丛为主要栖息生境,而导致物种受胁的主要原因是人为干扰所造成的栖息地破坏。在地理分布方面,应用Arcview 3.2的数据处理与叠加功能,发现西南山地亚区、东部丘陵平原亚区和黄淮平原亚区以及台湾亚区受胁鸟类物种丰富度较高,其中留鸟在西南山地亚区及其周边地区相对集中,迁徙鸟在东部丘陵平原亚区及其周边地区相对集中。在保护方面,中国的显著重要鸟区中有51个是在自然保护区范围内,但还有6个尚未建立保护区,建议予以保护和重视。作者认为西南山地和台湾、海南地区的受胁鸟类面临更大的灭绝威胁,而恢复和重建退化的生态系统是保护鸟类的重要前提。 相似文献
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地形作为景观结构和空间格局的重要影响因子,不仅为景观格局的形成提供基础,其空间特征也影响着景观的演变过程.基于2002、2011年地形高程信息和遥感影像,运用GIS技术,并结合分布指数,分析了盐城滨海湿地景观分布与演变对地形因子的响应特征.结果表明:①盐城淤泥质滨海湿地总体地形变化平缓,海拔0-2.5m的区域占整个研究区面积的97％以上.其中,米草带主要分布于0.9-1.5m,碱蓬带主要分布于1.5-2.lm,而芦苇带则主要分布于2.1-2.7m.②2002-2011年9年间湿地景观时间变化明显,其中,芦苇面积增加了3倍,碱蓬面积由26.80％骤降至11.51％,同期,米草面积则增加了50％之多.③湿地景观空间分布特征与地形关系比较明显.其中,米草空间分布向0.6-1.2m区间演变,显示出强烈的向低海拔区间扩张的趋势;碱蓬分布范围随地形的升高总体上呈下降趋势;芦苇在地形较高区间上的分布指数增长迅速,其优势分布区间向2.1-3.0m扩展. 相似文献
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《生态学报》2017,(5)
含水层(组)的空间结构不仅决定了地下水的空间分布格局,对地下水水质状况也有一定程度的影响。基于盐城滨海平原水文地质分区内部水文地质钻孔数据及2005—2014年水质因子监测数据,综合运用GIS及ANOVA等方法,研究了实验样区第III承压含水层孔隙地下水的水质在时空维度上对含水层顶板埋深变化的响应特征,分析了地下水质动态演变规律,并对研究区地下水管理与保护提出了建议。研究结果表明:该区第III承压含水层埋深大多位于-118.9—-85.45m之间;由于不同埋深的地下水所处的水文地质条件及开采利用状态差异,地下水典型水质因子含量与含水层埋深因素之间呈现出一定相关性:矿化度、总碱度和细菌总数3种因子与埋深的关联强度最高(相关度分别为69.67%、75.76%和58.09%),总硬度因子的关联强度处于中等水平(49.18%);高锰酸钾指数受埋深影响较小(35.27%);同时还发现,在不同埋深分级区间各因子与埋深的关联强度差异明显,表现出不同的动态演变特征。 相似文献
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基于1992—2007年的遥感影像和野外调查数据,在地理信息系统的支持下,应用景观生态学理论和转移矩阵方法,定量分析了江苏盐城滨海湿地外来种互花米草的时空动态及其景观格局的演变规律.结果表明：研究区互花米草面积由1992年的3561 hm2上升至2007年的14491 hm2,增幅达306.94%,累计转入和转出面积分别为26291和15361 hm2;其中,江苏盐城国家级自然保护区核心区的互花米草面积由1992年的597 hm2增长到2007年的2814 hm 2,年增幅达24.74%.研究期间,该区互花米草空间分布格局由初始的河口地带零星斑块逐渐演变为连续带状,并扩展到射阳河口至梁跺河口之间的滩涂外围;研究区互花米草的斑块重心向东南方向移动（2.92 km）,平均斑块面积先增（1992—2002年）后降（2002—2007年）,最大斑块指数及面积加权临近度指数逐年递增,斑块形状趋向规则化. 相似文献
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Peter Schippers Ralph Buij Alex Schotman Jana Verboom Henk van der Jeugd Eelke Jongejans 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(13):6274-6287
- The consequences of bird mortality caused by collisions with wind turbines are increasingly receiving attention. So‐called acceptable mortality limits of populations, that is, those that assume that 1%–5% of additional mortality and the potential biological removal (PBR), provide seemingly clear‐cut methods for establishing the reduction in population viability.
- We examine how the application of these commonly used mortality limits could affect populations of the Common Starling, Black‐tailed Godwit , Marsh Harrier, Eurasian Spoonbill, White Stork, Common Tern, and White‐tailed Eagle using stochastic density‐independent and density‐dependent Leslie matrix models.
