梵净山尖叶拟船叶藓的遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD技术,选取10个引物对梵净山的尖叶拟船叶藓(Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis)自然分布区的南、北坡14个居群153个个体的总DNA进行了扩增,共得到196个位点.统计分析表明:(1)梵净山尖叶拟船叶藓在物种水平有较高的遗传多样性,居群水平的遗传多样性相对较低.(2)该藓种遗传多样性高低与海拔高度无关,但南坡的多样性水平略高于北坡.(3)遗传多样性的63.29%发生在居群间,只有36.71%发生在居群内.研究结果提示尖叶拟船叶藓的遗传多样性受小生境的影响较大,遗传漂变和环境适应可能是影响居群分化的主要原因.     

濒危植物尖叶拟船叶藓的过氧化物同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析了濒危植物尖叶拟船叶藓7个自然居群的过氧化物同工酶．结果表明：尖叶拟船叶藓在13个位点表现酶带．其中 Pod-4、Pod-6、Pod-7为7个居群共有,是尖叶拟船叶藓的特征带;1号居群酶带最多,为12条,除与其他居群共有的3条主带外,还出现了其特有的3务酶带;尖叶拟船叶藓存在哑等位基因现象,有两个稀有基因 Pod-5和 Pod-11．3号和5号、4号和6号有较强的同源性．据此认为尖叶拟船叶藓具有较丰富的遗传多样性．     

鼠尾藓不同居群间形态及RAPD 分析

选取采自黑龙江、内蒙古、陕西以及浙江地区的8个居群的鼠尾藓为实验材料,对不同居群的鼠尾藓叶片的形态、叶细胞的大小及植物体的形态进行了观察比较,同时运用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）探讨了鼠尾藓的遗传多样性。利用13条随机引物共获得104个条带,其中多态性条带占84．62％。鼠尾藓各居群间的Dice遗传距离为0．37～0．66。POPGENE32软件分析得到种的Nei基因多样性指数（H）为0．3326,Shannon指数（I）为0．4877,遗传分化系数（GST）为0．3303。形态学观察的结果表明,鼠尾藓的植物体及叶片的形态在居群间变异较小,很好地代表了这个种的特征;而叶细胞的大小及叶尖长度的变异程度较大,说明这些形态特征易受环境影响,代表了种下水平的差异。不同居群的鼠尾藓无论在遗传上还是在形态上都表现出明显的多样性,说明鼠尾藓具有较强的适应环境的能力。     

中国青藓科植物分类学修订(Ⅱ):燕尾藓属

基于燕尾藓属(Bryhnia Kaurin)被处理为狭义青藓属(Brachythecium Schimp.s.str.)的异名,燕尾藓属已不复存在。笔者对原分布于中国的5种燕尾藓属植物进行了相应的分类学修订,结果如下:短尖燕尾藓(B.hultenii E.B.Bartram)、燕尾藓[B.novae-angliae(Sull.Lesq.)Grout]和毛尖燕尾藓(B.trichomitria DixonThér.)被移入狭义青藓属并处理为短尖青藓[Brachythecium hultenii(E.B.Bartram)Min LiY.F.Wang]、燕尾青藓[B.novae-angliae(Sull.Lesq.)A.Jaeger]和东亚青藓[B.trichomitrium(DixonThér.)Huttunen,Ignatov,Min LiY.F.Wang];短枝燕尾藓(B.brachycladula Cardot)被移入鼠尾藓属(Myuroclada Besch.),并处理为羽枝鼠尾藓[M.longiramea(Müll.Hal.)Min Li,Y.F.Wang,IgnatovHuttunen]的异名;密枝燕尾藓[B.serricuspis(Müll Hal.)Y.F.WangR.L.Hu]移入拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia Min Li,Y.F.Wang,IgnatovB.C.Tan),并处理为拟异叶藓[P.dumosa(Mitt.)Min Li,Y.F.Wang,IgnatovB.C.Tan]的异名。     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

