人工油松种群生长与生殖分配关系的研究

植物种群营养生长和生殖生长的关系是植物生殖生态学研究的重要内容之一,自本世纪７０年代,国外已有大量报道,但国内的研究报道很少。本在种群水平上研究了人工油松种群一年生雌性枝条和雄性枝条在枝长、直径、叶数、叶生物量、枝生物量及新生枝条在大小孢子球生物量、雌雄枝条长度和生物量等方面的差异,结果表明,一年生枝条除在西方向上雌雄枝条直径差异显和在东、西方向上雌雄枝条生物量差异显外,其它处理条件下雌雄枝     

薰衣草枝叶性状关系的个体大小依赖

植物枝叶性状的个体大小差异,是植物适应异质性环境所形成的冠层构建策略,对于理解枝叶构建机制及光合生理代谢具有重要意义。于2017年7月下旬,在金水湖湿地公园选择一块薰衣草样地,根据体积将薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia)分为3个大小等级[I级:植株体积的立方根(d)≤60 cm、II级(60 cmd≤90 cm)和III级(d90 cm)],采用一元线性回归方法,研究了薰衣草种群枝叶性状的个体大小依赖。结果表明:随着薰衣草植株大小等级增大,薰衣草的叶面积、枝长度、枝数量和枝横截面积逐渐增大,而叶数量、叶厚度和分枝角度逐渐减小。薰衣草叶面积、枝长度和枝数量与个体大小呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),枝横截面积与个体大小呈显著的正相关(P0.05),叶数量和叶厚度与个体大小呈极显著的负相关(P0.01),分枝角度与个体大小呈显著的负相关(P0.01)。为提高资源利用效率,大个体薰衣草选择生长少量大而薄的叶片以及分配更多的生物量用于小枝的生长;而小个体薰衣草选择生长多数小而厚的叶片以及短而细的枝条,体现了不同大小等级薰衣草枝叶表型可塑性。     

攀枝花苏铁的生物学特性,树干解剖和生长模式

对金沙江干热河谷攀枝花苏铁种群进行野外调查和定位观察,结果表明：成年植株的雌雄比拉近１：１,但开花季节雌雄球花的比例是偏雄性的。雌雄植株在树干大小、叶数、叶大小和无性系小株数目等方面差异不大。叶数、叶长、叶宽、茎直径等随植株年龄的增高而增加。树干３０－４０ｃｍ高的植株平均营养叶数和茎直径已基本恒定。     

金沙江干热河谷车桑子生殖枝生物量分配的性别差异

以车桑子生殖枝为材料,通过野外调查、取样以及各器官生物量的测定,研究金沙江干热河谷地区车桑子不同性别植株生殖枝生物量分配特征。结果表明：（1）金沙江干热河谷地区车桑子种群雄∶雌性别比为0.11,极显著的偏离1∶1（P<0.001）,种群偏雌性。（2）车桑子生殖枝的形态特征和生物量分配特征均具有显著的性别差异;雌性植株生殖枝花朵生物量和总生物量显著高于雄性和两性植株（P <0.05）,而后两者之间无显著差异;生殖枝生殖分配具有显著的性别差异（P <0.05）,但生殖枝叶生物量无性别差异。（3）生殖枝生物量大小与花朵生物量、营养生物量均呈极显著正相关关系（P <0.001）。营养生物量与花朵生物量之间为显著正相关关系(P <0.01),生殖分配与生殖枝大小无相关关系。研究认为,车桑子生殖枝营养生长与生殖生长不具有权衡关系,且生殖分配不具有个体大小依赖性,特定生物量分配模式可能是对金沙江干热河谷区资源利用、环境适应的一种特殊形态模式。     

