集约化生产对农田土壤碳氮含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度的影响

集约化生产下农田土壤碳、氮含量变化是衡量土壤肥力持久性的重要指标.对常规水稻-蚕豆轮作地、露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地的土壤pH、电导率(EC)、土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度进行测定,研究了集约化生产程度对土壤特性的影响.结果表明： 与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地0～20 cm耕层土壤pH分别降低1.1、0.8和0.7,而土壤EC分别是水稻-蚕豆轮作地的4.2、4.9和5.2倍;土壤碳、氮含量随塑料大棚地生产年限的增加总体上呈先增大后减小的趋势.与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,10年以上塑料大棚地0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土层的土壤SOC含量分别下降了54%、46%、60%、63%和59%,土壤TN含量分别下降了53%、53%、71%、82%和85%.农田集约化生产程度显著影响土壤SOC、TN含量和δ13C、δ15N丰度,土壤δ13C丰度与SOC含量呈显著负相关.土壤δ13C丰度可作为评价农田土壤碳循环受人为干扰强度的指标.     

天童国家森林公园若干树种叶水平上养分利用效率的研究

养分利用效率是养分循环研究中一个极为有用的概念 ,它反映了植物对养分的利用状况。为揭示不同生活型植物的营养策略 ,本文以天童国家森林公园若干种植物为研究材料 ,探讨不同植物的NUE大小以及不同生活型植物NUE差异。结果表明 ,常绿植物的NUEN 与NUEP 呈显著正相关 ,落叶植物的NUEN 与NUEP 相关性不显著 ;若对所有植物进行统计 ,则NUEN 与NUEP 呈显著正相关。同时 ,不同生活型植物的N营养分利用效率有显著差异 ,具体表现为针叶树 >常绿阔叶树 >落叶树。最后 ,作者认为在生产力最低的地方 ,植物的NUE最高 ,说明养分供应缺乏时 ,这些植物能更有效地利用所获得的养分来创造出更高的生物量     

小麦进化材料水分利用效率与氮利用效率间相互关系

利用田间微区试验,在整株水平上研究了10种小麦进化材料水分利用效率(WUE)和氮利用效率(NUE)间的关系．结果表明,小麦在从二倍体→六倍体的长期进化过程中,WUE和NUE均逐渐增加．除法国黑麦外,其余9种小麦进化材料WUE和NUE间呈显著正相关,表明法国黑麦高的NUE可能与WUE以外的其它生理机制有关．     

中国东部南北样带森林生态系统102个优势种叶片碳氮磷化学计量学统计特征

选择中国东部南北样带森林生态系统112个采样点,研究了102个优势植物叶片的有机碳、全氮和全磷化学计量学特征及其变异性.结果表明： 在中国东部南北样带森林生态系统中,优势植物叶片的有机碳含量(Cmass)、全氮含量(Nmass)和全磷含量(Pmass)的变化范围分别为374.1～646.5 mg·g-1、8.4～30.5 mg·g-1和0.6～6.2 mg·g-1,算术平均数分别为480.1、18.3和2.0 mg·g-1,变异系数分别为11.1%、27.5%和56.4%;C/N、C/P和N/P的变化范围分别为14.1～64.1、70.9～838.6和1.5～21.2,算术平均数分别为29.1、313.9和11.5,变异系数分别为32.8%、48.3%和44.1%.C∶N∶P质量比为313.9∶11.5∶1,摩尔比为810.9∶25.4∶1.与全球尺度的研究结果相比,本研究区域树木叶片Cmass和C/N明显偏高,叶片Nmasss和N/P明显偏低,而叶片Pmass和C/P差异不显著.     

