益生菌对炎症性肠病幼鼠 Th17细胞的调节作用

目的观察鼠李糖乳杆菌(LGG)对炎症性肠病(IBD)幼鼠结肠白细胞介素-17A (IL-17A)水平的影响,探讨益生菌对Th17细胞的调节作用。方法 36只健康雄性SD幼鼠随机分4组:空白对照组、LGG对照组各8只,IBD组、IBD-LGG组各10只。利用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导幼鼠IBD模型,观察一般状况、IBD疾病活动指数评分。第8天处死所有幼鼠,留取结肠标本,观察病理改变并采用免疫组织化学法测定结肠组织IL-17A的表达。结果相比两对照组,IBD组、IBD-LGG组幼鼠一般状态差,IBD-LGG组便性状及隐血较IBD组缓解;IBD组、IBD-LGG组幼鼠结肠组织均见炎症改变,但IBD-LGG组较轻。IBD-LGG组DAI评分、IL-17A水平均低于IBD组,差异有统计学意义(Ps0.05)。结论益生菌可减轻IBD幼鼠肠道炎症,其机制可能与益生菌调节Th17细胞进而调控IL-17A表达有关。     

间充质干细胞对Th17/Treg平衡的影响及与IBD的关系

辅助性T细胞17（Th17）/调节性T细胞（Treg）失衡是炎症性肠病（IBD）发病的重要因素,纠正Th17/Treg细胞失衡可以减缓或抑制IBD的发生发展,成为治疗IBD的靶点。间充质干细胞具有抗炎及免疫调节功能,通过可溶性因子、细胞接触及外泌体的方式调节适应性和先天性免疫,纠正Th17/Treg失衡缓解IBD,这给IBD的治疗提供新的方向。目前,MSCs和IBD的关系研究较少,本文综述了MSCs调节Th17/Treg平衡及与IBD的关系。     

白介素23 及Th17 细胞在炎症性肠病的作用

炎症性肠病(Inflammatory Bowel Diseases,IBD),是一组病因未明的累及胃肠道的慢性炎症性疾病,一般指克罗恩病(Crohn’sdisease,CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)。目前认为它是由多种因素相互作用所致的一种自身免疫性疾病,主要包括免疫、环境以及遗传等因素,其中免疫在IBD的发生过程中起着极其重要的作用。以往研究认为与T辅助细胞(T Helper cells)Th1或Th2细胞反应的增强或减弱有关。然而最近研究发现一类新细胞亚群,称为Th17细胞,与之相关的细胞因子可导致包括肠道在内的多脏器病变。Th17细胞分化过程中又需要IL-23的参与,因此IL-23/Th17细胞在炎症性肠病患者肠道内过度表达可以解释肠组织损伤的新途径,并为制定新的治疗策略提出依据。本文就IL-23/Th17轴在炎症性肠病中的作用的研究进展作一综述。     

辅助性T细胞17的研究进展

CD4 T细胞根据释放细胞因子不同可分为不同的亚型:辅助性T细胞(T helper cells, Th)1、Th2和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Treg).最近发现了一种新的CD4 T细胞亚型:以分泌白细胞介素-17为主要特征的Th17细胞.Th17细胞的发现对CD4 T细胞分化、Th细胞漂移等传统理论提出了挑战,同样也为感染、免疫性疾病提供了新的研究思路,尤其是Treg、Th1、Th2和Th17细胞在体内的平衡对于维持正常免疫应答反应有重要意义.     

辅助性T细胞17在免疫相关性全血细胞减少症中的免疫调节功能研究

免疫相关性全血细胞减少(immune-related pancytopenia,IRP)是临床多个学科易见的疾病,也是困扰临床医师的一大难题。近年来关于辅助性T细胞17(T helper 17,Th17)对IRP发病作用的研究更是热点。通过检测免疫相关性全血细胞减少症患者骨髓中Th17细胞数量及功能变化,探讨Th17细胞在IRP中的免疫调节作用。研究发现,IRP患者(IL-23R)+CD4+/CD4+细胞比率及其骨髓上清液IL-6、IL-17、IL-23水平增高,提示IL-23介导的Th17细胞分化亢进可能是IRP发病原因之一。免疫干预治疗可以显著降低Th17细胞比率及IL-23R,抑制Th17细胞分化亢进可能是治疗IRP的一个靶点。     

