镉和十二烷基硫酸钠对克氏原螯虾的单一和联合毒性

采用静水生物测试法,研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和Cd2+对克氏原螯虾的单一和联合毒性效应。结果表明,SDS对克氏原螯虾24、48、72和96h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为1365.60、1171.72、1128.43和1120.43mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为258.79mg·L-1;Cd2+对克氏原螯虾24、48、72和96h的LC50分别为1197.09、142.06、90.85和82.64mg·L-1,SC值为0.6mg·L-1。SDS和Cd2+对克氏原螯虾的毒性分别为低毒和高毒,毒性大小为Cd2+>SDS。联合毒性试验表明,二者毒性比为1∶1,暴露时间为24、48、72和96h时,相加指数(AI)分别为0.335、0.017、0.030和0.032,联合作用结果均为毒性增强的协同作用。     

大黄与黄连对二种淡水虾血细胞吞噬活性的影响

在虾类的养殖中,疾病的预防是非常重要的。中草药对海水养殖的中国对虾的免疫促进作用已有不少研究1-2,但中草药制剂在淡水虾中的作用却未见报道。本实验通过采用大黄(Rheum officinale)和黄连(Coptis chinensis)对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)和红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)进行拌饵投喂,以测定其是否能增强淡水虾免疫系统的活性并达到防病效果,为在发展大面积养殖淡水虾时利用中草药防病提供依据.       

对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒体内增殖模型的建立

应用对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒(WSSV),对淡水克氏螯虾、罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾和两种淡水蟹(中华绒螯蟹、长江华溪蟹)进行人工感染实验.结果除淡水克氏螯虾之外,其它受试的虾蟹均不能感染WSSV.克氏螯虾3个不同剂量组感染至12 d,平均死亡率为94%.从发病或死亡个体采集血淋巴,经电镜负染色可观察到完整的病毒粒子,其形态大小、靶细胞组织病理均与从中国对虾中分离的WSSV相似或相同.同时,通过原位杂交技术进一步证明该实验的可靠性.克氏螯虾重复感染效果良好,有可能成为研究WSSV的一种理想的病毒体内增殖模型.     

安徽某淡水龙虾养殖群体分类的分子标记筛选

为筛选可用于淡水龙虾养殖群体物种分类的分子标记,对安徽省某水产养殖有限公司采集的淡水龙虾样本进行了线粒体COⅠ、16S rDNA、D-loop、Cyt b及12S rDNA基因的测序分析,并与GenBank中30个滑螯虾属(Cherax)物种的相应基因序列比对,同时,进行上述5种分子标记在种内个体间、属内种间、科内属间和目内科间的同源性变异范围比对分析。结果显示,本研究所采集淡水龙虾样本与四脊滑螯虾(C. quadricarinatus)的相似性最高,其中,1 113 bp的Cyt b相似性100%,COⅠ、16S r DNA及12S rDNA相似性都在99%以上;在以克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)为外类群构建的邻接系统发育树中,本研究样本与四脊滑螯虾聚为一支,然后与其他物种聚合构成系统树,确定本研究采集的淡水龙虾样本为四脊滑螯虾;通过同源性变异范围比对分析,在淡水龙虾养殖群体的分子分类工作中,16S rDNA、Cyt b及12S rDNA比COⅠ和D-loop这2种分子标记具有较强优势。本研究结果可为今后淡水龙虾养殖场中物种的分类鉴定工作提供参考。     

澳洲龙虾的养殖

澳洲龙虾又叫澳洲淡水龙虾、澳大利亚红螯螯虾（Ｃｈｅｒａｘｑｕａｄｒｉｃａｒｉｎａｔｕｓ）属十足目,拟螯虾科,光壳虾属。原产于澳大利亚,为野生虾,是一种淡水的螯虾,外形酷似龙虾。１９７１年开始人工养殖,是目前世界上最优良的淡水虾类之一。现澳大利亚、新西...     