油蒿叶片资源利用效率变化及其影响因素

植物资源(光、氮、水分)利用效率是反映生态功能适应气候变化的关键指示,然而鲜有研究综合考虑植物资源利用效率间的相对变化及其调控机制。选取宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地优势物种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)为研究对象,于2017-2019年生长季对油蒿光合生理参数和环境因子进行原位监测,实验室测定叶片比叶面积(SLA)和叶氮含量(LNC),分析叶片光利用效率(LUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)、氮利用效率(NUE)的相对变化特征及其生物和非生物影响因子,探讨油蒿叶片资源利用效率对环境的响应。结果显示:油蒿LUE和NUE的季节变化趋势基本一致,两者呈正相关(R²=0.17;P<0.01),且皆与WUE季节变化不同,无显著关系(P>0.05),WUE波动幅度最高(CV=48%),NUE最低(CV=39%);研究期间LUE、WUE和NUE月均值基本在夏季出现高峰值,分别为0.12 mol/mol,104.02 μmol/mol和11.49 μmol g^-1 s^-1。土壤含水量(SWC)>0.09 m³/m³,叶片资源利用效率不受其影响,而SWC<0.09 m³/m³,WUE和SWC关系为二次函数;SWC调节土壤氮含量(N_soil)和光合有效辐射(PAR)对叶片资源利用效率的影响。叶片资源利用效率与LNC无显著相关性;SLA与LUE显著负相关(P<0.01),与NUE显著正相关(P<0.01),与WUE相关性不显著(P>0.05)。LUE主要受SLA和N_soil影响,NUE主要受SLA和SWC影响,SWC和N_soil还可通过SLA和LNC间接影响LUE和NUE。结果表明水分和土壤氮含量是限制油蒿叶片资源利用效率的主要非生物因子,比叶面积则是调控其资源利用效率的关键生物因子,是深入探究荒漠植物群落对环境响应策略的重要补充。     

不同水氮水平下小麦品种对光、水和氮利用效率的权衡

通过再裂区设计田间试验,以3个春小麦品种(和尚头、西旱2号和宁春4号)为材料,设置两个灌溉水平(充分灌水4500 m³·hm^-2和有限灌水3000 m³·hm^-2)和5个施氮水平(0、75、150、225、300 kg N·hm^-2),研究小麦光能利用效率(LUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)、氮素利用效率(NUE)对水氮的响应特性及其相互关系.结果表明: 3个小麦品种间LUE、WUE和NUE差异显著.在一定范围内增加灌水和施氮量则LUE升高,过量施氮则LUE下降.强抗旱和中等抗旱品种(和尚头和西旱2号)WUE受灌水量的影响比不抗旱品种(宁春4号)小.施氮可以调节小麦WUE,中等施氮水平(和尚头和西旱2号在150 kg N·hm^-2时,宁春4号在225 kg N·hm^-2时)有最高的WUE.随施氮量增加,植株氮素累积量先增后减,氮素干物质生产效率(NUE_b)、氮素收获指数(NHI)、氮肥农学利用效率(NAE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均显著降低.灌溉水平对NHI无显著影响;随灌水量增加,小麦氮素积累量显著增加,强抗旱和中等抗旱品种NUE_b和NAE显著降低,不抗旱品种 NUE_b和PFP显著升高,对其他指标无显著影响.3个小麦品种氮素获取能力与氮素利用效率呈极显著负相关,NUE_b与LUE、WUE呈显著负相关,LUE与WUE呈显著正相关,春小麦氮素利用效率与光能利用效率、水分利用效率间存在明显的权衡关系.当灌水量为3000 m³·hm^-2,强抗旱和中等抗旱品种在150 kg N·hm^-2,不抗旱品种在225 kg N·hm^-2时,有较高的资源利用效率.     

沙漠腹地天然绿洲胡杨和柽柳叶片δ13C值对不同地下水埋深的响应

干旱区植物的水分利用效率对植物的分布及水分利用状况具有重要意义。基于不同地下水埋深条件下沙漠腹地绿洲优势种胡杨和柽柳叶片δ¹³C值,分析了胡杨和柽柳的水分利用效率对不同地下水埋深的响应。结果表明: 随着地下水埋深由2.1 m增加到4.3 m,柽柳叶片的δ¹³C值先略有增加后处于较为稳定状态,柽柳采取较为稳定的水分利用效率适应干旱环境;胡杨叶片的δ¹³C值呈现先略有减小后增加的趋势,胡杨通过提高水分利用效率的策略适应干旱胁迫。同一地下水埋深条件下柽柳叶片的δ¹³C值高于胡杨叶片,表明柽柳的水分利用效率高于胡杨。     

