内伶仃岛主要植被及群落类型的特征和分布

广东省内伶仃岛位于珠江口伶仃洋的东部,属南亚热带季风气候区,其自然植被的主要类型有：南亚热带常绿针叶林、南亚热带针阔叶混交林、南亚热带常绿阔叶林、南亚热带红树林、南亚热带竹林、南亚热带常绿灌丛、南亚热带灌草丛、滨海砂生灌草丛等,包括８个植被亚型、１８个群系。人工植被主要有台湾相思林等４个群系,以及果园林４类、作物园４类。地带性植被为南亚热带常绿阔叶林;优势植被类型为台湾相思林、马尾松林,两者的建群种均为衰退种群,已形成多个发育阶段。论文对各主要植被类型及群落结构特征进行分析。     

内伶仃岛主要植被及姥落类型的特征和分布

广东省伶仃岛位于不拘珠江口伶仃洋的东部,属南亚热带季风气候区,其自然植被的主要类型有：南亚热带常绿针叶林、南亚热带针阔叶混交林、南亚热带常绿阔叶林、南亚热带红树林、南亚热带竹林、南亚热带常绿灌丛、南亚热带灌草丛、滨海砂生灌草丛等,包括８个植业型、１８个群系。人工植被主要有台湾相思林等４个群系,以及果园林４类、作物园４类。地带性植被为南亚热带党绿阔叶林;优势植被类型为台湾相思林、马尾松林,两者的建群     

九龙大雾山北坡的植物群落

九龙大雾山北坡的植物群落可划分为南亚热带常绿阔叶林、南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林、南亚热带常绿针叶林、南亚热带灌丛,以及南亚热带山坡草地等几个群落类型,它们均属于次生性植被,是华南南亚热带植被的主要代表类群。     

广东南昆山野外观花

<正>南昆山自然保护区位于广东省龙门、从化、增城三地交界处,地处北回归线北缘,属南亚热带季风气候类型。由于受季风影响,呈现夏凉冬暖、光能充裕、雨量丰沛等特征。该保护区属森林生态类型保护区,主要保护对为南亚热带常绿阔叶林、珍稀动植物及其自然生态系统。南昆山自然保护区保存了大片较为完整的南亚热带山地常绿     

云南常绿阔叶林的植被地理研究

云南具有极其丰富的生物多样性和以常绿阔叶林为优势的植被类型。该研究利用6个基于样方层面的1 hm²样地资料, 以及通过对整个植被类型的植物区系的调查, 对云南常绿阔叶林植被型的3个植被亚型(季风常绿阔叶林、半湿润常绿阔叶林和中山湿性常绿阔叶林)的生态外貌特征、植物区系组成及其生物地理演化进行了研究。在样方层面, 尽管这3个常绿阔叶林在树种组成上优势种均为壳斗科、樟科和山茶科植物, 但它们在种类组成、多样性、生态外貌和生物地理特征上呈现多样化。分布在南部及西南部的季风常绿阔叶林物种组成极其丰富, 具有热带森林的生态外貌, 并以热带亚洲分布种为优势种。主要分布在云南高原的半湿润常绿阔叶林和云南中部和北部山地的中山湿性常绿阔叶林具有亚热带常绿阔叶林的生态外貌特征和以中国-喜马拉雅及中国特有种占优势, 是中国西南独特的植被类型。在植被亚型层面, 这3个常绿阔叶林的植物区系(包括所有生活型的种子植物)中种数最多的科, 按地理成分均为世界分布型的科, 含种数较少的科则为其他各种分布型的科。半湿润常绿阔叶林和中山湿性常绿阔叶林的植物区系, 热带分布属分别占总属数的44.91%和44.04%, 温带分布属占46.29%和48.19%, 其中北温带分布属比例最高, 分别为18.36%和19.95%。季风常绿阔叶林植物区系则显示了不同的地理成分格局: 热带分布属占总属数的78.05%, 并以热带亚洲分布属占最高比例。通过对这3个常绿阔叶林的比较发现, 半湿润常绿阔叶林和中山湿性常绿阔叶林除生态外貌特征有一定区别外, 在植物区系组成和地理成分上很接近, 它们在种的组成上, 与季风常绿阔叶林的类似性仅为17.1%和15.4%。季风常绿阔叶林因其在植物区系和生态外貌上与后二者区别明显, 建议在云南植被分类上划分一个独立的植被型, 它是东南亚低山常绿阔叶林分布在中国西南部热带北缘山地的一个植被类型。结合云南的地质历史和古植物学资料, 认为云南的常绿阔叶林及其植物区系受晚中新世以来的地质历史事件深刻影响。半湿润常绿阔叶林是中国西南独特而特有种丰富的植被类型, 由于严重的人为干扰破坏, 现已片段化或成为萌生灌丛状, 应给予优先保护。     