儿茶酚胺调节免疫功能的细胞和分子机制

目前认为儿茶酚胺(cateeholamines,CAs)不只是引起普遍的免疫抑制,而是抑制细胞免疫但促进体液免疫。CAs可抑制1型辅助T(T helper 1,Th1)细胞、细胞毒性T(T cytotoxie,Tc)细胞、自然杀伤(natural kiHer,NK)细胞和单核细胞的作用,并增强Th2和B细胞的作用。CAs通过免疫细胞上的β2-肾上腺素受体(β2-adrenoreceptors,β2-ARs)引起细胞内cAMP增加,cAMP激活蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA),后者调节核转录因子的活性,从而影响细胞因子的基因表达,即抑制白介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和IL-12的基因转录;增强IL-6、IL-10和IL-4的基因表达。     

木犀草素调节SIRT3/AMPK/mTOR信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠Th17/Treg免疫平衡的影响CSCD

探究木犀草素对溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)小鼠模型中辅助性T细胞17(Th17)/调节性T细胞(Treg)免疫平衡的影响,并分析其潜在机制。60只BALB/c雄性小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性对照组、木犀草素组、木犀草素+3-TYP组,每组12只。采用葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导建立UC模型,观察并记录小鼠体重变化、大便稠度和大便潜血情况,计算疾病活动指数(DAI);HE染色观察结肠组织病理学变化;流式细胞术检测脾脏Th17、Treg细胞比例,计算Th17/Treg比值;ELISA检测结肠组织中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和IL-23含量;RT-qPCR检测结肠组织RORγt和Foxp3的mRNA表达;Western blot检测结肠组织SIRT3、AMPK、p-AMPK、mTOR、p-mTOR蛋白表达。与正常组相比,模型组小鼠DAI评分、组织病理学评分、脾脏Th17/Treg比值、结肠组织IL-6、IL-17、IL-23、RORγt mRNA水平和p-mTOR/mTOR比值升高,IL-10、Foxp3 mRNA和SIRT3蛋白水平以及p-AMPK/AMPK比值降低(P<0.05)。经药物干预后,小鼠DAI评分、组织病理学评分、脾脏Th17/Treg比值、结肠组织IL-6、IL-17、IL-23、RORγt mRNA水平和p-mTOR/mTOR比值降低,IL-10、Foxp3 mRNA和SIRT3蛋白水平以及p-AMPK/AMPK比值升高(P<0.05);3-TYP可减弱木犀草素对UC小鼠Th17/Treg细胞分化平衡的影响(P<0.05)。木犀草素可改善DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型中Th17/Treg失衡,其机制可能与激活SIRT3/AMPK/mTOR通路有关。     

IL-21/IL-21R信号在IBD病变形成机制中作用的研究进展

炎症性肠病(Inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)的发病机制至今尚不明确,普遍认为是由肠黏膜免疫调节异常、持续性肠道感染、肠黏膜屏障缺损、遗传和环境等多种因素相互作用导致的。近年来,研究发现IBD患者血清中IL-21水平异常升高,提示IL-21/IL-21R信号可能在IBD的病变形成中发挥重要作用。IL-21是一种重要的具有多重生物学功能的细胞因子,通过对CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、Th17细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等多种细胞产生影响,从而参与IBD的发生发展。本文就IL-21/IL-21R信号在炎症性肠病发病机制中的研究进展进行综述。     

敲减突触结合蛋白 1 通过抑制 IL-6/STAT3 信号通路改善结肠炎病变

突触结合蛋白 1 (synaptotagmin 1,Syt1)属于突触结合蛋白家族一员,在神经递质囊泡转运和胞吐中发挥作用。Syt1 在肠道上皮中有表达,但其在结肠炎中的生物学功能尚不明确。本工作以 Syt1 转基因小鼠结合葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)诱导型溃疡性结肠炎模型,通过 qRT-PCR、免疫染色及 Western 印迹检测 Syt1 在生理状态及肠炎状态下在结肠中表达的动态变化;采用 H&E 染色、免疫染色、Western 印迹等方法,观察 Syt1 在结肠炎的炎症反应及肠道上皮再生修复中的作用。结果显示:正常野生小鼠的结肠上皮及结直肠癌患者癌旁组织的肠上皮细胞中均有较高水平的 Syt1 表达;DSS 处理使 Syt1 在结肠中表达显著升高 (P<0.01)。DSS 诱导小鼠肠炎模型中,相较于对照组,Syt1 敲减小鼠体重降低情况、结肠炎性红肿和长度缩短等均显著减轻 (P<0.05),而再生隐窝数量则增多、Ki67 增殖细胞也增多(P<0.01);结肠组织中的 CD45 免疫细胞、F4/80 巨噬细胞浸润减少 (P<0.001),炎症性肠病相关的促炎因子 IL-1β、IL-6 和 TNFα 分泌也减少 (P<0.05)。免疫组化及Western 印迹结果进一步显示,Syt1 敲减小鼠中,IL-6 和 p-STAT3 表达显著下调(P<0.05)。以上研究结果表明,敲减 Syt1 可能通过抑制 IL-6/STAT3 信号通路改善结肠炎病变程度。     