贡嘎山常绿落叶阔叶混交林主要树种叶功能性状

以贡嘎山常绿落叶阔叶混交林5种主要树种为研究对象,分析其叶片比叶面积(SLA)、叶干重(LDW)、碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量、同位素丰度(δ13C、δ15N)等叶属性特征,阐明常绿落叶阔叶混交林主要物种叶片性状的差异以及各种性状之间的相关关系,揭示主要树种叶片的水分和养分利用效率之间的关系以及这种关系对该群落中主要树种共存的影响机制。结果表明:贡嘎山常绿落叶阔叶混交林常绿树种与落叶树种比叶面积存在显著差异,叶片C含量与N、P含量呈显著负相关,N含量和P含量呈显著正相关;SLA与N含量、N∶P呈显著正相关关系,与δ13C、C含量、C∶N呈显著负相关关系,而与P相关性不显著;叶片δ13C与C∶N相关性不显著;SLA较高的叶片具有较高的叶片N含量,较低的叶C含量、氮素利用效率(NUE)和水分利用效率(WUE);叶片的WUE和NUE之间不存在权衡关系,未采用水氮耦合的权衡机制以适应潮湿多雨的环境;孑遗植物康定木兰(Indigofera souliei)和连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)均采用异于非孑遗物种的养分利用策略,形成生态位的分化而共存于群落。     

植物叶片水分利用效率研究综述

植物能否适应当地的极限环境条件,最主要的看它们能否很好地协调碳同化和水分耗散之间的关系,即植物水分利用效率(WUE)是其生存的关键因子.就近来研究最多的叶片水平上的WUE,从叶片WUE的定义,方法,进展等方面对其进行总结概括,并就今后植物叶片水分利用效率的研究提出了几点看法:方法上,叶片碳同位素方法是目前植物叶片长期水分利用效率研究的最佳方法,而δ13C的替代指标将继续是方法研究中的一个方向,前景乐观;研究内容上,要加强极端干旱区河岸林木的δ13C和WUE的研究;结合植物生理生态学,生物学和稳定同位素技术,探究植物叶片长期水分利用效率的机理,特别是要加强运用双重同位素模型加深和理解植物叶片长期水分利用效率变化规律和内在机制的研究;要结合多种方法,加强多时空尺度植物叶片WUE及其之间的转换研究.     

Effects of nitrogen addition and mowing on nitrogen- and water-use efficiency of Artemisia frigida in a grassland restored from an abandoned cropland

氮添加和刈割对内蒙古弃耕草地冷蒿氮和水分利用效率的影响 在氮和水分限制的区域，植物氮利用效率(NUE)和水分利用效率(WUE)决定了它们在群落中的竞争优势。冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)是半干旱草地重度退化的先锋物种，在不同退化程度的草地中具有不 同的优势度，经常被认为是退化草地群落演替的指示物种。退化草地恢复过程中，氮添加和割草如何影响冷蒿的NUE和WUE尚不清晰。以内蒙古多伦县弃耕草地为研究对象，选取两个不同群落斑块(禾草和冷蒿为优势物种的斑块)，经过长期(2006–2013)氮添加和刈割(对照、氮添加、刈割、氮添加+刈割)处理后，研究冷蒿的NUE (叶片碳氮比)和WUE (叶片碳同位素，δ¹³C)对氮添加、刈割及其交互作用的响应； 结合植物和土壤的碳、氮同位素(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)及碳、氮库探究退化草地恢复过程中植物的资源利用策略及其机制。研究结果表明：(1)氮添加对冷蒿的WUE没有显著影响(P > 0.05)，但NUE 在禾草和冷蒿斑块 中分别显著降低了42.9%和26.6% (P < 0.05)；(2)植物对不同氮源(NH₄₊或NO_3-)的利用会引起植物和土壤δ¹⁵N的分馏，研究表明叶片和土壤的δ¹⁵N与NUE呈现相反的变化趋势，因此冷蒿的NUE对氮添加的响应与不同氮源的利用有关；(3)刈割不影响冷蒿的NUE (P > 0.05)，但在禾草斑块，冷蒿的WUE在刈割处理下显著提高了2.3% (P < 0.05)；(4)在禾草斑块，氮添加减缓了割草对冷蒿WUE的促进作用；(5)结构方程模型显示，土壤含水量直接或间接的调控着冷蒿的WUE和NUE。综上所述，在禾草斑块，氮添加+刈割处理维持较低的NUE和WUE，不利于冷蒿对资源的竞争，进一步降低其优势度，这也预示着氮添加+ 刈割处理会促进退化草地的恢复。     

长白山阔叶红松林5种主要树种水分利用效率与叶片养分特征

以长白山阔叶红松林中5种优势树种(红松、水曲柳、色木槭、蒙古栎、紫椴)为研究对象,利用稳定碳同位素技术分析了植物的水分利用效率(WUE),测定了叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)3种营养元素的含量用以分析植物对养分的利用特征,并综合分析了植物WUE与叶片养分含量之间的关系.结果 表明:冠层不同位置微气象因子的差异导致WU...     