南亚热带不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种叶性状的比较分析

南亚热带地带性植被是季风常绿阔叶林(海拔300～600 m;简称季风林),在中山地带则分布为山地常绿阔叶林(海拔1 000～1 500 m;简称山地林)。山地林的生态价值日益受到重视,但是对其树种的环境适应性仍缺乏足够了解。该研究基于南亚热带典型山地林(广西大明山)和季风林(广东鼎湖山)的固定样地,共测定57种代表性树种的叶形态解剖特征、机械强度和水力学性状,比较不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种叶性状以及多类性状关联性的差异。结果表明,与季风林树种相比,山地林树种叶较厚、比叶面积较小、机械强度较高,有利于提高对较高海拔山区冬季冰冻的适应能力。在2022年夏季持续高温干旱时期,季风林树种的叶水势和水力安全边界均低于山地林。但是大部分树种水力安全边界为正值且种间变异较大,表明不同海拔常绿阔叶林的水力风险较低。不同海拔常绿阔叶林的叶性状网络不同,山地林树种叶水力安全性和效率性无权衡关系,而季风林树种叶经济学性状(如比叶面积)与其他指标的关联性较弱。基于叶性状的研究揭示了南亚热带不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种适应策略的差异性和多样性。     

广西岑溪县七坪林场常绿阔叶林木本植物群落种群的研究

坪林场常绿阔叶林是南亚热带以荷木为主的次生性常绿阔叶林。根据群落种群生活型及其生长发育的情况分析。其种群成熟体的数量与其顶芽的位置成反比。越在下面的层次,实际参加并构成本身应隶属层次的木本植物种群越多。说明下层较上层稳定。木本植物群落种群及其个体均分布于群落的下层,尤其以灌木层最多。 根据群落种群生长发育的特点及年龄结构情况可以看出,其建群种和优势种种群生长发育阶段完整。属年龄结构图第一种类型。目前是稳定的。常见种和偶见种种群属正常型生长类型,属年龄结构图第一和第二种类型的是稳定或有发展前途的。属衰退生长类型,在年龄结构图中为第三种类型的是不稳定或没有发属前途的。根据群落种群的动态分析。上层的建群种种群和优势种种群将继续发生取替现象,向典型的常绿阔叶林过渡。     

末次冰期以来湛江湖光岩玛珥湖孢粉记录及古环境变化

通过对湛江湖光岩玛珥湖钻孔孢粉记录的研究认为,末次冰期以来,该区植被类型从早期的南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林依次演替为,中亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶林→南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林→中亚热带常绿—落叶阔叶—针叶混交林(湖边草地)→热带季雨林→半常绿季雨林。气候最寒冷的时期温度比目前至少降低了4—6℃以上。全新世早期相对于旱。     

广西金钟山自然保护区主要植被类型的特征

金钟山自然保护区计有种子植物101科273属514种,落叶栎林分布面积最广。随海拔升高,植被依次呈现出4个分布带:沟谷落叶阔叶林、沟谷常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林、山地苔藓矮林和山地常绿阔叶林。该区主要有4个分布区类型:世界分布、热带分布、温带分布和中国特有分布,其中热带分布占总属数的75.21%,表明本保护区的植物分布具有热带性质。其天然植被类型可划分为5个植被型组,7个植被型含暖性针叶林、暖性落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、竹林和草丛,2个植被亚型含南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林、山顶阔叶矮林,以及33个群系。     

论季雨林的水平地带性

季雨林是受制于湿度因子的经度地带性植被类型,它是随着湿度条件的下降由热带雨林向热带疏林过渡的居间类型,而不是受制于温度因子的纬度地带性植被类型,不是随着温度条件的下降由热带雨林向亚热带常绿阔叶林过渡的居间类型。我国南亚热带的榕树群系、黄桐群系,以及热带北缘的青皮群系均不应是季雨林,前二者是典型的南亚热带低地常绿阔叶林或南亚热带雨林,后者则是热带雨林的一分类群。     