对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒体内增殖模型的建立

应用对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒（WSSV）,对淡水克氏螯虾、罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾和两种淡水蟹（中华绒螯蟹、长江华溪蟹）进行人工感染实验。结果除淡水克氏螯虾之外,其它受试的虾蟹均不能感染WSSV。克氏螯虾3个不同剂量级感染至12d平均死亡率为94％。从发病或死亡个体采集血淋巴,经电镜负染色可观察到完整的病毒粒子,其形态大小、靶细胞组织病理均与从中国对虾中分离的WSSV相似或相同。同时,通过原位杂交技术进一步证明该实验的可靠性。克氏螯虾重复感染效果良好,有可能成为研究WSSV的一种理想的病毒体内增殖模型。     

中国水栖寡毛类的研究 Ⅰ.仙女虫科和蛭蚓科新种的描述

本文记载仙女虫科(Naididae)1新种、1新亚种及蛭蚓科(Branchiobdellidae)1新属、2新种。其中蛭蚓科两种系特殊的种类,本科各已知种专以螯虾(Astacus,Cambarus,Cambaroides等属)为寄主,故只分布于出产螯虾的地区,国内仅东北有过记载。而这两个新种却寄生淡水小虾,分布于云南、河南两个尚未发现螯虾的省份。在不产螯虾的地区首次发现,对研究本科动物的生态、分布诸问题,都有很大的价值。     

氨氮和亚硝酸盐对红螯螯虾幼虾和亚成虾的急性毒力

【目的】近年来,红螯螯虾养殖面积越来越广泛,明确不同规格的红螯螯虾对氨氮和亚硝酸盐的耐受力,有利于提高其养成率,促进其养殖业的健康发展。【方法】在水温24~25℃、p H 7.9~8.0的条件下,研究了氨氮和亚硝酸盐对红螯螯虾幼虾和亚成虾的急性毒性,分析半致死浓度(LC50)和安全浓度(SC)。【结果】总氨氮对红螯螯虾幼虾的24、48、72和96 h LC50分别为188.0、136.15、104.67和88.00 mg·L~(-1),SC为8.80 mg·L~(-1);总氨氮对亚成虾的24、48、72和96 h LC50分别为344.01、270.46、205.15和167.68 mg·L~(-1),SC为16.77 mg·L~(-1);非离子氨对幼虾的24、48、72和96 h LC50分别为10.16、7.35、5.65和4.75 mg·L~(-1),SC为0.48 mg·L~(-1);非离子氨对亚成虾的24、48、72和96 h LC50分别为18.58、14.60、11.08和9.05 mg·L~(-1),SC为0.91 mg·L~(-1);亚硝酸盐对幼虾的24、48、72和96 h LC50分别为46.76、33.88、27.97和22.81 mg·L~(-1),SC为2.28 mg·L~(-1);亚硝酸盐对亚成虾的24、48、72和96 h LC50分别为77.56、59.33、45.41和37.48 mg·L~(-1),SC为3.75 mg·L~(-1)。【结论】红螯螯虾对氨氮的耐受力高于亚硝酸盐,亚成虾对氨氮和亚硝酸盐的耐受力高于幼虾。     

两种绿藻辅助饲喂对克氏原螯虾生理活性的影响

以克氏原螯虾为研究对象, 测定了在正常投喂人工颗粒饲料的基础上辅助添加小球藻、刚毛藻饲喂克氏原螯虾的生理活性。结果表明: 试验期间添加小球藻(1.0×106-1.0×107 cells·L-1)、刚毛藻(0.06-0.08 g·L-1)对克氏原螯虾的生长与存活率均无显著影响(P >0.05), 但肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和肝胰脏酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性显著降低(P <0.05); 机体的血细胞密度显著增加(P <0.05), 外骨骼和肌肉中虾青素的含量极显著增加(P <0.01); 单独添加刚毛藻肌肉虾青素含量也显著提高(P <0.05), 血清、肝胰脏和肌肉碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的活性极显著提高(P <0.01), 肝胰脏酸性磷酸酶的活性极显著降低(P <0.01)。摄食小球藻和刚毛藻对于克氏原螯虾的抗逆活性和免疫能力具有促进作用, 养殖水体中适度添加小球藻和刚毛藻有助于克氏原螯虾的健康与活力。     

不同地位克氏原螯虾对社会环境改变的行为反应

为探究不同社会地位的亚成体克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)对利益的分配,以及对社会环境改变(体型较大的入侵同类)各自做出的行为反应,本文统计已确立等级序列的成对同性别螯虾对隐蔽所的占有情况,并视频拍摄同性别螯虾入侵时,入侵者及不同地位的原居者的格斗行为,分析格斗次数、格斗时间、首次攻击及被首次攻击对象多个参数。在隐蔽所占有实验中,71%为优势者占有隐蔽所,7%为从属者占有,共同占有或没有占有的各11%。在入侵-反入侵实验中,雄性入侵者对2只原居虾之间的攻击选择无显著差异,雌性入侵者首次攻击显著选择与原优势者格斗;雄性原居者中优势者对入侵者和原从属者的攻击无显著差异,雌性优势者则显著选择与入侵者格斗;雄性原居者中从属者显著选择与入侵者格斗,雌性从属者对入侵者和原优势者的攻击无显著差异。上述结果表明,优势者优先占有资源;雌雄螯虾在入侵和面临入侵时有各自不同的策略;不同地位的螯虾在反入侵时行为反应也各有不同。     