冷蒿(Atemisia frigida)种群在放牧干扰下构件的变化

对放牧干扰下冷蒿种群构件的变化进行了研究.结果表明：在放牧干扰下,冷蒿种群营养枝和生殖枝高度在轻度放牧时缓慢下降,在中度、重度放牧后,枝条高度迅速下降.随着放牧强度的增加,冷蒿种群的营养枝密度和不定根密度增加,分枝密度和个体大小之间存在一定补偿特性,营养枝密度的回归曲线表明重牧下冷蒿的营养枝密度已接近补偿阈值.随着放牧强度的增加,冷蒿种群匍匐茎长度显著地增加;生殖枝密度在轻度放牧增加,到中度放牧后生殖枝数急剧减少,重度放牧下生殖枝基本消失.枝条的性别分化发生变化,生殖枝的分化率（生殖枝密度/总枝条密度）降低.与此同时,营养枝的分化率却随着放牧强度的增加而增加.伴随之,冷蒿种群繁殖格局也发生了重大的调整.     

葎草种群自疏过程中幼苗构件性状及生物量分配变化

以雌雄异株攀援草本植物葎草为材料,通过每10 d测量1次,连续6次,测定幼苗期葎草种群的密度和高度、个体构件性状和生物量分配等参数,分析种群自疏过程中种群密度与个体构件性状及生物量分配的关系,研究葎草种群的自疏规律。结果表明:幼苗期葎草种群存在显著的自疏现象,种群密度60 d内下降了71%;幼苗期葎草由直立生长向横向生长时,种群密度和株高显著降低;自疏过程中存留植株的茎性状有显著变化,变化大小为节间长主茎长茎直径,节间长增加,叶性状变化大小为叶面积叶柄长叶厚叶宽叶长总叶数保留叶片数,根性状变化大小为总根长根体积根数根长最大根长;自疏过程中存留植株的构件生物量、单株生物量显著增加,而单位面积累积生物量呈阶段性下降;留存植株的地上生物量分配比相对稳定(P0.05),根茎比和叶茎比有极显著变化(P0.01);叶、茎、叶柄生物量与根生物量和地上生物量之间均呈极显著的异速关系(P0.01),茎随地上生物量增长呈等速生长,而叶、叶柄和根随地上生物量增长呈异速生长,地上生物量与叶、茎、叶柄及根生物量极显著相关(P0.01);茎生物量与密度的异速关系遵循最终产量恒定法则,叶、叶柄和根生物量并不满足-3/2或-4/3或-1自疏法则;地上和单株总生物量与密度极显著相关(P0.01),存留单株的地上生物量和总生物量与密度的异速关系遵循最终产量恒定法则。     

羊草种群生物量和能量生殖分配的研究

从构件入手,研究了生长季羊草种群根茎、营养枝和生殖枝及其构件的生物量和能量分配及季节动态,结果表明种群营养枝和生殖枝的生物量和能量分配没有显著的颉抗关系,但营养枝和根茎生物量和能量分配比例间呈显著的颉抗关系。研究结果还表明种群根茎、营养枝和生殖枝及构件的生物量和能量分配比例间的差异基本不显著,而且季节动态趋势一致,即生物量分配和能量分配是等价的。     

采收方式对云南红豆杉药用原料林枝构件种群特性的影响

以云南省马关县6年生云南红豆杉药用原料林为研究对象,比较采收主干及其上部枝条、保留主干采收其上部枝条、保留主干采收其下部枝条3种采收方式3个采收强度(1/4、2/4、3/4树冠长度)下枝条收获量,分析不同的枝条采收方式与强度对云南红豆杉枝构件种群生长的影响。结果表明:采收强度的增大促进了枝构件种群的生长,3/4树冠长度的枝条采收强度使老枝萌新枝比例、新枝数量、新枝长度与体积均显著或极显著高于对照;从当年生的新枝长度和新枝体积大小来看,采收树冠上部枝条对枝构件种群的促进作用远大于采收下部枝条;采收主干更有利于去除顶端优势,且在植株剩余的树冠上生长出更多的萌枝。为获取尽可能多的枝条,同时保证药用原料林的长期可持续利用,建议将采收主干及上部3/4树冠长度的枝条采收处理作为最佳枝条采收方案。     