亚洲东南部特有的新悬藓属的研究

新悬藓属现知共4种,属于蔓藓科,为亚洲东南部特有,我国是该属植物分布的中心。本文提出拟猫尾藓仍归为船叶藓科更合适。     

26种冬青属植物遗传多样性分析

以26种冬青属植物种质资源为研究材料,利用RAPD和AFLP技术对基因组DNA进行扩增,以研究其物种间遗传多样性以及亲缘关系.结果表明:在RAPD分析中,从400条10个碱基的寡核苷酸引物中筛选出反应稳定、扩增性强、重复性好的引物20个,共扩增出312条多态性条带,多态率为95.41%;聚类分析显示26种冬青属植物间,布利奥特夫人枸骨叶冬青和黄果在AFLP分析中,10对选择性引物组合均扩增出了丰富的多态性片段,共扩增出350条谱带,其中336条具有多态性,占95.96%.综合RAPD和AFLP聚类结果,枸骨、无刺枸骨和日拉斯纳尔逊枸骨的亲缘关系较近,钝齿冬青、金宝石钝齿冬青和龟甲冬青三者的亲缘关系较近,可为冬青属植物的杂交育种与种质创新提供理论依据.     

10种冬青属植物遗传多样性RAPD和AFLPs分析

采用RAPD和AFLP技术,对10种冬青属植物基因组进行DNA片段扩增,以研究该属种间遗传多样性.结果表明:在RAPD分析中,通过对100种10个碱基随机引物的筛选,发现11种引物能得到多态性较高扩增产物,11种引物共扩增出301条多态性条带,多态率为98.63%.在AFLP分析中,3对选择性引物组合均扩增出了丰富的多态性片段.利用RAPD和AFLP技术分析,结果按UPGMA类平均法进行聚类,聚类结果显示冬青和代茶冬青,木姜冬青和浙江冬青以及光枝刺缘冬青与毛枝三花冬青之间的亲缘关系最近.     

河北省凤尾藓属植物的初步研究

报道了河北省产凤尾藓属（Fissidens Hedw.)植物7种,其中,直叶凤尾藓（F.strictu-lus C.Muell.)、二形凤尾葡（F.geminiflorus Doz.et Molk.)、尖肋凤尾藓（F.becketii Mitt.)、卷叶凤尾藓（Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.)、透明凤尾藓（F.hyalinus Hook.et Wils.l)和裸萼凤尾藓（F.gymnogymus Besch.)6种为河北省藓类新记录种,文中对它们的生境、识别特征和地理分布特点作了初步的讨论。并给出了河北省凤尾藓属植物的分种检索表。     

中国拟缺齿藓属Haplodontium Hampe(真藓科)的分类学研究

报道了中国新记录属--拟缺齿藓属（Haplodontium Hampe）分类学的研究进展。目前本属在中国分布有3种,其中包括1新种：臧氏拟缺齿藓（Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao）,2个新组合：喜马拉雅拟缺齿藓[H.himalayanum（Mitt.）X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao]和中华拟缺齿藓[H.sinensis（Dix.）X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao]。笔者对中国拟缺齿藓属3种植物的形态学特征绘制了墨线图,在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下拍摄显微形态照片,并对每种的主要识别特征、生境和地理分布以及与相似种的形态学比较进行了讨论。     

Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis(Lembophyllaceae) in Fanjing Mountain

Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis is the only Dolichomitriopsis species in China, and is the member of Lembophyllaceae. Ten random primer pairs were selected to amplified 153 individuals from 14 D. diversiformis populations from both northern and southern slops of Fanjing Mountains by using RAPD methods, and 196 sites were derived . Results suggested that (1) D. diversiformis from FanjingMount kept a high level genetic diversity, and the genetic diversity is relative low at the population level ; (2) genetic diversity have no relationship with altitude, but populations on southern slope have a little higher diversity than that on the northern slope; (3) 63.29% genetic diversity exist among populations, and only 36.71% within population. These results suggested that small habitat was the major impact factors of D. diversiformis genetic diversity, genetic drift and habit adaption should be the prominent reason of population differentiation .     

树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓性比和有性生殖的比例

通过对贵州梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓的野外调查和室内研究,结果表明,在44个被调查样方共计1320株植株中,尖叶拟船叶藓单株的性比为8♀∶1♂(N=1320),其中25.0%的单株没有进行性表达;其种群的性比为5♀∶1♀♂(雌性种群:混合种群,N=44),没有发现雄性种群;其单株的有性生殖的比例为10.5%,种群的有性生殖比例为9.3%。结果表明尖叶拟船叶藓种群具有明显的雌性偏向,其种群的自然更新更多的是依赖各种营养繁殖。     

