上海地区重引入獐野放后的活动规律

野生动物的规律性活动受外界环境和内在生理机制的共同作用,对野生动物的活动规律进行研究是实施科学保护的基础。本文采用无线电遥测技术对重引入上海松江浦南林地和上海滨江森林公园的6只獐(Hydropotes inermis)的活动规律、强度和节律进行了研究,并分析了人为活动对獐活动规律的影响。松江浦南林地3只野放獐的活动强度平均为144.88 m/h,昼间活动强度略低于夜间,从夏季到次年春季活动强度依次降低,春季显著低于其他季节。獐在松江浦南林地每日清晨(5:00~8:00时)和黄昏后(18:00~21:00时)出现活动高峰,午后(13:00~15:00时)存在小活动高峰,只有秋季存在凌晨活动小高峰,夏季和秋季的晨昏型活动节律明显。上海滨江森林公园的3只野放獐活动强度平均为69.90 m/h,昼间活动强度略高于夜间,冬季活动强度显著高于春季。獐在上海滨江森林公园并未表现出明显的晨昏型活动节律,活动高峰出现在接近正午时段(9:00~11:00时),尤其是冬季的雄性。人工投食、游客干扰等人为活动已经对野放獐的活动规律产生了影响。     

关于学生学习自我监控能力培养策略的探讨

学习自我监控能力是指学习主体对其所从事的学习活动进行自我调节和控制的能力。文章对学习中的自我监控能力进行了界定,并对其在学习活动中的重要性及发展规律进行了分析,旨在探讨培养学生学习自我监控能力的策略,为提高学生素质、实现教育目标服务。     

利用放射性同位素碘131标记法对家白蚁活动规律的初步研究

近年来,防治家白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki)取得了很大成效。但因家白蚁生活极为隐蔽,因此以常用方法研究其活动规律,受到一定的限制,这对彻底防治家白蚁带来了一定的困难。本试验的目的是用放射性同位素标记法探测蚁巢,并对家白蚁的一些活动规律进行研究,为彻底消灭家白蚁提供参考。     

人工饲养条件下扬子鳄的行为体温调节

2005年6~9月,采用扫描取样法在浙江省长兴扬子鳄自然繁育中心,对人工繁殖的成年扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)行为的发生频率和活动规律进行了研究,并对其行为体温调节进行了分析。结果表明,扬子鳄日常活动行为主要包括巡游、头出水、头背出水、贴地闭嘴趴伏、张嘴趴伏和抬头闭嘴趴伏6种行为。扬子鳄在水中活动更多,占62.1%,头出水是最主要的行为状态,占52.3%,而张嘴的频次最少,占1.8%。扬子鳄表现出有规律的水陆活动,6:00~8:00和18:00~20:00时分别是一天中扬子鳄大量入水和上岸的时段。水温和气温的差异是影响扬子鳄水陆活动的最重要因素。根据扬子鳄的水陆活动规律,发现扬子鳄主动选择不超过(31±1)℃的热环境。     

勺鸡的生态研究

1984－1990年作者在安徽大别山北坡对勺鸡安徽亚种进行了系统观察,本文就其栖息地,垂直分布,活动规律,食性,繁殖习性及数量等报道于下。     

利用现代信息技术构建遗传规律的概念模型

在"遗传规律"一节的教学中,借助现代信息技术中的iPad技术,设计多个具有探究性的学生活动,构建遗传相关基本概念,并通过活动引导学生进行推理、实证、分析、概括、提炼等高阶思维活动,最终构建遗传规律的概念模型。     

白马鸡生态习性的初步观察

１９９２年４月－１９９４年７月白马雪山自然保护区直接跟踪观察白马鸡的四季垂直迁移活动２栖息地类型,日活动规律的结果,并对白鸡与其它雉类的同群活动,繁殖期的结构群现象进行了描术客分析。     

干扰生境下黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi)日活动时间的分配

1999年至2000年,采用瞬间采样法对贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区干扰生境中的野生成年黑叶猴的日活动规律进行了研究。结果表明：干扰生境中野生成年黑叶猴在全年的行为时间分配中表现为休息和摄食所占比例最多,分别为35．41％和31．67％;其次是游走、拥坐和嬉戏,分别为14．44％、9．61％和8．54％;仅将很少时间用于理毛行为,为0．33％。与未干扰生境相比,干扰生境下黑叶猴全年中除用于休息的时间下降外,用于其余活动类型的时间均有所提高。研究还表明野生成年黑叶猴的活动规律在不同季节存在一定差异性。休息和摄食行为在各季节日活动规律中都存在显著高峰期,但高峰期持续时间和强度不同。游走、嬉戏和拥坐行为在各季节的日活动规律所占比例均较低。理毛行为存在季节有或无的现象。     