刈割干扰下内蒙古草原两种丛生禾草繁殖策略的适应性调节

刈割是内蒙古草原的主要利用方式之一。当植物面对刈割干扰时, 可以通过繁殖策略的调节适应变化的环境。研究刈割干扰下植物繁殖策略的调节对于揭示植物的适应与进化机制具有重要意义。为此, 选择内蒙古典型草原的大针茅(Stipa grandis)和糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa), 在1979年围封的羊草(Leymus chinensis)样地(对照)和毗邻的长期刈割区对其繁殖策略进行了研究。结果显示: 1)长期刈割干扰下, 大针茅的种群生物量与对照区无显著差异, 由于其株丛生物量显著降低, 大针茅种群生物量的维持得益于种群密度的显著增加。糙隐子草的种群生物量比对照区显著提高, 由于其株丛生物量与对照区无显著差异, 糙隐子草种群生物量的增加也是因为密度的显著提高。因此, 密度调节是两种植物应对长期刈割干扰的重要的调节机制。2)长期刈割干扰下, 两种植物在无性繁殖和有性繁殖过程所采取的密度调节策略并不相同。大针茅种群生殖株丛的密度无显著变化, 非生殖株丛的密度显著提高, 导致其非生殖株丛的相对密度显著增加, 而生殖株丛的相对密度显著降低。因此刈割干扰下大针茅种群在密度调节上采取了保持有性繁殖株丛密度, 增加无性繁殖株丛密度的策略。糙隐子草种群非生殖株丛的密度显著增加, 但生殖株丛的密度增加幅度更大, 导致其非生殖株丛的相对密度显著降低, 而生殖株丛的相对密度显著提高。因此刈割干扰下糙隐子草种群在密度调节上采取了增加无性繁殖株丛密度的同时, 更大幅度地增加有性繁殖株丛密度的策略。3)长期刈割干扰下, 两种植物对生物量生殖分配的调节采取了不同的策略。大针茅株丛生物量向生殖枝分配的比例无显著变化, 通过降低生殖枝向穗的生物量分配比例, 降低了对有性生殖过程的生物量分配的投入; 而糙隐子草则通过增加株丛生物量向生殖枝分配的比例, 维持生殖枝向穗的生物量分配比例, 从而增加了对有性繁殖过程生物量分配的投入。4)长期刈割干扰下, 大针茅的株丛面积和株丛分蘖数与对照区无显著差异。糙隐子草株丛面积降低, 但是株丛分蘖数无显著变化。本实验说明, 植物种群有性繁殖和无性繁殖之间的密度调节和资源分配调节是草原植物应对刈割干扰下的重要调节机制, 不同的响应策略影响着植物种群的消长动态。     

辽东栎芽库统计:芽的命运

植物体是一个构件集合体,植物的枝系伸展可由芽库出生率、死亡率的统计学过程来分析。在东灵山地区,应用随机枝取样法调查了辽东栎芽的命运,并对其与枝长、叶数、果数等的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明：（1）辽东栎的芽或保持休眠状态,或死亡后脱落,或分化为营养枝、生殖枝（包括雄花枝、雄花序、雌花枝和两花枝）等;（2）不同生境中芽的命运不同,生活在林窗中的幼树上的芽分化为具有生殖功能的枝条的比例显著高于郁闭林中的幼树,而与成熟个体接近;（3）芽的命运还受其它因子的影响,如上层枝条上、或叶数多的长枝上的芽分化为生殖枝的可能性大于其它的芽,另外还发现结实枝的枝长、枝上叶数都明显高于非结实枝。     

Significance of the simultaneous growth of vegetative and reproductive organs in the prostrate annual Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae)