- Results show that population viability can be very sensitive to proportionally small increases in mortality. Rather than having a negligible effect, we found that a 1% additional mortality in postfledging cohorts of our studied populations resulted in a 2%–24% decrease in the population level after 10 years. Allowing a 5% mortality increase to existing mortality resulted in a 9%–77% reduction in the populations after 10 years.
- When the PBR method is used in the density‐dependent simulations, the proportional change in the resulting growth rate and carrying capacity was species‐independent and largely determined by the recovery factor (Fr). When Fr = 1, a value typically used for robust populations, additional mortality resulted in a 50%–55% reduction in the equilibrium density and the resulting growth rate. When Fr = 0.1, used for threatened populations, the reduction in the equilibrium density and growth rate was about 5%.
- Synthesis and applications. Our results show that by allowing a mortality increase from wind farm collisions according to both criteria, the population impacts of these collisions can still be severe. We propose a simple new method as an alternative that was able to estimate mortality impacts of age‐structured stochastic density‐dependent matrix models.
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Thomas J. O'Shea Paul M. Cryan David T.S. Hayman Raina K. Plowright Daniel G. Streicker 《Mammal Review》2016,46(3):175-190
- Despite conservation concerns for many species of bats, factors causing mortality in bats have not been reviewed since 1970. Here, we review and qualitatively describe trends in the occurrence and apparent causes of multiple mortality events (MMEs) in bats around the world.
- We compiled a database of MMEs, defined as cases in which ≥ 10 dead bats were counted or estimated at a specific location within a maximum timescale of a year, and more typically within a few days or a season. We tabulated 1180 MMEs within nine categories.
- Prior to 2000, intentional killing by humans caused the greatest proportion of MMEs in bats. In North America and Europe, people typically killed bats because they were perceived as nuisances. Intentional killing occurred in South America for vampire bat control, in Asia and Australia for fruit depredation control, and in Africa and Asia for human food. Biotic factors, accidents, and natural abiotic factors were also important historically. Chemical contaminants were confirmed causes of MMEs in North America, Europe, and in islands. Viral and bacterial diseases ranked low as causes of MMEs in bats.
- Two factors led to a major shift in causes of MMEs in bats at around 2000: the global increase of industrial wind‐power facilities and the outbreak of white‐nose syndrome in North America. Collisions with wind turbines and white‐nose syndrome are now the leading causes of reported MMEs in bats.
- Collectively, over half of all reported MMEs were of anthropogenic origin. The documented occurrence of MMEs in bats due to abiotic factors such as intense storms, flooding, heat waves, and drought is likely to increase in the future with climate change. Coupled with the chronic threats of roosting and foraging habitat loss, increasing mortality through MMEs is unlikely to be compensated for, given the need for high survival in the dynamics of bat populations.
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Abstract The 165-km2 Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA) in west-central California includes 5,400 wind turbines, each rated to generate between 40 kW and 400 kW of electric power, or 580 MW total. Many birds residing or passing through the area are killed by collisions with these wind turbines. We searched for bird carcasses within 50 m of 4,074 wind turbines for periods ranging from 6 months to 4.5 years. Using mortality estimates adjusted for searcher detection and scavenger removal rates, we estimated the annual wind turbine–caused bird fatalities to number 67 (80% CI = 25–109) golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), 188 (80% CI = 116–259) red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 348 (80% CI = −49 to 749) American kestrels (Falco sparverius), 440 (80% CI = −133 to 1,013) burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea), 1,127 (80% CI = −23 to 2,277) raptors, and 2,710 (80% CI = −6,100 to 11,520) birds. Adjusted mortality estimates were most sensitive to scavenger removal rate, which relates to the amount of time between fatality searches. New on-site studies of scavenger removal rates might warrant revising mortality estimates for some small-bodied bird species, although we cannot predict how the mortality estimates would change. Given the magnitude of our mortality estimates, regulatory agencies and the public should decide whether to enforce laws intended to protect species killed by APWRA wind turbines, and given the imprecision of our estimates, directed research is needed of sources of error and bias for use in studies of bird collisions wherever wind farms are developed. Precision of mortality estimates could be improved by deploying technology to remotely detect collisions and by making wind turbine power output data available to researchers so that the number of fatalities can be related directly to the actual power output of the wind turbine since the last fatality search. 相似文献
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K. SHAWN SMALLWOOD 《The Journal of wildlife management》2007,71(8):2781-2791