Effects of forest modification on bird community composition and seed removal in a heterogeneous landscape in South Africa

Human disturbance threatens and modifies forest ecosystems worldwide. Previous studies have investigated the effects of human impact on local bird communities in disturbed forests, but we still lack information on how bird species richness and ecological processes respond to different forest modifications present at a landscape scale. In a heterogeneous South African landscape, we chose six types of indigenous scarp forest, differing in the intensity of human disturbance: continuous natural forests and natural forest fragments in nature reserves, forest fragments in eucalyptus plantations, fragments in the agricultural matrix, forest gardens and secondary forests in game reserves. In 36 study sites, we investigated the bird community using point counts and observed the seed removal of birds at the native tree species Celtis africana. Species richness did not differ among the forest types, but abundance varied significantly with most birds observed in fragments in the agricultural matrix, forest gardens, and secondary forests. The higher bird abundance in these forests was mainly due to forest generalists, shrubland and open country species whereas forest specialists were rarely present. Changes in species composition were also confirmed by multivariate analysis which clearly separated bird communities by forest type. Frugivore abundance in C. africana was highest in natural forest fragments, fragments in the agricultural matrix, forest gardens and secondary forests. The same trend was found for the estimated total number of fruits removed per C. africana tree, though the differences among forest types were not significant. Consequently, modified forests seem to maintain important ecological functions as they provide food sources for generalist species which may, due to their mobility, enhance natural plant regeneration. However, we could show that protected forest habitats are important refugees for specialist species sensitive to human disturbance.     

Variation in Carbon Storage and Its Distribution by Stand Age and Forest Type in Boreal and Temperate Forests in Northeastern China

The northeastern forest region of China is an important component of total temperate and boreal forests in the northern hemisphere. But how carbon (C) pool size and distribution varies among tree, understory, forest floor and soil components, and across stand ages remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we selected three major temperate and two major boreal forest types in northeastern (NE) China. Within both forest zones, we focused on four stand age classes (young, mid-aged, mature and over-mature). Results showed that total C storage was greater in temperate than in boreal forests, and greater in older than in younger stands. Tree biomass C was the main C component, and its contribution to the total forest C storage increased with increasing stand age. It ranged from 27.7% in young to 62.8% in over-mature stands in boreal forests and from 26.5% in young to 72.8% in over-mature stands in temperate forests. Results from both forest zones thus confirm the large biomass C storage capacity of old-growth forests. Tree biomass C was influenced by forest zone, stand age, and forest type. Soil C contribution to total forest C storage ranged from 62.5% in young to 30.1% in over-mature stands in boreal and from 70.1% in young to 26.0% in over-mature in temperate forests. Thus soil C storage is a major C pool in forests of NE China. On the other hand, understory and forest floor C jointly contained less than 13% and <5%, in boreal and temperate forests respectively, and thus play a minor role in total forest C storage in NE China.     

森林干扰生态研究

陆地上80％的生态系统都已受到了来自人类和自然的各种干扰,森林生态系统也不例外．在各种干扰作用下,尤其是人类不合理的干扰导致世界范围内的森林退化／衰退已成为一个十分严峻的事实,因此,以维持、恢复森林生态系统固有的多种功能为基础,实现高效、稳定、可持续就成为经营森林生态系统的总目标．随着干扰的加剧,近年来生态学界更加关注的是“受干扰”生态系统的研究．干扰对森林生态系统主要生态过程的影响以及森林生态系统对干扰的响应等问题,已成为森林生态研究领域的国际前沿与热点．因此,系统地研究干扰条件下森林生态系统的生态过程,并在此基础上确立干扰森林的经营理论与技术,对中国天然林资源保护等林业工程实施及国家生态安全建设具有重要的科学和现实意义．本文在广泛收集国内外有关森林干扰研究结果的基础上,总结了森林干扰的基本概念,分析了干扰与森林经营的关系,探讨了森林干扰研究领域所涉及的内容和关注的基础问题,提出了森林干扰生态研究的主要内容与方向,对今后干扰森林生态研究和中国天然林保护等林业工程建设具有参考价值．     