Effects of declining calcium availability on the survival,growth and calcium content of a freshwater crayfish,Orconectes virilis

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Physiological responses of Daphnia pulex to acid stress

Background  

Acidity exerts a determining influence on the composition and diversity of freshwater faunas. While the physiological implications of freshwater acidification have been intensively studied in teleost fish and crayfish, much less is known about the acid-stress physiology of ecologically important groups such as cladoceran zooplankton. This study analyzed the extracellular acid-base state and CO₂ partial pressure (P _CO2), circulation and ventilation, as well as the respiration rate of Daphnia pulex acclimated to acidic (pH 5.5 and 6.0) and circumneutral (pH 7.8) conditions.     

Crayfish population size under different routes of pathogen transmission

We present an epidemiological model for the crayfish plague, a disease caused by an invasive oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, and its general susceptible freshwater crayfish host. The pathogen shows high virulence with resulting high mortality rates in freshwater crayfishes native to Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America. The crayfish plague occurrence shows complicated dynamics due to the several types of possible infection routes, which include cannibalism and necrophagy. We explore this complexity by addressing the roles of host cannibalism and the multiple routes of transmission through (1) environment, (2) contact, (3) cannibalism, and (4) scavenging of infected carcasses. We describe a compartment model having six classes of crayfish and a pool of crayfish plague spores from a single nonevolving strain. We show that environmental transmission is the decisive factor in the development of epidemics. Compared with a pathogen-free crayfish population, the presence of the pathogen with a low environmental transmission rate, regardless of the contact transmission rate, decreases the crayfish population size with a low risk of extinction. Conversely, a high transmission rate could drive both the crayfish and pathogen populations to extinction. High contact transmission rate with a low but nonzero environmental transmission rate can have mixed outcomes from extinction to large healthy population, depending on the initial values. Scavenging and cannibalism have a relevant role only when the environmental transmission rate is low, but scavenging can destabilize the system by transmitting the pathogen from a dead to a susceptible host. To the contrary, cannibalism stabilizes the dynamics by decreasing the proportion of infected population. Our model provides a simple tool for further analysis of complex host parasite dynamics and for the general understanding of crayfish disease dynamics in the wild.     

3种酰胺类稻田除草剂对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性

[目的] 研究稻虾共作模式条件下,稻田封闭除草剂对克氏原螯虾产生的急性毒性。[方法] 采用半静态试验方法,研究3种酰胺类除草剂（乙草胺、丙草胺和丁草胺）对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性,计算3种酰胺类除草剂对克氏原螯虾的安全浓度,并分析其LC₅₀衰减规律。[结果] 随着暴露时间和除草剂浓度的增加,虾体侧躺,步行足和游泳足活动频率降低,最终死亡。乙草胺对克氏原螯虾的96 h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）和安全浓度（SC）分别为0.0707和0.0146 mL·L^-1;丙草胺对克氏原螯虾的96 h LC₅₀和SC分别为0.0119和0.0021 mL·L^-1;丁草胺对克氏原螯虾的96h LC₅₀和SC分别为0.0073和0.0014 mL·L^-1。乙草胺、丙草胺及丁草胺除草剂LC₅₀随着暴露时间延长呈下降趋势,符合双曲线衰减模型,回归方程分别为：① y₁=2.0840x^-0.7380（R²=0.9973）;② y₂=0.1106x^-0.4930（R²=0.9872）;③ y₃=0.2236x^-0.7480（R²=0.9990）。克氏原螯虾对3种除草剂的敏感性由高到低依次为：丁草胺 > 丙草胺 > 乙草胺。[结论] 乙草胺和丙草胺可在稻田综合种养生产过程中按常规剂量使用,而丁草胺按常规剂量使用可能存在较大的风险。     

A comparison of crayfish burrow morphologies: Triassic and Holocene fossil,paleo‐ and neo‐ichnological evidence,and the identification of their burrowing signatures

The architectural and surficial morphologies of crayfish burrows from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation and Holocene sediments were compared in order to determine: 1) if Triassic burrows could truly be attributed to crayfish activity; 2) how comparable the burrowing mechanisms are; and 3) whether or not a common set of burrowing signatures could be identified for both ancient and modern freshwater crayfish. Materials used in this study include burrows from the members of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, casts of modern burrows constructed by Procambarus clarkii Hobbs and Procambarus acutus acutus (Girard) in the laboratory, and casts of naturally constructed modern burrows of Cambarus diogenes di‐ogenes (Girard).