干扰生境下黑叶猴（Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi）日活动时间的分配

1999年至2000年,采用瞬间采样法对贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区干扰生境中的野生成年黑叶猴的日活动规律进行了研究。结果表明：干扰生境中野生成年黑叶猴在全年的行为时间分配中表现为休息和摄食所占比例最多,分别为35.41%和31.67%;其次是游走、拥坐和嬉戏,分别为14.44%、9.61%和8.54%;仅将很少时间用于理毛行为,为0.33%。与未干扰生境相比,干扰生境下黑叶猴全年中除用于休息的时间下降外,用于其余活动类型的时间均有所提高。研究还表明野生成年黑叶猴的活动规律在不同季节存在一定差异性。休息和摄食行为在各季节日活动规律中都存在显著高峰期,但高峰期持续时间和强度不同。游走、嬉戏和拥坐行为在各季节的日活动规律所占比例均较低。理毛行为存在季节有或无的现象。     

蛇岛蝮蛇体内微量元素的分布特点

各种化学元素特别是金属元素在生命现象中的作用愈来愈引起人们的关注。但有关微量元素与蛇类生命活动的关系研究者甚少。为了进一步弄清蛇岛蝮蛇生命活动的规律及其与微量元素的关系，我们在以往工作基础上，就有关蛇岛蝮蛇体内微量元素及其分布规律，进行了比较全面系统的分析。     

Community response to experimental soil disturbance in a midsuccessional,abandoned pasture

To determine whether soil disturbance by digging and burrowing mammals altered community structure and the rate of succession in a midsuccessional abandoned pasture, species richness, composition and relative abundance were monitored over a two year period both on and off artificially created earth mounds (100, 900, 8100 cm²). Mean species richness increased by up to two species per small mound (100 cm²) and by up to four species per large mound (8100 cm²). However, increased species richness was evident for less than two years. Initially, up to sixteen of the twenty species present occurred more often on earth mounds than off mounds, with two of these species found only on large mounds (8100 cm²). After two years, there was little or no significant difference in species composition and relative frequency on and off earth mounds. Experimental soil disturbance temporarily altered community structure simply by increasing space available for colonization since light, nutrient and water supply did not increase significantly on mounds. Soil disturbance can increase species richness and change species' relative frequency in disturbances as small as 100 cm² but such changes were likely too small and short lived to alter permanently the structure and rate of succession in the abandoned pasture studied here.     

冻融过程对荒漠短命植物种子萌发的影响

荒漠区冻融交替显著改变土壤温度和水分条件,并进一步影响荒漠植物种子萌发。为解析荒漠土壤冻融过程对植物种子萌发的影响,本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠4种典型短命植物[东方旱麦草(Eremopyrum orientale)、卵果鹤虱(Lappula patula)、尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)和条叶庭荠(Alyssum linifollum)]为对象,通过模拟不同温度和土壤水分及冻融循环次数对种子进行处理,对比分析冻融结束后4种植物种子萌发参数(发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、种子活力)。结果表明,温度对4种植物种子萌发参数均无显著影响,而土壤水分和循环次数均有显著影响(水分仅对条叶庭荠无影响),且存在显著交互作用。冻融循环次数增加可促进冻融后的种子活力和种子萌发,尤其是在低水分条件下表现得更为显著。冻融期高土壤水分显著降低东方旱麦草的种子发芽率,对其他物种的影响受冻融次数和白天温度状况的调节。在相同土壤水分条件下,冻融期白天高温可促进种子萌发。总体来看,冻融对荒漠短命植物种子萌发有显著影响并存在一定的种间差异性,这将造成冻融期结束后不同物种的种子萌发和幼苗生长存在差异,进而影响荒漠区植物群落结构。     

川西亚高山森林林窗不同时期土壤转化酶和脲酶活性的特征

为了解川西亚高山森林林窗对不同时期土壤生态过程的影响,于2012年6月—2013年5月期间,根据温度动态过程,对比研究了生长季节(土壤完全融化期、生长季节前期和生长季节后期)与非生长季节(冻结初期、深冻期和融化期)川西亚高山粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)人工林林窗中心、林缘和林下土壤有机层和矿质土壤层转化酶和脲酶活性变化过程。结果表明:林窗不同区域中,土壤有机层转化酶活性均高于矿质土壤层;在生长季节,土壤有机层和矿质土转化酶活性表现为:林窗中心林下林缘,而脲酶活性表现为:林窗中心林缘林下。冻结初期和深冻期林窗中心土壤转化酶活性均高于林缘和林下,而在融化期林下转化酶活性高于林窗中心和林缘;冻结初期和融化期林下土壤脲酶活性显著高于林窗中心和林缘,而在深冻期林窗不同区域土壤脲酶活性没有显著差异。林窗不同区域在不同时期对土壤转化酶和脲酶活性的响应有着深刻影响。     

