脱硫废弃物对盐碱地水稻幼苗生理特性的影响

以 '96-D10'水稻品种为材料,测定了不同脱硫废弃物施用量下盐碱地水稻幼苗光合作用和相关生理指标的变化,以探讨脱硫废弃物对水稻生长影响的生理机制.结果表明,施用适量的脱硫渣能显著增加水稻幼苗的根长、株高和生物量;适量的脱硫废弃物能使水稻叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、气孔限制值、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均较对照有显著增加,而细胞间隙CO2浓度比对照显著降低;施用适量的脱硫废弃物还能显著提高水稻叶片叶绿素含量,增加脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累.研究发现,施用适量(22.5 t/hm2)脱硫废弃物能有效改善盐碱地水稻幼苗的光合作用,增强其渗透调节物质的积累,从而显著促进幼苗生长.     

水曲柳和蒙古栎光合特性和生长对不同氮素形态的响应

为了探讨不同氮素形态对树木幼苗生长和光合特性影响的差异,及其对不同氮形态的适应策略,以水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）和蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）1年生幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽试验施加硝态氮、铵态氮和有机氮,采用了双因素方差分析,确定氮素形态和树种对生长和光合指标的影响及其交互作用,采用Spearman秩相关分析生长指标和光合指标的相关性。结果表明：氮素形态处理和树种及其交互作用对幼苗的生长和生理指标的影响均达到显著水平（P<0.05）,氮素形态对光合和生长的影响在2树种间存在显著差异 （P<0.05）。有机氮处理组较对照组和其他氮素形态处理组更有利于蒙古栎的生长;3种氮素形态处理组的水曲柳生长指标均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,但是氮素形态处理间水曲柳的生长指标差异不显著（P>0.05）。通过对水曲柳、蒙古栎的生长和生理指标的相关性分析,发现水曲柳的光合指标间呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,但光合指标与叶片氮质量分数的相关性不显著（P>0.05）,生长指标高生长量与光合指标光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。蒙古栎的最大净光合速率与气孔导度呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,其他光合指标间相关关系不显著（P>0.05）,最大净光合速率与叶片氮质量分数显著正相关（P<0.001）,高生长量与最大净光合速率和气孔导度均呈负相关关系（P<0.01和P<0.05）。氮素形态和树种及其交互作用均对幼苗生长和光合特性有显著影响,不同树种在不同氮素形态的处理下有不同的响应策略,有机氮处理组更有利于蒙古栎的生长,而硝态氮则对水曲柳生长的促进作用更明显。研究结果为东北地区蒙古栎和水曲柳幼苗培育选择合理氮肥形态提供了参考。     

铝胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗生理生态特征的影响

以青杨雌雄幼苗为对象,研究铝胁迫(Al³⁺浓度为216 mg·kg^-1)下其生理生态特征及光合作用的差异.结果表明：铝胁迫下,青杨幼苗的丙二醛和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.001),且雄株的丙二醛显著低于雌株,而可溶性蛋白显著高于雌株;雄株过氧化物酶活性显著增加、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著降低,而雌株无显著变化;雌雄幼苗的光合速率显著降低(P=0.001),雌株的蒸腾速率显著下降(P=0.007)、瞬时水分利用效率显著增加,而雄株均无显著变化;雌株幼苗的叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b值显著降低,而雄株的叶绿素a/b值显著高于雌株;雌株的比叶面积显著降低、雄株的比叶面积显著增加,而叶和茎的干物质量无显著变化.与雌株相比,青杨雄株的可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量和光合速率较高,其抗逆性更强.     

干旱胁迫下石灰花楸幼苗叶片的解剖结构和光合生理响应

采用盆栽控水设置4种水分梯度,研究1年生石灰花楸幼苗叶片解剖结构和光合生理指标对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下,石灰花楸叶片逐渐变薄,轻度和中度胁迫下栅海比显著升高,而重度胁迫下显著降低。(2)干旱胁迫抑制了光合色素合成,降低了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,同时使叶绿素a/b和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素值升高。(3)随干旱程度加剧,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度日变化整体下降,胞间CO2浓度整体上升,光合限制以非气孔因素为主。研究表明,石灰花楸能根据水分亏缺程度调整叶片结构和光合生理特征以维持生存和生长,具有较强的耐旱性。     