The Characteristics of Foliar δ 13C Values of Plants and Plant Water Use Efficiency Indicated by δ13C Values in Two Fragmented Rainforests in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan

The foliar δ13 C values of 226 plant species sampled from 7 transects belonging to 2 rainforests (named Chengzi and Bubeng, respectively) in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province, China were analyzed. The characteristics of foliar δ13 C values and water use efficiency (WUE) of plants indicated by δ13 C values in this region were studied. In the mean time, the average foliar δ13 C values of plants in different transects and with different growth forms (i.e., tree, shrub, herb and liana) were compared. The results showed that: 1. the foliarδ13 C value in Xishuangbanna, ranging from -3.865%--2.760%, was similar to those of other typical rainforests in the world (Amazon and Puerto Rico, for instance), which indicated that the rainforests in this region had the typical characteristics of rainforests of the world; 2. there were significant differences between Chengzi and Bubeng in average foliarδ13 C values, with the latter being lower than that of the former; significant differences also existed between different transects in the same forest, which indicated that water conditions and orientation of transects might have resulted in these differences; 3. the average foliarδ13 C value of evergreen plants was significantly lower than that of deciduous plants, and there also existed significant differences between different growth forms, implying that the WUE of these plant species was also quite different.      

Water use efficiency and carbon isotope composition of plants in a cold desert environment

Summary The effects of the availabilities of water and nitrogen on water use efficiency (WUE) of plants were investigated in a sagebrush steppe. The four species studied wereArtemisia tridentata (shrub),Ceratoides lanata (suffrutescent shrub),Elymus lanceolatus (rhizomatous grass), andElymus elymoides (tussock grass). Water and nitrogen levels were manipulated in a two-by-two factorial design resulting in four treatments: control (no additions), added water, added nitrogen, and added water and nitrogen. One instantaneous and two long-term indicators of WUE were used to testa priori predictions of the ranking of WUE among treatments. The short-term indicator was the instantaneous ratio of assimilation to transpiration (A/E). The long-term measures were 1) the slope of the relationship between conductance to water vapor and maximum assimilation and 2) the carbon isotope composition (¹³C) of plant material. Additional water decreased WUE, whereas additional nitrogen increased WUE. For both A/E and ¹³C, the mean for added nitrogen alone was significantly greater than the mean for added water alone, and means for the control and added water and nitrogen fell in between. This ranking of WUE supported the hypothesis that both water and nitrogen limit plant gas exchange in this semiarid environment. The short- and long-term indicators were in agreement, providing evidence in support of theoretical models concerning the water cost of carbon assimilation.     

西双版纳片断化热带雨林常绿乔木幼树水分利用效率的边缘效应研究

以植物叶片δ     

The combined effect of constant water deficit and nitrogen supply on WUE, NUE and Δ13C in durum wheat potted plants

Water scarcity and nitrogen shortage are the main constraints on durum wheat productivity. This paper examines the combined effects of a constant water deficit and nitrogen supply (NS) on growth, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance (g_s) and transpiration, instantaneous and time‐integrated water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) in durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under greenhouse conditions. Three water levels (40%, 70% and 100% container capacity), two nitrogen doses (high and low N) and four genotypes were assayed in a total of 24 experimental treatments. Water and nitrogen treatments were imposed 2 weeks after plant emergence. The growth, nitrogen content and Δ¹³C of the shoot and the gas exchange in the flag leaf were determined about 2 weeks after anthesis. As expected, both water and NS had a strong positive effect on growth. However, a reduction in water supply had low effect decreasing photosynthesis and transpiration, Δ¹³C and NUE and increasing WUE. On the contrary, increasing the level of nitrogen supplied had a significant negative effect on g_s, which decreased significantly the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO₂ concentrations and Δ¹³C, and increased both instantaneous and time‐integrated WUE. In addition, a higher N level also negatively affected the instantaneous and time‐integrated NUE. The Δ¹³C of shoots correlated significantly and negatively with either instantaneous or time‐integrated measurements of WUE. Moreover, within each NS, Δ¹³C also correlated negatively with the integrated NUE. We concluded that under our experimental conditions, Δ¹³C gives information about the efficiency with which not just water but also nitrogen are used by the plant. In addition, this study illustrates that a steady water limitation may strongly affect biomass without consistent changes in WUE. The lack of effect of the different water regimes on gas exchange, WUE and Δ¹³C illustrate the importance of how stress is imposed during growth.     