鼎湖山马尾松林植物养分积累动态及其对人为干扰的响应

 通过处理（根据当地习惯收割凋落物和林下层植物）和保护（无任何人为干扰）样地的比较试验,在10年时间里（1990～2000年）研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松 (Pinus massoniana) 林群落植物养分积累动态及其对人为干扰的响应,在此基础上深入和较系统地分析讨论了不同的经营措施对马尾松林可持续性的影响,为我国目前大面积的退化马尾松林恢复和马尾松林可持续性管理提供理论依据。结果表明：1990～1995年,5年时间里由于人为干扰活动而直接从处理样地取走的各元素养分量,在林下层为（kg·hm－2）：132.72 (N)、4.72 (P)、63.32 (K)、23.51 (Ca)和7.00 (Mg),在地表凋落物为（kg·hm－2）：48.93 (N)、1.85 (P)、17.28 (K)、19.25 (Ca)和2.92 (Mg)。1990～2000年,保护样地林下层和地表凋落物各元素养分贮量分别以39%～41%和37%～38%的年平均增长速率逐年提高,至1995年达到高峰,之后各元素贮量在林下层和地表凋落物均以14%的年平均速率下降。在处理样地,1990～1995年期间各元素贮量在林下层年平均积累速率为17%,之后（1995～2000年期间）则为26%;与此同时,各元素贮量在地表凋落物年平均积累速率为22%～23%,之后（1995～2000年期间）则为28%。在整个试验过程,马尾松林乔木层养分元素总贮量随时间而增加,但其增加的速率随时间和样地不同而异。1990～1995年,保护样地乔木层养分元素总贮量增加了34.9%～38.1%,较处理样地（收获林下层和凋落物）总贮量增加的百分比（29.3%～33.5%）高。然而,1995～2000年,保护样地乔木层养分元素总贮量增加的百分比为26.3%～28.9%,较处理样地（1995～2000年也停止人为干扰）总贮量增加的百分比（28.8%～32.1%）低。可见,1990～1995年,人为干扰活动导致处理样地马尾松林乔木层养分元素年平均积累量降低约1.58%～1.72%,即年平均增长量约减少0.12～2.39 kg·hm－2（2.39 (N)、0.12 (P)、0.77 (K)、1.98 (Ca)、0.29 (Mg)）,这些量约相当于每年通过林下层和凋落物收割活动而直接从林地中取走的养分总量的6%～19%。正是由于长期以来受收割林下层和凋落物这种人为干扰的影响,鼎湖山马尾松林乔木层养分贮量较低。这种利用方式不仅直接从林地中取走大量的养分而且还对林地肥力产生间接的负面影响,其结果使该退化林地不能恢复或继续退化。作者建议的森林利用方法代替目前收割林下层和凋落物方式,既可以满足当地居民燃料的需求还有利于马尾松林的自然恢复。     

Spatio-temporal changes in biomass carbon sinks in China’s forests from 1977 to 2008

Forests play a leading role in regional and global carbon (C) cycles. Detailed assessment of the temporal and spatial changes in C sinks/sources of China’s forests is critical to the estimation of the national C budget and can help to constitute sustainable forest management policies for climate change. In this study, we explored the spatio-temporal changes in forest biomass C stocks in China between 1977 and 2008, using six periods of the national forest inventory data. According to the definition of the forest inventory, China’s forest was categorized into three groups: forest stand, economic forest, and bamboo forest. We estimated forest biomass C stocks for each inventory period by using continuous biomass expansion factor (BEF) method for forest stands, and the mean biomass density method for economic and bamboo forests. As a result, China’s forests have accumulated biomass C (i.e., biomass C sink) of 1896 Tg (1 Tg=10¹² g) during the study period, with 1710, 108 and 78 Tg C in forest stands, and economic and bamboo forests, respectively. Annual forest biomass C sink was 70.2 Tg C a^?1, offsetting 7.8% of the contemporary fossil CO₂ emissions in the country. The results also showed that planted forests have functioned as a persistent C sink, sequestrating 818 Tg C and accounting for 47.8% of total C sink in forest stands, and that the old-, mid- and young-aged forests have sequestrated 930, 391 and 388 Tg C from 1977 to 2008. Our results suggest that China’s forests have a big potential as biomass C sink in the future because of its large area of planted forests with young-aged growth and low C density.     