ABSTRACT Mortality estimates are needed of birds and bats killed by wind turbines because wind power generation is rapidly expanding worldwide. A mortality estimate is based on the number of fatalities assumed caused by wind turbines and found during periodic searches, plus the estimated number not found. The 2 most commonly used estimators adjust mortality estimates by rates of searcher detection and scavenger removal of carcasses. However, searcher detection trials can be biased by the species used in the trial, the number volitionally placed for a given fatality search, and the disposition of the carcass on the ground. Scavenger removal trials can be biased by the metric representing removal rate, the number of carcasses placed at once, the duration of the trial, species used, whether carcasses were frozen, whether carcasses included injuries consistent with wind turbine collisions, season, distance from the wind turbines, and general location. I summarized searcher detection rates among reported trials, and I developed models to predict the proportion of carcasses remaining since the last fatality search. The summaries I present can be used to adjust previous and future estimates of mortality to improve comparability. I also identify research directions to better understand these and other adjustments needed to compare mortality estimates among wind farms. 相似文献
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Anushika Bose Tobias Dürr Reinhard A. Klenke Klaus Henle 《Conservation Science and Practice》2020,2(6):e199
The risk of collision with wind turbines remains a critical issue for bird conservation. Undoubtedly, for the continued development of wind farms to increase the energy capacity, wind farm locations must be carefully chosen going forward. This can be achieved not only by avoiding areas with higher bird densities but also by avoiding installations at sensitive distances from their ecologically important land-use types. Through analyses of the Euclidean distances to the different land-use types, we utilized the random forest (RF) machine learning algorithm to model the distance-based impacts of wind turbine locations on detected bird collisions for the frequently-hit groups of birds at WTs. Although, the predicted areas with potential collision risk in total had a small but highly dispersed expanse of ~2,130 km2 across the vast 29,479 km2 area of the federal state. Our results further segregated these assessed areas based on their different probabilities of collision thresholds (between 0 and 1) to only detect the areas with collision probabilities <.05, which were interpreted as the actual “no risk areas”. These “no risk areas” summed to a total of merely 754 km2 of the land space in Brandenburg, suggesting that any further planned additions of wind energy farms in the state that is, the proposed wind turbines, to be suitably positioned only in these safer areas. Additionally, the study also enabled the identification of any existing wind turbines already installed in the remaining less safe 28,725 km2 area of the state. These areas are also essential to be include in the collision detection surveys and bird population dynamic studies. This would further our understanding regarding the deleterious consequences of collisions at the population levels of birds, eventually helping in the formulation of adequate mitigation measures. 相似文献
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J. M. Korstian A. M. Hale V. J. Bennett D. A. Williams 《Molecular ecology resources》2013,13(5):776-780
We developed a simple and reliable genetic method to determine sex in bats from the Vespertilionidae and Molossidae families. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a portion of the introns within the zinc‐finger‐X (Zfx) and zinc‐finger‐Y (Zfy) genes. We designed primers to produce size variation between the Zfx and Zfy products that could be visualized using gel electrophoresis. Using an example from our wind‐wildlife research, we show how sex data generated using this method are superior to sex data based on external morphology. Our method allows for the generation of sex data across a wide range of bats that can be used to address key questions in wildlife forensics, behavioural ecology, conservation and evolutionary biology. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Wind turbines in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA), California, USA, have caused annual fatalities of thousands of raptors and other birds. Alameda County implemented an Avian Protection Program requiring mitigation measures and eventual repowering to modern wind turbines, all intended to reduce raptor fatality rates 50% from levels estimated for 1998–2003. Two years into the 3-year program, we compared estimates of fatality rates between 1998–2003 and 2005–2007 and between a repowered wind project (Diablo Winds) and the APWRA's old-generation wind turbines. The APWRA-wide fatality rates increased significantly for multiple bird species, including 85% for all raptors and 51% for all birds. Fatality rates caused by the Diablo Winds repowering project were not lower than replaced turbines, but they were 54% and 66% lower for raptors and all birds, respectively, than those of concurrently operating old-generation turbines in 2005–2007. Because new-generation turbines can generate nearly 3 times the energy per megawatt of rated capacity compared to the APWRA's old turbines, repowering the APWRA could reduce mean annual fatality rates by 54% for raptors and 65% for all birds, while more than doubling annual wind-energy generation. Alternatively, the nameplate capacity of a repowered APWRA could be restricted to 209 megawatts to meet current energy generation (about 700 gigawatt-hr), thereby reducing mean annual fatalities by 83% for raptors and 87% for all birds. In lieu of repowering, bird fatalities could be reduced by enforcing operating permits and environmental laws and by the County requiring implementation of the Alameda County Scientific Review Committee's recommendations. 相似文献
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Julie A. Beston Jay E. Diffendorfer Scott Loss 《The Journal of wildlife management》2015,79(3):513-517