青藏高原2种柳属植物叶片解剖结构和光合特征的比较

对青藏高原不同海拔生境条件下2种柳属植物墨竹柳(Salix maizhokunggarensis)和左旋柳(Salix paraplesia var.subintegra)叶片结构和光合特征进行了比较研究,以探讨植物对高原环境变化的适应性.结果表明:随着海拔的升高,2种柳的叶片解剖结构和光合特征呈规律性变化,主要表现为除气孔面积趋于变小外,叶片的厚度、栅栏细胞的层数、上下表皮的角质层厚度、第一层栅栏组织细胞密度、气孔密度及叶片主脉厚度等指标均呈增加趋势;但海拔的变化对2种柳树叶片结构中的叶片类型、表皮细胞的形状和排列、栅栏细胞的形状、栅栏组织的发达程度、胞间隙以及主脉维管组织的发达程度的影响不明显;随海拔升高,2种柳树的Pn、Gs和Ci值均显著降低,而Ls值显著升高.通过叶片结构和光合数据分析,研究认为2种柳树叶片适应高原环境变化的策略相似,且均以结构变化和牺牲碳同化能力为代价来适应高原环境.     

CO2浓度增加和施氮对栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的影响

通过人为控制CO₂浓度(700、400 μmol·mol^-1)和氮素水平(120 kg N·hm^-2),研究了CO₂浓度增加和氮沉降及其交互作用对北界(辽宁庄河)栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的影响.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使栓皮栎幼苗叶片的形态、光合色素含量和氮含量有减小的趋势,暗呼吸速率较对照降低63.3%,可溶性糖增加2.6%.氮沉降对栓皮栎叶片的形态和光合色素含量有明显的促进作用,叶N含量增加而K含量降低,N/K值增加26.7%.CO₂和N交互作用对幼苗叶形态和光合作用有明显的促进作用,叶片最大净光合速率和光饱和点分别是对照的1.4倍和2.6倍,暗呼吸速率和光补偿点分别降低65.9%和50.0%.CO₂浓度升高和N沉降均对栓皮栎幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,可能导致栓皮栎分布界线北移.     

高温胁迫下2，4-表油菜素内酯对甜瓜幼苗生理及光合特性的影响

研究了高温胁迫下不同浓度2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBR）处理对甜瓜幼苗生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响。结果显示0．5～1．5mg·L-1 EBR处理能有效缓解甜瓜幼苗高温胁迫下受到的伤害,显著促进了幼苗生长,提高了叶片抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（G5）;降低了丙二醛（MDA）含量,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）。研究结果表明,EBR缓解甜瓜幼苗高温胁迫具有剂量效应,以1．0mg·L-1 EBR的效果较好,有利于甜瓜幼苗在高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的维持和对光能的捕获与转换,促进生长。     

CO2浓度增加和施氮对栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的影响

通过人为控制CO₂浓度(700、400 μmol·mol^-1)和氮素水平(120 kg N·hm^-2),研究了CO₂浓度增加和氮沉降及其交互作用对北界(辽宁庄河)栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的影响.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使栓皮栎幼苗叶片的形态、光合色素含量和氮含量有减小的趋势,暗呼吸速率较对照降低63.3%,可溶性糖增加2.6%.氮沉降对栓皮栎叶片的形态和光合色素含量有明显的促进作用,叶N含量增加而K含量降低,N/K值增加26.7%.CO₂和N交互作用对幼苗叶形态和光合作用有明显的促进作用,叶片最大净光合速率和光饱和点分别是对照的1.4倍和2.6倍,暗呼吸速率和光补偿点分别降低65.9%和50.0%.CO₂浓度升高和N沉降均对栓皮栎幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,可能导致栓皮栎分布界线北移.     