Seasonal foraging activity and microhabitat selection by echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) on the New England Tablelands

Seasonal foraging activity and microhabitat selection by echidnas on the New England Tablelands was determined by monitoring the number and relative predominance of different types of digging activity on a 2 km × 50 m transect over a 12 month period. Digging was classified into four basic types: those into the soil surface (SOILDIGS); those at the base of logs, stumps or trees (LOGDIGS); those at the base of termite mounds; and those in the litter. SOILDIGS were most prevalent, accounting for 490 (74%) of the total 666 digging records. The number of SOILDIGS correlated with season and temperature, reaching a maximum of 11 ha^?1 per month in late spring and a minimum of zero in winter. SOILDIGS were attributed to searches for ants and scarab beetle larvae. Approximately half of the SOILDIGS exposed ant nests or galleries, while the remainder were presumed to result from searches for the larvae of pasture dwelling scarab beetles, particularly Sericesthis spp. Scarab beetle larvae were absent from echidna scats collected during winter but occurred in 20% of scats collected during summer, LOGDIGS accounted for 157 digging records (24%) and were attributed to searches for ants and termites, LOGDIGS did not vary with season or climate, but the proportion of LOGDIGS that exposed ant or termite nests or galleries changed from 48% in winter to 5% in summer. The distribution and density of SOILDIGS and LOGDIGS along the transect correlated significantly with the availability of echidna shelter (or refuge) sites, in all seasons Some residual variation in digging activity was explained by the number and biomass of ants active on the soil surface, but not with any other direct or indirect measures of food availability. Seasonal changes in foraging activity by echidnas, and their apparent dependence on shelters, are interpreted in an energetic context as strategies for reducing predation and overcoming a period of increased energy demand and decreased food availability experienced during winter.     

在人工条件下光周期对大麝鼩(Crocidura lasiura)活动节律的影响

大麝鼩是一种夜行性动物,其夜间(19:00—6:00)的活动频次占全天活动总频次的88.67％;夜间活动呈双峰型曲线,前峰在19:00—24:00,后峰在2:00—5:00。其夜行性指数为6.31,但各季节不同:春季5.94,夏季4.01,秋季6.56,冬季8.71,比其他鼩鼱科动物高。每日活动总额次雄性高于雌性,雄性的夜行性指数亦比雌性高。在人工倒置光周期的条件下,其最初几天的活动节律极度紊乱,至第7天后才稳定地回到自然光周期的日活动次数水平。     

川西亚高山/高山森林土壤氧化还原酶活性及其对季节性冻融的响应

川西亚高山/高山森林土壤通常具有明显的季节性冻融特征。为深入了解川西亚高山/高山森林冬季土壤生态过程,于2008年11月-2009年10月,在土壤初冻期、冻结期和融化期及生长季节,研究了不同海拔(3582 m、3292 m和3023 m)岷江冷杉林的土壤氧化还原酶活性及其对土壤冻融的响应。土壤冻结时间和冻融循环次数随海拔的增加而增加。冻融格局显著影响了土壤氧化还原酶活性,但不同土壤酶在不同海拔表现出明显差异。土壤过氧化物酶和脱氢酶活性受初冻期冻融循环和温度降低影响显著下降,而过氧化氢酶活性明显上升。3种土壤氧化还原酶活性在土壤温度相对稳定的冻结期变化不显著,但在融化期随着土壤温度急剧增加经历一个明显的活性高峰后快速降低,且冻结时间最长和冻融循环次数最多的3582 m变化更为显著。此外,海拔和土层的交互作用显著影响了过氧化物物活性,但对脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性不显著。脱氢酶活性与土壤温度极显著相关,但过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤温度的相关性随海拔差异而不同。这些结果表明川西亚高山/高山森林冬季土壤氧化还原酶仍然具有较高的活性,但受到季节性冻融及其变化的显著影响。     

Annual plant community responses to density of small-scale soil disturbances in the Negev Desert of Israel