Buffer zones for forest reserves: opinions of land owners and conservation value of their forest around nature reserves in southern Sweden

Buffer zones around reserves are often suggested, but have rarely been evaluated. We examined their design for small forest reserves (5–225 ha), where buffer zones (200 m wide) would protect the reserves and reduce negative edge effects. The potential buffer zones could be partly protected, but remain as private land. Alternatively, the state may buy land outside reserves (to be included in reserves). To consider opinions of forest owners, we interviewed 33 private forest owners in potential buffer zones of reserves. The respondents were weakly positive to conservation, but disliked a state reserve on their land, or a buffer zone where 50% of the forest would be protected without compensation; however, with compensation the majority of them were neutral or positive to such a buffer zone. In a choice between buffer zone or reserve bought by the state, the great majority of the respondents chose the buffer zone (compensation paid, land still private). We found no relationships between opinions of respondents and conservation values of their forests (densities of old and dead trees), but older owners had forests of higher value. The forest in the potential buffer zones had higher conservation value than other non-protected forests in southern Sweden. Thus, buffer zones may be valuable, and we suggest they are created in cooperation with local residents where this is possible.     

Forest characteristics and population structure of a threatened palm tree Caryota obtusa in the karst forest ecosystem of Yunnan,China

中国云南石灰岩山地森林系统中受到威胁的董棕的森林特征和种群结构 别具魅力的董棕(Caryota obtusa)属于棕榈科(Arecaceae)的树种,在中国西南地区、印度、缅甸、泰国、老挝和越南有自然分布。董棕是一个具有重要经济价值且受到人为活动威胁的物种,其在云南的一些石灰岩山地乔木层占据优势。本研究的目的是阐明在云南石灰岩山地森林生态系统中董棕的群落结构、物种多样性、种群现状及其更新动态。为了全面深入的调查董棕群落,我们在云南南部10个县设置56个样方。根据样方数据,我们分析了群落的垂直结构、物种组成和种群结构,并对当地村民进行问卷采访记录了长期以来人为活动对董棕林的干扰情况。研究结果表明,董棕棕榈林分布在石灰岩山坡和沟谷,有7个群落类型。每个群落的垂直结构明显,分为乔木层、灌木层和林床。群落物种组成丰富,各群落类型的木本物种和草本物种的香农-维纳多样性指数均在2.1–3.8。董棕在胸径级上的分布为多峰型,属间歇性更新,且依赖于一定的自然干扰,董棕小树主要在无人为干扰或人为干扰小的群落中出现,重度人为干扰严重地阻碍了董棕的更新,其次的中度人为干扰也给董棕的更新带来了一定的困难。     

Can we rely on forest reserves for primate conservation?

Tropical forests contain much of the world's biodiversity, yet their rate of decline is increasing. The strategy most frequently used to protect this biodiversity is to make parks and reserves. While there is a great deal of research on the effectiveness of parks for protecting biodiversity, there is little research on how well extractive reserves conserve biodiversity. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of four forest reserves in western Uganda at maintaining populations of primates and compare census data from the reserves to data from the neighbouring well‐protected Kibale National Park. The relative abundance of the five most common primates in the park was approximately four times that of the forest reserves. In the forest reserves, evidence of new human encroachment was seen every 500 m, while in the park it was seen every 100,000 m. Two recommendations emerge from our research: (i) for forest reserves, such as those studied here, to have conservation value for primates, extraction must be reduced and (ii) until the long‐term viability of the populations in forest reserves can be ascertained, they should not be considered in estimates of the sizes of endangered species protected ranges.     

Effect of differential forest management on biodiversity in a tropical hill forest of Malaysia and implications for conservation

Forest ownership is considered as vital for sustainable management of forest and its associated biodiversity. The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 reported an increasing rate of privately owned forests on a global scale. However, deforestation was found to be very active in privately owned hill forest areas of Malaysia. Three forest reserves and three adjacent private forests from Penang State was purposively chosen as this state has been experiencing a quick and radical changes due to urban expansion over the last three decades. In this study variation in biodiversity were measured using community structure of both vascular plants and avifauna species along selected micro environmental variables. Finally implications for conservation were proposed considering the current state of deforestation in private hill forest (PHF). Plant community and avifauna analysis revealed that government hill forest areas (GHF) were more diverse and healthier than PHF, also rich with higher evenness. Species richness between GHF and PHF showed significant difference in plant species (p < 0.05) but not for avifauna. Avifauna diversity analysis recorded higher abundance of birds in PHF and finally appeared as buffer service provider for avifauna diversity in GHF reserves. But the current rate of deforestation in PHF is 1.4% annually. Thus any alteration to hill forest cover (land development activities) should be banned immediately with intensive care to the PHF through co-management. Moreover human activities inside the GHF should also be controlled to conserve the remnant species of the island as conspicuous disturbance were also found inside GHF.