水稻田稗草叶片光合作用对开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE)的适应

于分蘖、拔节和抽穗 3个时期在空气CO2 浓度 (380 μmol·mol-1)下测定稻田中稗草叶片的净光合速率 (Pn) ,发现在开放式CO2 浓度增高 (FACE)条件下生长的稗草叶片后 2个时期的Pn显著低于普通空气中生长的对照 ,比对照下降约 2 0 % ,说明FACE条件下稗草叶片光合作用对高CO2 浓度发生了明显的适应 .同时 ,叶片的气孔导度 (Gs)和胞间CO2 浓度 (Ci)的下降更为明显 .与对照相比 ,叶片可溶性蛋白含量明显降低 ,拔节期只有对照的 6 2 .4 % ;高CO2 浓度下生长的稗草叶片Rubisco含量也降低 ,分蘖期和拔节期分别为对照的 87%和 84 % ,但其差异未达到显著水平 .可以认为 ,长期生长在高CO2 浓度下的C4植物稗草叶片光合作用的适应是叶片气孔部分关闭和可溶性蛋白含量下降的结果 .     

干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系生长和叶片光合作用的影响

采用水培试验方法,以2个耐旱性不同的小麦品种(敏感型望水白和耐旱型洛旱7号)为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系形态、生理特性以及叶片光合作用的影响,以期揭示小麦幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应机制.结果表明： 干旱胁迫下,2个小麦品种幼苗的根系活力显著增大,而根数和根系表面积受到抑制;干旱胁迫降低了望水白的叶片相对含水量,提高了束缚水/自由水,而对洛旱7号无显著影响;干旱胁迫降低了2个小麦品种叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,但随胁迫时间的延长,洛旱7号的叶绿素含量和净光合速率与对照差异不显著;干旱胁迫降低了2个小麦品种幼苗的单株叶面积,以及望水白的根系、地上部和植株生物量,而对洛旱7号无显著影响.水分胁迫下,耐旱型品种可以通过提高根系活力、保持较高的根系生长量来补偿根系吸收面积的下降,保持较高的根系吸水能力,进而维持较高的光合面积和光合速率,缓解干旱对生长的抑制.     

CO2浓度升高对长白山三种树木幼苗叶碳水化合物和氮含量的影响

研究了持续 3个生长季高浓度CO2 处理的长白山主要树种红松、长白赤松和水曲柳幼苗叶 (片 )的蔗糖、果糖、可溶性总糖、淀粉及全氮含量变化 .结果表明 ,前两个生长季 70 0 μmol·mol-1CO2 处理 ,促进了水曲柳和长白赤松幼苗的淀粉累积 ,70 0和 5 0 0 μmol·mol-1CO2 却使红松幼苗的全N含量明显降低 .第三个生长季高浓度CO2 处理的第一周和第二周 ,红松和水曲柳幼苗的淀粉含量增加 ,全N含量降低 ,第八周时 ,水曲柳仍维持原来的变化趋势 .第三个生长季高浓度CO2 处理 ,并未使长白赤松的C、N含量有明显的增减 .CO2 浓度影响了碳水化合物在叶 (片 )中的积累形式     

不同光质对桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

光质可影响植物光合特性、形态以及生理过程。本试验研究了不同光质(白光W、红光R、红蓝混合光RB、蓝光B)对桑树植株生长、形态和光合作用的影响。结果表明:与白光对照相比,红光、蓝光和红蓝混合光处理下植株的生长、干物质积累受到抑制;红光处理下植株的株高、叶面积显著高于白光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理;而白光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理下植株的LMA、叶绿素a/b比值、可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖、淀粉含量和叶片总N含量显著高于红光处理;红蓝混合光处理下植株的Pn、Gs、ΦPSⅡ与白光处理相近,红光、蓝光处理下植株的Pn、ΦPSⅡ低于白光、红蓝混合光处理,同时红光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理下植株的抗氧化酶活性高于白光处理,而MDA含量低于白光处理;红光处理下植株的叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度显著小于白光处理。因此,一定比例的红蓝混合光可以使桑树植株的生长、光合特性、生理特征和叶片解剖结构与白光下生长植株相近,并减少单质红光、单质蓝光对植株生长发育的不利影响。     

光环境对胡桃楸幼苗生长与光合作用的影响

为了解胡桃楸幼苗对光的需求及适应规律,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统研究了不同光环境处理（100%、60%、30％和15%自然光）条件下3年生胡桃楸幼苗（适应1年后）叶片光合能力的季节变化及其对光强的响应.结果表明：在春季,胡桃楸幼苗对光反应不敏感,夏季和秋季随着光强的增加,叶片的最大光合速率、最大羧化速率和最大电子传递速率均显著增加（P<0.05）.光饱和点随光强的下降而降低（P<0.05）,表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率和光补偿点在不同光环境下未发现显著差异.100%和60%自然光处理的幼苗相对生长率差异不显著,但是随着光强下降,相对生长率显著下降（P<0.05）,为60%>30％>15%自然光处理.胡桃楸幼苗对不同的光环境表现出较强的适应性和可塑性;同时,通过降低光饱和点和减少碳积累,也能适应15%～30％自然光环境.     