Carbon assimilation, nitrogen, and photochemical efficiency of different Himalayan tree species along an altitudinal gradient

In the area of Jumla region in Western Nepal, measurements of saturated leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_sat), nitrogen content, leaf fluorescence, carbon isotopic composition, and water status were performed on woody coniferous (Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Abies spectabilis, Juniperus wallichiana, Taxus baccata), evergreen (Quercus semecarpifolia, Rhododendron campanulatum), and deciduous broadleaved species (Betula utilis, Populus ciliata, Sorbus cuspidata) spreading from 2 400 m up to the treeline at 4 200 m a.s.l. With the exception of J. wallichiana, P_sat values were lower in coniferous than broadleaved species. Q. semecarpifolia, that in this area grows above the coniferous belt between 3 000 and 4 000 m, showed the highest P_sat at saturating irradiance and the highest leaf N content. This N content was higher and P_sat lower than those of evergreen oak species of tempe forests at middle and low altitudes. For all species, P_sat and N content were linearly correlated, but instantaneous nitrogen use efficiency was lower than values measured in lowland and temperate plant communities. The values of carbon isotopic composition, estimated by ₁₃C, showed the same range reported for temperate tree species. The ranking of ₁₃C values for the different tree types was conifers < evergreen broadleaved13C were found along the altitudinal gradient. Quantum yield of photochemistry at saturating irradiance, measured by leaf fluorescence (F/F_m), was highest in J. wallichiana and lowest in T. baccata. Overall, photochemical efficiency was more strongly related to species than to altitude. Interestingly, changes of .F/F_m along the altitudinal gradient correlated well with the reported altitudinal distribution of the species.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

Carbon assimilation,nitrogen, and photochemical efficiency of different Himalayan tree species along an altitudinal gradient

In the area of Jumla region in Western Nepal, measurements of saturated leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_sat), nitrogen content, leaf fluorescence, carbon isotopic composition, and water status were performed on woody coniferous (Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Abies spectabilis, Juniperus wallichiana, Taxus baccata), evergreen (Quercus semecarpifolia, Rhododendron campanulatum), and deciduous broadleaved species (Betula utilis, Populus ciliata, Sorbus cuspidata) spreading from 2 400 m up to the treeline at 4 200 m a.s.l. With the exception of J. wallichiana, P_sat values were lower in coniferous than broadleaved species. Q. semecarpifolia, that in this area grows above the coniferous belt between 3 000 and 4 000 m, showed the highest P_sat at saturating irradiance and the highest leaf N content. This N content was higher and P_sat lower than those of evergreen oak species of tempe forests at middle and low altitudes. For all species, P_sat and N content were linearly correlated, but instantaneous nitrogen use efficiency was lower than values measured in lowland and temperate plant communities. The values of carbon isotopic composition, estimated by δ₁₃C, showed the same range reported for temperate tree species. The ranking of δ₁₃C values for the different tree types was conifers < evergreen broadleaved<deciduous, suggesting tighter stomatal closure and higher water use efficiency for the evergreen types, confirming trends found elsewhere. No relevant differences of δ₁₃C were found along the altitudinal gradient. Quantum yield of photochemistry at saturating irradiance, measured by leaf fluorescence (δF/F_m’), was highest in J. wallichiana and lowest in T. baccata. Overall, photochemical efficiency was more strongly related to species than to altitude. Interestingly, changes of .δF/F_m’ along the altitudinal gradient correlated well with the reported altitudinal distribution of the species.