Triassic and Holocene crayfish burrow morphologies exhibit simple to complex architectures, varying degrees of branching, chamber, and chimney development. They also exhibit relatively textured surficial morphologies (bioglyphs) such as scrape and scratch marks, mud‐ and lag‐liners, knobby and hummocky surfaces, pleopod striae, and body impressions. Holocene crayfish construct distinctive burrows due to their conservative limb arrangement, functional morphology, and behavior with respect to environmental stimuli. Similarities between Holocene and Triassic crayfish burrows suggest that extant and Triassic crayfish employed identical burrowing mechanisms. Features of the surficial and architectural morphologies impart a distinctive signature to burrows of both ancient and modern freshwater burrowing crayfish.

Burrowing signatures of crayfish can be used to identify new and previously misinterpreted continental trace fossils. These are useful in studies of the paleohydrogeology, paleoclimatology and paleoecol‐ogy of burrow‐bearing deposits.     

Measuring sub-lethal effects on freshwater crayfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paranephrops planifrons</Emphasis>) behaviour and physiology: laboratory and in situ exposure to modified zeolite

Various behavioural and physiological tests were applied to determine whether an aluminised modified zeolite clay product (Z2G1), used to cap phosphorus release from lake sediments, had sub-lethal effects on adult freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons). In situ exposures of caged crayfish before and after application of modified zeolite to Lake Okaro, Central North Island, New Zealand, at a nominal application concentration of 350 g m⁻², did not impact the survival of freshwater crayfish or produce any significant sub-lethal effects on crayfish mobility or physiology that we could detect. In laboratory sediment tests, crayfish did not show any consistent effect from short-term (10 days) exposure to modified zeolite (at concentrations of 350, 700 or 2,100 g m⁻²) or to alum. When combined, the field and laboratory data provide strong evidence that applications of 350 g m⁻² modified zeolite will have no short-term effect on adult crayfish, with a ‘margin of safety’ for higher application rates. Chronic exposure effects of capping agents and the indirect impacts of lake treatment (e.g. food web responses) are yet to be determined. Quantitative measures of shade- and shelter-seeking behaviour, righting behaviour, and length of escape response, could be improved by the addition of standardised behavioural observations. Physiological measures of ammoniacal-N production and oxygen consumption are less variable than behavioural tests, but comparisons between treatments are best conducted simultaneously. A suite of behavioural and physiological sub-lethal measures using field and laboratory exposures is recommended to provide an integrated assessment of crayfish health.     

Aspects of embryonic and postembryonic development of the Japanese freshwater crayfish Cambaroides japonicus (Crustacea, Decapoda) including a hypothesis on the evolution of maternal care in the Astacida

Little is known about the biology of the East Asian freshwater crayfish of the genus Cambaroides. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships of Cambaroides are controversial. To gain more information about East Asian crayfish and to shed some light on the phylogeny and evolution of freshwater crayfish, some aspects of the embryonic and postembryonic development of the Japanese freshwater crayfish species Cambaroides japonicus are described. The general appearance of the embryo and the growth zone consisting of about 40 ectoteloblasts correspond with the apomorphic pattern described for all other freshwater crayfish species. The occurrence of eight mesoteloblasts is a typical malacostracan character. In addition to the occurrence of freshwater crayfish apomorphies, such as a telson thread, the postembryonic development of C. japonicus follows the ground pattern of the Northern Hemisphere Astacoidea. In particular, some characteristics are in common with the postembryonic development of the Astacidae. These concern the shape of the telson of the juvenile stage 1 and the occurrence of plumose telson setae in juvenile stage 2. Furthermore, the recurved hooks of the hatchlings are lost in the juvenile stage 2, indicating an early independence of the juveniles from the mother. On the other hand, the early appearance of a spermatheca (annulus ventralis) is shared between C. japonicus and the other (American) Cambaridae. The hypothesis is developed that the evolutionary success of the different freshwater crayfish taxa might be related to the stepwise extension of maternal care as an adaptation to the freshwater environment.     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地底栖无脊椎动物与环境因子的关系研究——以石油开采区与淡水补给区为例