To elucidate the significance of the simultaneous growth of vegetative and reproductive organs in the prostrate annual Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae) from the standpoint of meristem allocation, we investigated plant architecture, meristem allocation, and the spatial and temporal patterns in vegetative growth and reproduction in the reproductive stage. The numbers of secondary and tertiary shoots successively increased by branching in the reproductive stage, and the sum of shoot length was greater in secondary shoots than in primary shoots. The specific shoot length (shoot length per shoot biomass) was greater in lateral shoots than in primary shoots, indicating efficient lateral shoot elongation. The internode length was shorter in secondary shoots than in primary shoots, increasing the number of nodes per shoot length in secondary shoots. Many nodes on a shoot generated two meristems, one of which committed to a flower and one to a lateral shoot. The number of reproductive meristems was greatest in tertiary shoots, and 96% of total reproductive meristems on shoots were generated in lateral shoots. On almost all nodes, the reproductive meristem developed into a flower, and 95–98% of the flowers produced a fruit. Therefore, vegetative growth by branching in the reproductive stage contributed to the increase in reproductive outputs. From the standpoint of meristem allocation, the simultaneous growth of vegetative and reproductive organs in prostrate plant species might be important for increasing the number of growth and reproductive meristems, resulting in the increase in reproductive outputs.     

Climate-driven changes in shoot density and shoot biomass in Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) on the North-east China Transect (NECT)

Aim Climate‐driven changes affecting ecosystem primary production have been well documented for many vegetation types, while the effects of climate on plant populations remains unclear. Herein, we address the relationships between climatic variables and shoot density, reproductive allocation and shoot biomass in Leymus chinensis on a large‐scale climatic gradient in 2000. Location Nine sites experiencing similar light regimes, but differing in longitude, precipitation and altitude were selected on the North‐east China Transect (NECT) from 115° to 124°E, around a latitude of 43.5°N. Methods Densities of total, vegetative and reproductive shoots and of shoot biomass were measured twice over the growing season in each site. Climatic data were taken from the climate database of the Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and from the local weather stations throughout the NECT. Results Densities of total, vegetative and reproductive shoots increased significantly from the west to the east and from dry to moist along the NECT, and were strongly correlated with annual precipitation (r² = 0.934, 0.943 and 0.863, respectively) and an aridity index (r² = 0.809, 0.816 and 0.744, respectively). The average total shoot density at the east end (470/m²) was about three times that at the west (160/m²). Reproductive allocation and shoot biomass for both vegetative and reproductive shoots increased with precipitation and declined with the aridity index along the NECT. There were positive correlations between shoot biomass and annual precipitation for vegetative shoots (P < 0.05, R² = 0.604) and March precipitation for reproductive shoots (P < 0.05, R² = 0.533), respectively. Main conclusions These findings suggest that L. chinensis adjusts to decreasing precipitation/increasing aridity by alterations in shoot density, reproductive allocation and shoot biomass along the drought gradient of the NECT.     

Costs of reproduction as related to the timing of phenological phases in the dioecious Shrub Pistacia lentiscus L

Females of woody dioecious species usually devote more resources to reproduction than males. This may lead to a decrease in female survival and growth. The costs of reproduction, however, can be lightened through a number of mechanisms, as for example avoiding the temporal coincidence of reproduction and vegetative growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether males and females of P. lentiscus differ in the timing of their vegetative growth, and to assess whether the sequencing of vegetative growth and reproduction reduces reproductive costs. We monitored phenology in males and females. We also compared male and female allocation of nutrients and biomass in the branch, and the developmental stability of the growing shoots. We did this both prior to and at the end of the fruiting period. Males and females showed similar vegetative and flowering phenologies. Males invested more biomass in flowering, but the sexes showed equal vegetative biomass and nutrient content prior to the fruiting period. In female branches, no trade-off was found between fruit load and current-year vegetative growth. In P. lentiscus, avoiding the overlap of flowering, vegetative growth and fruiting probably contributes to reduce the immediate costs of reproductive efforts, both in males and females.     