过表达miR-498通过下调STAT3抑制类风湿性关节炎患者Th17细胞分化

本文旨在探讨微小RNA-498(miR-498)影响类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs)中Th17细胞分化的作用机制。从50例RA患者和50例对照人群中分别收集外周血,分离PBMCs。流式细胞术检测CD4~+IL-17~+T(Th17)细胞或者CD4~+FOXP3~+T(Treg)细胞比例,并分析Th17/Treg比值。Real-time PCR检测细胞中miR-498和STAT3基因表达,Western blot检测STAT3的蛋白表达,ELISA检测外周血血清或细胞上清中IL-17的浓度。荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-498靶向结合STAT3的3’非翻译(3’untranslated region,3’UTR)。miR-498 mimic或/和pc DNA-STAT3瞬时转染CD4~+T细胞,进一步考察miR-498影响Th17细胞分化的机制。结果显示,RA患者的PBMCs中,Th17细胞比例显著高于对照,且Th17/Treg比值也显著高于对照(P0.05)。miR-498低表达而STAT3高表达于RA患者的PBMCs中,且RA患者血清中的IL-17浓度显著高于对照(P0.05)。在转染野生型STAT3报告基因质粒的细胞中转染miR-498 mimic/inhibitor后,荧光酶活性、STAT3的基因和蛋白表达均明显改变(P0.05),但是在转染突变型STAT3报告基因质粒的细胞中转染miR-498 mimic/inhibitor,上述指标没有显著变化(P0.05)。此外,miR-498 mimic转染CD4~+T细胞后,显著降低Th17细胞比例,且细胞分泌IL-17的水平减少(P0.05),而与pcDNA-STAT3共转CD4~+T细胞后,Th17细胞比例明显提高,细胞分泌IL-17的水平增加(P0.05)。以上结果提示,在RA患者CD4~+T细胞中,过表达miR-498靶向下调STAT3,进而抑制Th17细胞分化。     

缺氧诱导因子-1α调节叉头框蛋白1表达促进大鼠外周血间充质干细胞缺氧存活

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)是再生医学中临床使用最多的干细胞之一。外周血间充质干细胞(peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells, PBMSCs)以其获取简便、创伤小和具有多向分化能力等优势,在人类缺血性疾病的治疗方面具有重要应用前景。但尚未建立在缺氧环境下,使PBMSCs高存活和高扩增培养方法。本研究旨在探讨HIF-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor -1α, HIF-1α)通过调节叉头框蛋白1(forkhead box C1, FoxC1)表达,促进PBMSCs缺氧存活和扩增的作用。采取SD大鼠外周血,分离出单个核细胞(mononuclear cells, MNCs),培养第3代后得到MSCs,随机将细胞进行以下3种处理,并分组:未处理组(Control, CON)、HIF-1α激动剂组(dimethyloxallyl glycine, DMOG,0.1 mmol/L,DMOG组)和HIF-1α抑制剂组(BAY87-2243,50 nmol/L,BAY组),进行缺氧培养PBMSCs,观察各组不同时间点(1 h、10 h、20 h、30 h、40 h、50 h、60 h、70 h、80 h)PBMSCs凋亡和增殖情况。应用qRT-PCR和Western 印迹观察细胞FoxC1表达情况,及抗凋亡分子Bcl2和凋亡信号分子Bax和胱天蛋白酶3(caspase3)表达情况。MNCs经过3代培养后,可得到纯度较高的PBMSCs。但是,这些细胞在体外缺氧培养30 h即发生凋亡,但经HIF-1α激动剂DMOG能抑制其凋亡,能使PBMSCs缺氧延长到60 h以上。与CON组比较,DMOG处理使DMOG组PBMSCs活力升高2.6倍(P<0.001),细胞老化率(SA-β-gal阳性细胞百分率)降低70.1%(P<0.001),细胞凋亡率(Annexin V+PI+细胞百分率)减少64.6%(P<0.001)。加入HIF-1α抑制剂BAY87-2243则引起相反的变化:培养20 h后细胞增殖能力明显减弱,与CON组比较,BAY组细胞活力明显下降(P<0.001),老化率增加35.6%(P<0.001),细胞凋亡率增加38.1%(P<0.001)。进一步研究发现,DMOG可上调HIF-1α表达,促进FoxC1表达(DMOG组较CON组升高2.3倍,P<0.001),上调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2(DMOG组较CON组升高3.8倍,P<0.001)、下调凋亡蛋白Bax和胱天蛋白酶3表达(各下降86.5%和85.0%,均P<0.001),而加入BAY87-2243显著降低HIF-1α、FoxC1和Bcl2表达,上调Bax和胱天蛋白酶3表达(与CON组比较,均P<0.001)。由此可见,HIF-1α-FoxC1是影响MSCs缺氧存活和增殖的重要信号途径,这有助于提高PBMSCs在缺氧环境中存活和扩增。     