Molecular phylogeny in Indian Tinospora species by DNA based molecular markers

The phylogenetic relationships among the three species of Tinospora found in India are poorly understood. Morphology does not fully help to resolve the phylogeny and therefore a fast approach using molecular analysis was explored. Two molecular approaches viz Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and restriction digestion of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA (PCR-RFLP) were used to evaluate the genetic similarities between 40 different accessions belonging to three species. Of the 38 random primers used only six generated the polymorphism, while as three out of 11 restriction enzymes used gave polymorphic restriction patterns. The average proportion of polymorphic markers across primers was 95%, however restriction endonucleases showed 92% polymorphism. RAPD alone was found suitable for the species diversions. In contrast PCR- RFLP showed bias in detecting exact species variation. The correlation between the two markers was performed by Jaccard's coefficient of similarity. A significant (r= 0.574) but not very high correlation was obtained. Further to authenticate the results obtained by two markers, sequence analysis of ITS region of ribosomal DNA (ITS1 and ITS2, including 5.8S rDNA) was performed. Three independent clones of each species T. cordifolia, T. malabarica and T. crispa were sequenced. Phylogenetic relationship inferred from ITS sequences is in agreement with RAPD data.     

Molecular characterization of some Indian Aloe vera populations through RAPD and ITS markers

The most important and well-known medicinal plant among ~400 species of the genus Aloe is Aloe vera. It is widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Identification and assessment of genetic relationship among the populations and cultivars is needed for conservation and sustainable utilization of this commercially important plant. DNA fingerprinting with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) of ribosomal DNA sequence analysis were carried out to assess the genetic diversity among populations of Aloe vera collected from geographically different four districts of West Bengal and Jodhpur, Rajasthan. RAPD profiles yielded 158 amplicons showing ~87.34% polymorphism. Analyses of ITS sequences showed that in contrast to ITS2, the length and %GC content (53.6–77.3%) of ITS1 varied within populations. Multiple sequence alignment data reveal that substitutions, insertions, and deletions have arisen at various positions in the ITS regions suggesting polymorphism. A 5′-GGCGCGATGGGCGCCAAGGAA-3′ sequence in ITS1 is conserved in all populations, except AvS4. RAPD dendrogram and topologies of the NJ, Parsimony and ML tree generated from ITS1 sequence revealed that there is a close genetic similarity among AvS1, AvS4, and AvS7 populations. These genetic studies may contribute to plant improvement programs of A. vera.     

Arbitrary Primer Based RAPD — A Useful Genetic Marker for Species Identification in Morels

Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of 5.8S ribosomal DNA gene of 46 monospore cultures representing different species of family Morchellaceae were sequenced. Eight putative species namely Morchella esculenta, M. crassipes, M. angusticeps, M. conice, Mitrophora semilibera, Morchella spongiola, M. vulgaris and Verpa conica were designated to the sequenced cultures analyzed based on similarity with the best aligned sequence of the BLAST search. We recorded interspecific polymorphism in ITS regions of the 5.8S r-DNA gene amongst putative species of morels. However no intraspecific ITS polymorphism could be visualized amongst monospores from single and or different ascocarps collected from various geographical regions. PCR RAPDamplified profiles of different monospores were identical at intraspecific levels and could not be distinguished by eight arbitrary primers tested. RAPD profiles exhibited significant interspecific polymorphism distinguishing all the eight putative species from each other by primer OPP-6 (5’- GTG GGT TGA C- 3’) and a custom primer (5’-CGC ACC GCA G-3’). RAPDprofiles generated using aforesaid arbitrary primers can serve as useful genetic markers for species identification and to improve morel systematics. Present study is the first report on exploitation of random primers in species differentiation in morels.     

贵州梵净山森林树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓分布格局研究

通过使用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）和无偏对应分析（DCA）两种方法进行研究的结果表明,梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓在群落水平上的分布与森林群落类型相对应,其所在群落可以分成贵州青冈-箭竹群落、贵州青冈＋巴东栎＋雷公鹅耳枥-箭竹群落、贵州青冈-短柱柃群落、大钟杜鹃＋多脉青冈-野八角群落、亮叶水青冈＋多脉青冈＋贵州青冈-箭竹群落和贵州青冈-尖叶山茶-野八角群落6类树附生苔藓植物群落类型。尖叶拟船叶藓在梵净山的垂直分布范围为海拔1650～2080m;在树干垂直分布表现为下部显著多于中部,中部显著多于上部;在不同树种间的分布存在显著差异。分析了影响树附生尖叶拟船叶藓生态分布的相关因素。     