繁殖方式对矮慈姑生长的影响

矮葱姑的种子繁殖和球茎营养繁殖对植株生物量和高度都有明显的影响。种子繁殖苗生物量的增长曲线方程不同球茎繁殖苗的生物量增长曲线方程从生物量比较可见,在生长初期。球茎繁殖苗的生物量远大于种子繁殖苗。生长过程中,种子繁殖苗的生长速率大于球茎繁殖苗。在生长后期,二者生物量接近。种子繁殖苗的高度动态方程与球茎繁殖苗的高度动态方程也不一样。种子繁殖苗和球茎繁殖苗高度的增长速率在生长的前期均高于生长后期。     

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN BIOMASS ALLOCATION AND CLONAL GROWTH OF XANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM

Reproduction can have a high resource cost. It has been suggested that greater investments in sexual reproduction by female dioecious plants leads to a lower rate of vegetative growth in females than in males. In this study, we investigated sexual dimorphism in biomass allocation and genet growth of the dioecious clonal shrub, northern prickly ash (Xanthoxylum americanum). The allocation of biomass over the course of one growing season to reproductive tissue, leaves, and growth of aboveground first-year wood, was compared in 18 clones growing in fields and six clones in woods in southeastern Wisconsin during 1985 and 1986. In addition, the number of shoots per clone, and weight of nonfirst-year wood (accumulated biomass) above- and below-ground were estimated. In open field sites, male clones allocated more biomass to new wood and less to reproduction than females, although males allocated more to flowers alone. Accordingly, male clones had significantly more shoots and more accumulated biomass both above- and below-ground than female clones. In the woods, where fruit set was near zero, there were few significant differences between male and female clones in either biomass allocation or accumulated biomass. These results support the hypothesis that the high resource investment in fruit production by females reduces their vegetative growth relative to males.     

Trade-offs between vegetative growth and acorn production in Quercus lobata during a mast year: the relevance of crop size and hierarchical level within the canopy

The concept of trade-offs between reproduction and other fitness traits is a fundamental principle of life history theory. For many plant species, the cost of sexual reproduction affects vegetative growth in years of high seed production through the allocation of resources to reproduction at different hierarchical levels of canopy organization. We have examined these tradeoffs at the shoot and branch level in an endemic California oak, Quercus lobata, during a mast year. To determine whether acorn production caused a reduction in vegetative growth, we studied trees that were high and low acorn producers, respectively. We observed that in both low and high acorn producers, shoots without acorns located adjacent to reproductive shoots showed reduced vegetative growth but that reduced branch-level growth on acorn-bearing branches occurred only in low acorn producers. The availability of local resources, measured as previous year growth, was the main factor determining acorn biomass. These findings show that the costs of reproduction varied among hierarchical levels, suggesting some degree of physiological autonomy of shoots in terms of acorn production. Costs also differed among trees with different acorn crops, suggesting that trees with large acorn crops had more available resources to allocate for growth and acorn production and to compensate for immediate local costs of seed production. These findings provide new insight into the proximate mechanisms for mast-seeding as a reproductive strategy.     

Cost and probability of flowering at the shoot level in relation to variability in shoot size within the crown of Vaccinium hirtum (Ericaceae)

Size-related variation in the cost and probability of flowering among shoots within a crown of Vaccinium hirtum was investigated to clarify patterns and regulation of flowering at the shoot-module level, below the level of the individual. The apices of previous-year shoots differentiated into current-year shoots vegetatively (vegetative branches) or became reproductive by developing inflorescences (reproductive branches). Length growth and fate of current-year shoots were determined, and the future potential for reproduction was estimated using a matrix model of shoot dynamics. Reproductive branches had fewer current-year shoots and shorter total shoot lengths and thus had a reduced potential for reproduction compared with vegetative branches, indicating the cost of flowering at the shoot level. This cost of flowering was higher in longer shoots. The probability of the initiation of flowering in a shoot increased with increasing shoot length in shorter shoots, reached a maximum in medium-sized shoots, and decreased in longer shoots. The size-related changes in the probability of flowering at the shoot level can be largely explained by the size-dependent changes in shoot-level resource availability and cost of flowering.     