鱼油改善肠道菌群与宿主互作失调并维持缓解小鼠肠炎

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)在控制溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)发生、发展中发挥积极作用,但其作用机制尚不十分明确。本研究利用葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium, DSS)诱导的急慢性肠炎小鼠模型,比较鱼油(主要成分为n-3 PUFAs)对急慢性期肠炎小鼠的影响。将60只8周龄的C57BL/6J随机分为6组,每组10只。与模型组相比,鱼油能有效恢复维持缓解鱼油组(400 mg/kg·bw)小鼠体重(P<0.05),降低疾病活动指数(P<0.05)。结肠组织脂肪酸谱分析发现,鱼油干预可显著提高小鼠结肠中n-3 PUFAs含量(P<0.01),特别是EPA含量(P<0.01)。组织病理学评分显示,鱼油能有效改善慢性期肠炎小鼠结肠长度(P<0.01)、结肠水肿程度及组织病理学病变(P<0.05)。血清中炎症因子检测发现,促炎因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6水平显著降低(P<0.01),抗炎因子IL-10水平显著提高(P<0.05)。粪便16S rRNA测序发现,鱼油能显著提高维持缓解期肠炎小鼠粪便中产丁酸盐菌群(Clostridiales)(P<0.05)和益生菌(Bifidobacteriales)的相对丰度(P<0.01),下调需氧菌、兼性厌氧菌和致病菌比例,改善菌群糖苷生物合成与代谢和氧化磷酸化代谢障碍。与诱导缓解鱼油组(400 mg/kg·bw)相比,维持缓解鱼油组结肠中机械屏障和能量代谢相关通路蛋白质表达水平显著上调(P<0.05)。本研究明确了鱼油对维持缓解肠炎小鼠具有更强的抗炎作用,这与其有效加强慢性期肠炎小鼠机械屏障,提高粪便菌群功能与丁酸含量,进而改善肠道菌群与宿主互作失调有关。     

Treatment with IL-27 attenuates experimental colitis through the suppression of the development of IL-17-producing T helper cells

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by inflammation and relapsing gastrointestinal disorders. Recent studies have shown that Th17 cells, which are well known as key mediators of chronic inflammation, have a pivotal role in onset and development of IBD in humans and mice, alike. In recent years, it has been reported that IL-27, which is an IL-12-related heterodimeric cytokine consisting of EBI3 and p28 subunits, act directly on naive T cells to suppress the differentiation of Th17 cells. However, effects of exogenous IL-27 on the IBD are not well elucidated. To clarify the suppressive effect of IL-27 treatment on IBD, we applied the flexible linking method to EBI3 and p28 subunits and generated a single-chain human IL-27 (scIL-27). scIL-27 inhibited xenogenic mouse Th17 cell differentiation in vitro, indicating that scIL-27 also acts in mouse immune systems. In a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced mouse acute colitis model, subcutaneous scIL-27 treatment significantly improved the colon length, extent of necrosis, and ulceration and thickened epithelium and several pathological scores in a dose-dependent manner. scIL-27 clearly suppressed several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17, in inflamed colon, except for anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The mesenteric lymph node cells from scIL-27-treated mice also exhibited a reduced inflammatory response and, furthermore, a lower population of Th17 cells than those of PBS-treated mice. Finally, we showed the therapeutic efficacy of scIL-27 on TNBS-induced colitis even after active colitis was established. These results suggest new possible therapeutic approaches for IBD, including disorders such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.     

Genome Edited Sirt1-Overexpressing Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exhibit Therapeutic Effects in Treating Collagen-Induced Arthritis

Even though mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for cartilage regeneration, their therapeutic efficacy needs to be enhanced. In the present study, we produced genome-edited silent information regulator 2 type 1 (Sirt1)-overexpressing MSCs, and evaluated their therapeutic potential in a damaged cartilage mouse liver fibrosis model. The Sirt1 gene was successfully inserted into a ‘safe harbor’ genomic locus in amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMMs), and the chondrogenic properties of the Sirt1 gene overexpressing AMMs (AMM/S) were characterized using quantitative PCR and histology. Therapeutic potentials were investigated in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. Chondrocyte-differentiated AMM/S expressed cartilage-specific genes and were positive for Safranin O staining. Transplantation of AMM/S attenuated CIA progression and suppressed T helper (Th)-17 cell activation while increasing the Treg cell population in CIA mice. Pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly decreased in AMM/S-injected joint tissues. In conclusion, genome-edited AMM/S may represent a safe and alternative therapeutic option for the treatment and repair of damaged cartilage, or in inflammatory joint arthritis.     