分别于2018年5月和8月对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地19(淡水补给区11处,石油开采区8处)处采样点的底栖无脊椎动物和水体理化指标进行调查采样,运用统计方法分析两个区域物种组成、优势种、多样性、群落结构以及与环境因子的关系。结果表明:两季共采集到底栖无脊椎动物54种,主要以水生昆虫、腹足纲和软甲纲为主,淡水补给区和石油开采区各类群组成差异明显。独立样本T检验表明淡水补给区和石油开采区水体理化指标间差异显著(P0.05)。双因子方差分析显示,昆虫纲和腹足纲密度在两区域差异显著(P0.05),软甲纲和腹足纲密度在季节上差异明显(P0.05)。底栖无脊椎动物优势种共10种,淡水补给区指示物种8种,而石油开采区未发现有指示物种。聚类和非参数多维排序(nM DS)显示,底栖无脊椎动物群落结构相似性较低; RDA结果表明:淡水补给区底栖无脊椎动物群落结构主要受Cond,TDS,Sal,pH,Eh,HCO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)等环境因子的影响。石油开采区底栖无脊椎动物群落结构影响较大的环境因子为HCO_3~-、NH_4-N。     

Habitat use by five sympatric Australian freshwater crayfish species (Parastacidae)

1. The Grampians National Park in Victoria is a ‘hot spot’ for freshwater crayfish diversity, with seven species from six genera occurring in sympatry. Few studies have examined how multiple species of freshwater crayfish co‐exist across landscapes consisting of a mosaic of perennial and seasonal habitats. Despite their endemicity and likely key role in freshwaters, the ecology and biology of these crayfish remains unknown. 2. This study determined the distribution and habitat use of five crayfish species (Euastacus bispinosus, Cherax destructor, Geocharax falcata, Gramastacus insolitus and Engaeus lyelli). Seasonal sampling surveys ascertained whether crayfish distribution was related to habitat type, environmental or physicochemical variables, catchment or season. 3. Distribution was directly related to habitat type and the environmental and physicochemical variables that characterised habitats. Engaeus lyelli, G. falcata and G. insolitus occurred predominantly in floodplain wetlands and flooded vegetation habitats, E. bispinosus occurred only in flowing soft‐sediment channels and C. destructor was found in all catchments and habitat types studied. Gramastacus insolitus co‐occurred with G. falcata at all sites except two, so no distinct habitat separations were apparent for these two species. 4. A high percentage cover of boulders was the best indicator of crayfish absence, and discriminated between habitat types and crayfish species: it was probably a surrogate for a larger range of environmental and physicochemical variables. Catchment and season did not affect crayfish distribution. 5. These crayfish species varied in their degree of habitat specialisation from strongly generalist (C. destructor) to occupying only a specific habitat type (E. bispinosus). Some species appeared specialised for seasonal wetlands (G. insolitus and G. falcata). Overlap in site occupancy also varied: G. insolitus and G. falcata distributions were strongly associated, whereas C. destructor appeared to occur opportunistically across habitats, both alone and co‐occurring with all the other species. 6. Management strategies to conserve multiple species of crayfish co‐existing within landscapes will need to incorporate a range of perennial and seasonal habitat types to ensure sufficient space is available for species to maintain different occupancy patterns. Given that water resources are under increasing pressure and are strongly regulated within the Grampians National Park, this may present a conservation challenge to water managers in this location.     

Habitat use and dispersal of the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii in ephemeral water bodies of Portugal

We used radio-telemetry to analyze habitat use and dispersal of the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii in the extreme environmental conditions of a temporary river in southern Portugal. The rationale of this study was that an understanding of the properties that make this species a successful invader can be of help for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. The results showed that: (1) crayfish displaced at a similar rate (ranging 2.5–38?m?d^?1) as other European populations; (2) movement was faster at night; (3) crayfish movement had no clear environmental correlates, except for water temperature; (4) peaks of more intense locomotion were intercalated with longer periods of slow or null speed; and (5) P. clarkii did not excavate burrows in the study habitat, but took refuge under boulders and most often occupied complex microhabitats (e.g., vegetated sections of the river). The conclusion was that, notwithstanding their extreme conditions, ephemeral water bodies in southern Europe are highly susceptible to invasion by P. clarkii.