Costs of sporophyte production in the moss,Dicranum polysetum

We investigated the cost of sporophyte production in the moss Dicranum polysetum both by examining patterns of growth and reproduction in unmanipulated shoots and by experimentally manipulating sexual reproduction.The estimated proportion of total carbon investment allocated to sexual reproduction in sporophyte-producing shoots over the study period was 74.8%. Unmanipulated shoots that aborted all sporophytes had a significantly higher growth in the top shoots than shoots that produced sporophytes. In sporophyte-producing shoots, total apical growth decreased proportionately with the number of sporophytes.Experimental prevention of sporophyte development resulted in significantly higher total apical growth of the gametophytes. Shoots where current perichaetia were lacking when marked had a mass increase in the top shoots similar to manipulated sporophytic shoots whereas sporophytic control shoots grew significantly less than these two categories.The difference between control shoots and manipulated shoots in the mass of vegetative apical growth was mainly because of different length increments whereas mass per unit length was similar between groups. The probability to reproduce sexually in the year after the manipulation, and the biomass allocated to this reproduction, were not affected by the experimental treatment.     

扰动环境中不同刈割方式柠条营养生长补偿的影响

 柠条（Caragana korshinskii）在地上组织破坏后进行补偿性生长,这是重复利用柠条资源的基础,但对 柠条不同刈割方式下营养生长补偿的模式有待探讨。该文通过5种刈割方式：去除主枝长的30%（30%RSL） 、去除主枝长的60%（60%RSL）、去除分枝数的25%（25%RSN）、去除分枝数的50%（50%RSN）和去除分枝 数的100%（100%RSN）来研究柠条的营养生长补偿。结果表明：刈割处理的柠条生物量当年发生了超补偿 ,当年生枝数/枝、当年生枝长、当年生枝生物量/枝、当年生枝生物量/株比对照高。对照、30%RSL和 60%RSL 处理未长出基梢。 100%RSN处理的基梢数/刈割枝、基梢长、单个基梢平均生物量显著高于25%RSN 和50%RSN处理,基梢生物量/株随刈割去除生物量的增加而增加。100%RSN 处理未结果,其它处理果实产量 表现出超补偿或精确补偿。对照处理营养生长和生殖生长均低,其它处理当年生枝生物量与果实产量成显 著负相关。从整个生长季节来看,营养生长主要集中在果实成熟之前。我们认为,100%RSN处理是柠条地上 组织破坏后尽快恢复的合理方式,其当年生生物量远高于其它处理。顶端优势的破坏促使休眠芽的萌发, 根冠比的改变使地上组织获得较多养分和水分,根系储存的碳水化合物的供应是促使刈割柠条营养生长超 补偿的的可能机制,而减少生殖生长对资源的消耗,是100%RSN处理地上生物量尽快恢复的另一重要因素 。     

微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn.)茎段的无性繁殖特点研究

匍匐茎型的沉水植物微齿眼子菜(Potam ogeton maackianusA.Benn.)在自然生境中的繁殖方式主要是无性繁殖,彼此相连的分株通常受到水流、草食性鱼类和人为干扰的影响导致分离或者枝条片断化,片断化的枝条在新的生境中再生进行繁殖。实验模拟微齿眼子菜枝条的片断化来验证假设:微齿眼子菜直立茎段与匍匐茎段的无性繁殖能力是否一致,茎段可能有一个最小长度来保证它的存活,并且茎段着泥的方向也会影响它的成活率。实验结果表明:直立茎段与匍匐茎段的成活率、生物量有显著差异,而且茎段的长度显著影响它们的成活率、生物量,而直立茎段与匍匐茎段克隆株的每株分枝数没有显著差异;直立茎段比匍匐茎段更易成株成活,茎段的长度越长,成活率越高,具有3个节间的茎段成活率接近100%;同时茎段着泥的方向显著影响茎段成活率、所产生抽条的株高以及可产生抽条的节数,对总生物量没有显著影响,而对根的生物量有显著影响;茎段正向着泥有利于它们的成活率、定植能力提高。