We investigated whether plant diversity and productivity in small-scale soil disturbances, which is known to be higher than in undisturbed soil, decreases as the density of the disturbances increases. We studied this in an experiment with soil diggings (15 cm diameter and 15 cm depth) dug at a range of densities, on a north- and a south-facing slope of a watershed in the central Negev Desert of Israel. The diggings were similar to the commonly occurring pits made by porcupines (Hystrix indica) as they forage for below-ground plant parts. We used four levels of digging density, within the naturally occurring range in the region, represented by a rectangular plot with rows of diggings dug at four distances between diggings. The plots were laid out in a blocked design with three replications on both slopes, with each block containing all four levels of digging density. In the spring of 1992, 1994 and 1995 we measured plant density, species richness and plant productivity in the diggings, and in adjacent equal-sized undisturbed control areas (“soil matrix”) and on the mounds made by the removed excess soil. Plant density, species richness and productivity of annual plants were higher in the diggings than in the undisturbed matrix, while these responses were very low on the mounds. Plant density, species richness and productivity in the diggings, but not in the matrix or mounds, decreased as digging density increased. This effect varied slightly with location within a watershed and with annual rainfall. The density of seeds captured in the diggings from outside the digging during the 1995 dispersal season decreased with increasing digging density, but only on one of the slopes. At the highest digging density, plant density and species number in the diggings did not decrease down the slope, as expected if interference between diggings in runoff water capture were the cause of the digging density effect. There was a weak decrease in biomass production in 1994–1995 down the slope. We used a simple mathematical model to estimate whether the distribution of rainfall intensities that occurred during the winter of 1994–1995 could result in differences between digging densities in the amount of water captured by the diggings, and whether this could explain the observed effect of digging density. The model showed that there were four events during which less water was captured by the diggings at high digging densities, except in the topmost row of diggings. Soil moisture measurements, however, showed very little difference between diggings at different digging densities. We explain our findings as the result of the interaction between the properties of the disturbance patch with its surroundings, as the diggings capture resources in the form of runoff water, and seeds moved primarily by wind. The additional resources and seeds captured in diggings increase plant density, species richness and productivity relative to the undisturbed matrix. However, the contrast in plant responses between the disturbed patches and undisturbed soil diminishes at higher digging densities. We explain this as interference among diggings at close proximity. As we did not detect a decrease in plant responses down the slopes, we conclude that interference is due to interception of the wind-driven, non-directional flow of seeds. Interception of the down-slope flow of runoff water by upslope diggings is insufficient to affect plant density, determined at the beginning of the season. Later in the season, runoff interception may become important for biomass production. Received: 16 August 1996 / Accepted: 26 October 1997     

半干旱区周年全膜覆盖对玉米田土壤冻融特性和水热分布的影响

依托3年大田定位试验(2015—2017),设置周年全膜覆盖(PM)和裸地(CK)2个处理,分析半干旱冷凉区土壤温湿度梯度和水热运动的关系。结果表明: PM和CK冻融过程均为单向冻结、双向融通。与CK相比,PM冻结期滞后,冻结速率减慢,冻结深度浅20 cm,但融化速率加快,融化期缩短6～7 d。冻结期PM和CK土壤温度梯度均为正值,热量向上层土壤传导,但PM传导强度大于CK;融化期PM温度梯度为正值,热量向上层传导,而CK则相反。土壤水分运移表现为:PM在整个冻结期向上运动,CK则表现为“向下-向上-向下”的运动方式;融化期PM水分向上层运移,而CK融化初期向上层运移,融化中后期则向下层运移。在冻结期PM和CK的土壤温度梯度与湿度梯度均呈正相关,但PM相关性大于CK,融化期PM土壤温度梯度与湿度梯度间呈正相关,土壤热量、水分同时向上层运动,CK呈负相关,土壤热量、水分同时向下层运动。在土壤温、湿度梯度驱动下,融通-播前PM 0～10、10～20和20～30 cm土壤温度分别较CK平均提高1.13～1.34、0.96～1.24和0.89～1.32 ℃,土壤含水量分别平均提高3.4%～5.6%、1.4%～2.2%和6.7%～7.8%。可见,PM可为半干旱冷凉区越冬作物返青和春播作物播种、出苗和保苗提供水热保障。     

Rhythmic aspects of estuarine migration of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts

Seasonal, diel and tidal rhythmic activity of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) smolts migrating through a large estuary was studied by ultrasonic tracking of 46 individuals during two seasons. Prior to 10 May each year most smolts were inactive and remained near shore in shallow water. After 10 May nearly all smolts moved away from the release point into swift water and made rapid seaward progress. Initiation of migration each year occurred when river and hatchery water temperatures rose above 9°C. Migration in the estuary was largely passive drift, and as a result there were distinct tidal rhythms of ground ('swimming') speed and net seaward travel. There were no diel rhythms in ground speed or net seaward travel; smolts drifted seaward on the tides during both day and night. Smolts may be slightly deeper during day than night.