Combined stresses of light and chilling on photosynthesis of Fraxinus mandschurica seedlings in northeastern China

Photosynthetica - The chilling and light stresses were experimentally created to explore photosynthesis of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings in northeast China. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal...     

Influence of light intensity during growth on photosynthesis and activity of several key photosynthetic enzymes in a C4 plant (Zea mays)

Maize ( Zea mays L. Hybrid Sweet Corn, Royal Crest), a C₄ plant, was grown under different light regimes, after which the rate of photosynthesis and activities of several photosynthetic enzymes (per unit leaf chlorophyll) were measured at different light intensities. Plants were grown outdoors under direct sunlight or 23% of direct sunlight, and in growth chambers at photosynthetic photon flux densities of about 20% and 8% of direct sunlight. The plants grown under direct sunlight had a higher light compensation point than plants grown under lower light. At a light intensity about 25% of direct sunlight, plants from all growth regimes had a similar rate of photosynthesis. Under saturating levels of light the plants grown under direct sunlight had a substantially higher rate of photosynthesis than plants grown under the lower light regimes. The higher photosynthetic capacity in the plants grown under direct sunlight was accompanied by an increased activity of several photosynthetic enzymes and in the amount of the soluble protein in the leaf. Among five photosynthetic enzymes examined, RuBP carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) and pyruvate, Pi dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1) were generally just sufficient to account for rates of photosynthesis under saturating light; thus, these may be rate limiting enzymes in C₄ photosynthesis. Pyruvate, Pi dikinase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.82) were the only enzymes examined which were light activated and increased in activity with increasing light intensity. In the low light grown plants the activity of pyruvate, Pi dikinase closely paralleled the photosynthetic rate measured under different light levels. With the plants grown under direct sunlight, as light intensity was increased the activation of pyruvate, Pi dikinase and NADP⁺-malate dehydrogenase proceeded more rapidly than photosynthesis.     

Effects of soil water and nitrogen on growth and photosynthetic response of Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) seedlings in northeastern China

Background

Soil water and nitrogen (N) are considered to be the main environmental factors limiting plant growth and photosynthetic capacity. However, less is known about the interactive effects of soil water and N on tree growth and photosynthetic response in the temperate ecosystem.

Methods/Principal Findings

We applied N and water, alone and in combination, and investigated the combined effect of different water and N regimes on growth and photosynthetic responses of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings. The seedlings were exposed to three water regimes including natural precipitation (CK), higher precipitation (HW) (CK +30%) and lower precipitation (LW) (CK −30%), and both with and without N addition for two growing seasons. We demonstrated that water and N supply led to a significant increase in the growth and biomass production of the seedlings. LW treatment significantly decreased biomass production and leaf N content, but they showed marked increases in N addition. N addition could enhance the photosynthetic capability under HW and CK conditions. Leaf chlorophyll content and the initial activity of Rubisco were dramatically increased by N addition regardless of soil water condition. The positive relationships were found between photosynthetic capacity, leaf N content, and SLA in response to water and N supply in the seedling. Rubisco expression was up-regulated by N addition with decreasing soil water content. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the labeling for Rubisco was relatively low in leaves of the seedlings under LW condition. The accumulation of Rubisco was increased in leaf tissues of LW by N addition.

Conclusions/Significance

Our study has presented better understanding of the interactions between soil water and N on the growth and photosynthetic response in F. mandschurica seedlings, which may provide novel insights on the potential responses of the forest ecosystem to climate change associated with increasing N deposition.     