Mesenchymal stem cells combined with traditional Chinese medicine (qi-fang-bi-min-tang) alleviates rodent allergic rhinitis

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proved to exert anti-inflammatory effects and regulate immune reactions. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), qi-fang-bi-min-tang, is effective for some patients with allergic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether MSCs combined with TCM could benefit the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). In this study, we reported an additional effect of TCM (qi-fang-bi-min-tang) on the therapy of AR under MSCs treatment. Intriguingly, we observed that TCM-treated MSCs significantly inhibited the symptoms of AR and reduced the pathological changes of nasal mucosa in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced rats. The expression levels of interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and IL-4 were significantly decreased in the plasma of AR rats after injection of TCM-treated MSCs. TCM-treated MSCs reduced the levels of histamine secreted by mast cells and immunoglobulin E (IgE) secreted by plasma cells. In addition, we found that MSCs combined with TCM had a better therapeutic effect than TCM alone on AR in an OVA-induced mouse model. After OVA induction, MSCs combined with TCM significantly reduced the ratio of T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17, but increased the proportion of Treg in the spleen of mice. Consistently, the expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 were significantly decreased, but transforming growth factor-β1 was significantly increased in the plasma of AR mice after treated with TCM and MSCs. Our results from both rats and mice indicated that the effects of TCM combined with MSCs on the AR might be through regulating the secretion of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines. This study suggested that TCM (qi-fang-bi-min-tang)-treated MSCs could be used in the clinical therapy of AR.     

Strategies to improve the effect of mesenchymal stem cell therapy on inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis and is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disease of the colonic mucosa. The occurrence of IBD, causes irreversible damage to the colon and increases the risk of carcinoma. The routine clinical treatment of IBD includes drug treatment, endoscopic treatment and surgery. The vast majority of patients are treated with drugs and biological agents, but the complete cure of IBD is difficult. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a new type of cell therapy for the treatment of IBD due to their immunomodulatory and nutritional functions, which have been confirmed in many clinical trials. This review discusses some potential mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of IBD, summarizes the experimental results, and provides new insights to enhance the therapeutic effects of MSCs in future applications.     

多发性骨髓瘤患者骨髓单个核细胞Treg、Th17和血清IL-6、IL-10与临床分期以及治疗效果的关系分析

摘要 目的：探讨多发性骨髓瘤（MM）患者骨髓单个核细胞调节性T细胞（Treg）、辅助性T细胞（Th17）和血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）与临床分期以及治疗效果的关系。方法：选择2016年3月至2020年12月河北医科大学第一医院收治的MM患者60例为研究对象,检测并对比不同Durie-Salmon分期患者的骨髓单个核细胞Treg、Th17、Treg/Th17及血清IL-6、IL-10水平;患者入院后均给予常规治疗,根据疗效分为有效组和无效组,比较两组治疗前后骨髓单个核细胞Treg、Th17、Treg/Th17及血清IL-6、IL-10水平;分析Treg、Th17、Treg/Th17及血清IL-6、IL-10与MM患者Durie-Salmon分期、治疗效果的相关性。结果：MM患者骨髓单个核细胞Treg、Treg/Th17及血清IL-6、IL-10水平III期组高于II期组,II期组高于I期组（P＜0.05）。有效组治疗后骨髓单个核细胞Treg、Treg/Th17水平及血清IL-6、IL-10水平较治疗前明显降低（P＜0.05）;治疗后,骨髓单个核细胞Treg、Treg/Th17及血清IL-6、IL-10水平无效组高于有效组（P＜0.05）。骨髓单个核细胞Treg、Treg/Th17及血清IL-6、IL-10水平与MM患者Durie-Salmon分期呈正相关,与治疗效果呈负相关（P＜0.05）;骨髓单个核细胞Th17水平与MM患者的Durie-Salmon分期、治疗效果无明显的相关性（P＞0.05）。结论：骨髓单个核细胞Treg、Treg/Th17水平及血清IL-6、IL-10水平与MM患者肿瘤临床分期、治疗效果密切相关,检测其水平可对MM的临床治疗及预后起到一定评估作用。