镉胁迫下三种藓类植物的细胞伤害及光合色素含量的变化

采用水培试验研究了不同浓度Cd 胁迫下3种藓类植物的细胞伤害、光合色素含量和Cd 含量的变化,以探讨其对Cd 胁迫的反应敏感性和耐性.结果表明：低浓度Cd （1 mg·L^-1）胁迫显著损伤尖叶拟船叶藓和匍枝青藓叶细胞,3种藓的叶细胞伤害率随Cd 浓度的升高而显著增加,高浓度Cd （100 mg·L^-1）胁迫下的细胞伤害率大小为匍枝青藓>湿地匍灯藓>尖叶拟船叶藓.低浓度Cd 胁迫（1 mg·L^-1）对3种藓类植物的总叶绿素含量无显著影响,随着Cd 胁迫浓度的增加（≥ 10 mg·L^-1）,3种藓类植物总叶绿素含量显著下降,降幅顺序为匍枝青藓>湿地匍灯藓>尖叶拟船叶藓;1和10 mg·L^-1 Cd胁迫对3种藓类植物叶绿素a/b值无显著影响,100 mg·L^-1 Cd胁迫下湿地匍灯藓和匍枝青藓叶绿素a/b值显著下降;Cd胁迫对匍枝青藓类胡萝卜素含量的影响最大,1 mg·L^-1 Cd下其类胡萝卜素含量显著降低.3种藓类植物均能显著地富集Cd,其体内Cd累积量以尖叶拟船叶藓最高,湿地匍灯藓次之,匍枝青藓最少.细胞伤害率、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的变化可用来指示3种藓类植物对Cd胁迫的敏感性差异.尖叶拟船叶藓对Cd胁迫的耐受性最强,湿地葡灯藓和匍枝青藓相对较弱.3种藓类植物对Cd胁迫的耐受性与其体内Cd累积量呈明显的正相关关系.     

尖叶拟船叶藓的77K荧光光谱及对强光照的短期适应

报道了东亚特有濒危植物尖叶拟船叶藓(Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis)在不同光质的光照诱导下的低温77K荧光光谱及状态转移的初步研究结果,实验中,尖叶拟船叶藓在77K下出现了3条发射带,分别是F680、F685、F720nm,并没有出现存在于大部分高等植物中的F695nm和F740nm两个峰．经过PSⅡ光诱导后、在77K下出现了F680nm,这个峰在77K下出现是首次报道,而以前的研究认为只在4K下才出现这一条光谱带,这一结果表明尖叶拟船叶藓叶绿体的两个光系统结构与其他高等植物存在着差异。在自然光下,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比是2.04,经过15min的PSⅡ光(670nm)诱导后,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比变成了1．28(状态2),当用15min的PSⅠ光(716nm)照射后,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比从2．04变成了3．4l(状态1)。在自然光下,由尖叶拟船叶藓的光系统的外部LHCⅡ所吸收的激发能是整个光系统激发能的21．19％．这说明尖叶拟船叶藓对光的短期调节能力是21．19％．尖叶拟船叶藓的光系统的外部LHCⅡ有51．7％位于PSⅡ中,48．3％在PSⅠ中.     

Efficiency of RAPD,ISSR and ITS markers in detecting genetic variability among Salacia species sampled from the Western Ghats of Karnataka

Diversity and phylogenetic relationship between four closely related Salacia species, i.e., Salacia chinensis, Salacia macrosperma, Salacia fruticosa and Salacia oblonga, collected from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, was assessed. Ten each of RAPD and ISSR primers generated a total of 76 and 68 loci, generating polymorphisms of 92.21 and 89.71%, respectively. Maximum likelihood analysis of the ITS sequences revealed three clades. Dendrogram analyses of RAPD and ISSR revealed two and four clusters, respectively. Overall polymorphism revealed by RAPD was 41.45?±?10%, ISSR was 33.58?±?6.52%, and ITS was 25.50?±?17.25%. Molecular variance revealed significant variance within and among the Salacia species. Tajima’s D neutrality test and Fu’s Fs were negative for all four species, implying presences of rare alleles and population expansion. Comparative study of RAPD, ISSR and ITS for Salacia species has given an insight into the efficiency of each technique in detecting diversity within and among the population sampled in the Western Ghats of Karnataka.