不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳幼苗的光合作用特征

 采用根区渗灌控水技术,将土壤水势长期控制在0～-0.02 MPa(W1) 、-0.02～-0.04 MPa(W2)、-0.04～-0.06 MPa(W3)、-0.06～-0.08 MPa(W4)、-0.08～-0.16 MPa(W5)范围内。系统研究了不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）幼苗叶片的光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率和Rubisco羧化活性的日动态。结果表明,在所有土壤水势条件下,苗株皆在早晨达到净光合速率（Pn）最高峰;不同处理间光合午休的程度随所处土壤水势递降而加剧。从W1至W5,叶片的日光合累积比例为100∶96∶64∶60∶52。各处理晨后最初的Pn降低主要是气孔导度下降引起的,W3～W5处理午间强烈的光合抑制则主要源于非气孔因素。各处理的PSⅡ光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和Rubisco初始羧化活性也都表现为不同程度的午间降低,且所处的土壤水势越低,降幅就愈大,其中W3、W4和W5处理的递降趋势尤为明显。苗木叶片光合作用的日均水分利用效率除W1显著较低外,其余处理间无显著差异。从充分供水条件下（W1、W2）Pn仍有晨后降低分析,林外强烈的大气因子（如高温、强光和低大气湿度）已经构成苗木光合作用的胁迫因素,而土壤供水不足则大大加剧了胁迫的程度。     

Compensatory photosynthesis as a response to partial debudding in ezo spruce, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea jezoensis</Emphasis> seedlings

The effects of partial debudding on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and nitrogen contents of 1-year-old needles and newly grown needles were studied in Picea jezoensis (Sieb. et Zucc.). Seventy-five percent of the buds of P.jezoensis seedlings were removed soon after bud break. Gas exchange was measured three times for 1-year-old needles and twice for current-year needles. The photosynthetic rates of 1-year-old needles were greater in debudded seedlings than in control seedlings, and the difference increased as the growing season progressed. This greater photosynthetic rate in debudded seedlings was accompanied by greater stomatal conductance. However, neither the photosynthetic rates nor the stomatal conductance of current-year needles differed between debudded and control seedlings after the needles had fully expanded. Debudding also had no effect on mass-based nitrogen contents in either the 1-year-old or the current-year needles. Area-based nitrogen in the 1-year-old needles did not differ between debudded and control seedlings, but was greater in debudded seedlings than in control seedlings in current-year needles. These results suggest that the enhanced photosynthetic rate is more likely a result of an increased root/leaf ratio that reduces the stomatal limitation of photosynthetic rate than a result of altered sink-source relationships or increased leaf nitrogen content.     

东北地区5种阔叶树苗木对火烧的生理响应

以3年生水曲柳、胡桃楸、蒙古栎、黄菠萝、白桦为研究对象,研究3种火烧处理(T1处理:对叶片火烧;T2处理:对枝火烧;T3处理:对茎火烧)对幼树丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量和净光合速率的影响。结果显示:5种幼树火害叶(T1处理)丙二醛含量与对照相比都显著提高,说明幼树叶片细胞都受到了火的影响,发生了膜脂过氧化作用。水曲柳、胡桃楸、白桦火害叶(T1处理)叶绿素含量与对照相比显著提高;水曲柳、胡桃楸火害叶(T1处理)叶绿素a/b与对照相比显著降低。火烧处理后幼树新生叶丙二醛含量的变化因物种而异。5种幼树3种火烧处理后新生叶叶绿素含量除蒙古栎的茎处理和胡桃楸的枝处理显著降低外,大多表现为升高的趋势;新生叶叶绿素a/b的变化因物种而异。5种幼树3种火烧处理后新生叶净光合速率除蒙古栎的茎处理显著降低外,其他都有不同程度的提高。表明火烧提高了幼树的光合作用能力。     

黑龙江省次生林主要组成树种光合能力与叶片含氮量研究

以黑龙江省次生林主要组成树种蒙古栎、白桦、水曲柳、山杨、胡桃楸、黄波罗为研究对象,测定自然状态下这6个树种的光合能力,并分析光合能力与叶片含氮量之间的关系.研究结果表明,树种的光合能力存在明显的季节变化,不同树种间的光合能力、光合潜力存在差异.生长季中,胡桃楸具有最高的光合能力最大值,白桦具有最高的年平均光合能力,蒙古栎具有最大的光合潜力.蒙古栎叶片含氮量与光合能力线性正相关(r=0.97),白桦、水曲柳叶片含氮量与光合能力呈二次曲线相关(r=0.61,r=0.51).