鄱阳湖流域锦江水体污染胁迫下浮游细菌群落结构及交互作用

【目的】为了探索河流水体污染胁迫对浮游细菌群落的影响。【方法】本研究使用主成分分析将水体污染胁迫分为高、中、低3级,基于高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖流域锦江干流浮游细菌群落的多样性、组成以及交互作用。【结果】锦江污染胁迫下的浮游细菌群落优势菌群包括假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota,13.53%–45.83%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota,17.05%–40.50%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota,5.79%–31.56%)、蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria,0.41%–59.31%)和芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota,0.11%–4.81%)。其中Bacillota在污染胁迫等级下显著差异(P=0.03)。浮游细菌群落组成在不同水体污染胁迫等级下存在显著差异(P=0.046)。群落丰富度Chao1与ACE指数在低污染胁迫地区显著高于中污染胁迫地区(P=0.024和0.037),Shannon多样性指数差异不显著。共生网络拓扑特征表明,随着水体污染胁迫减小,细菌共生网络的复杂性与稳定性增强,浮游细菌群落之间的交互作用增强。【结论】污染胁迫显著改变了水体细菌群落结构与交互作用。以上研究有助于从微生物角度为水体污染的检测、监测和控制提供生态学参考。     

洪潮江水库浮游细菌群落空间分布及其与环境因子的关系

【目的】为了解洪潮江水库浮游细菌群落组成、空间分布及其与环境因子的相互作用关系。【方法】基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,对洪潮江水库浮游细菌群落结构与多样性进行了分析,同步对水体的理化指标进行检测。【结果】洪潮江水库共注释浮游细菌28门79纲168目243科325属85种。优势门为变形菌门、放线菌门、蓝细菌门、疣微菌门、拟杆菌门、浮霉菌门,分别占比21.95%、21.30%、17.98%、12.27%、11.72%、9.51%。基于Bray-Curtis距离的PCoA分析表明,洪潮江水库9个采样点可以被分为3组,细菌群落呈现沿上下游梯度变化的趋势。perMANOVA检验显示,各组差异显著,但是各组的多样性指数没有显著性差异。Mantel分析表明,透明度、浊度、总磷、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、叶绿素a、pH、溶解氧、氧化还原电位、比电导、总溶解固体以及营养状态会显著影响浮游细菌群落结构。【结论】洪潮江水库浮游细菌空间分布特征是自然环境理化因子和农业活动综合作用的结果。研究结果对了解浮游细菌群落空间格局及其对人类活动的响应,以及水库管理具有科学参考价值。     

太湖夏季浮游细菌群落多样性的空间格局简

为了研究太湖夏季浮游细菌群落多样性与水体营养盐的关系,在太湖全湖范围内开展了一次大规模浮游细菌采样调查,分析了太湖不同湖区浮游细菌丰度和多样性组成。研究发现,浮游细菌丰度在不同湖区中存在明显的空间差异,从北部和西部湖区沿湖流向东南方向至湖心和南部沿岸再到东部湖区呈下降趋势,这与太湖水体营养水平从高到低变化趋势一致。浮游细菌丰度与营养盐浓度回归分析结果显示,总磷(TP)与细菌丰度存在较好的正相关(R2=0.6392,n=29,P0.01),而总氮(TN)与细菌丰度无显著相关(R2=0.0663,n=29,P0.05)。因此,磷是太湖夏季浮游细菌生长的限制因子。不同湖区营养盐与浮游细菌群落多样性也具有显著的正相关,随着营养水平的升高,浮游细菌多样性增加。此外,细菌群落的组成在不同湖区间亦具有明显的空间异质性,与不同湖区营养水平空间变化一致。研究结果将有助于人们更好地理解淡水湖泊中微生物循环和生态系统功能。     

太湖湖滨湿地浮游细菌群落结构及时间动态

于2015年5月至2016年3月对太湖湖滨湿地浮游细菌群落结构及时间动态进行考察。运用实时荧光定量PCR考察了浮游细菌生物量的动态变化;通过16S r RNA基因高通量测序及聚类分析研究了浮游细菌群落组成及时间动态;并运用LEf Se分析探究了浮游细菌群落的主要差异物种;通过冗余分析探究了环境因子对浮游细菌群落结构变化的驱动作用。结果显示:太湖湖滨湿地浮游细菌主要分布于12个门中的24个纲,其中变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门及蓝细菌门微生物占总体相对丰度的90.11%。浮游细菌生物量在7月达到最高(2.25×10~5 copies/L),同时Shannon-Winner指数及Simpson指数别为5.313±0.124与0.010±0.002,显示群落多样性亦高于其他采样时间;1月浮游细菌生物量仅次于7月(1.70×10~5 copies/L),而群落多样性指数较其他采样时间显著下降,这与Flavobacteria纲微生物相对丰度大幅上升有关。较高的DO值与较低的温度及NH_3-N含量是1月水体Flavobacteria纲微生物快速繁殖的重要原因。     

南明河城区河段细菌多样性与环境因子的关系

摘要:【目的】了解南明河城区河段细菌群落结构及多样性变化,探讨城区河段环境因子对细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】应用对细菌16S rDNA V4区的高通量测序技术,分析和比较了南明河流经城区的5个样点的细菌群落多样性;然后采用冗余分析(RDA)探讨了水体环境因子与细菌多样性的关系。【结果】南明河贵阳区段细菌多样性指数( Shannon-Wiener 指数)分析结果显示,多样性指数平均达7.5,乌当桥采样点的细菌多样性＞水口寺采样点＞五眼桥采样＞花溪大桥采样点＞冠洲桥采样点。序列比对结果显示,南明河内细菌除了部分分类地位不明确的菌群和稀有菌群外,其余分布于11个门包含327个属的细菌,优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacterice,66.1%±3.30%),其中γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,54.76%±4.86%)为优势亚群,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas,16.92%±0.02%)为优势菌属;RDA结果表明不同菌群受不同环境因子的影响 不同,菌属群落Ⅳ和环境中总氮、总磷显著正相关。【结论】高通量测序分析能获得更为全面的细菌群落多样性信息。河流经过城区后环境因子发生较大变化,影响河流细菌群落结构改变。这为研究河流城市区段的细菌结构多样性及与环境因子的关系提供了新的科学数据。     

太湖夏季浮游细菌群落多样性的空间格局

为了研究太湖夏季浮游细菌群落多样性与水体营养盐的关系,在太湖全湖范围内开展了一次大规模浮游细菌采样调查,分析了太湖不同湖区浮游细菌丰度和多样性组成。研究发现,浮游细菌丰度在不同湖区中存在明显的空间差异,从北部和西部湖区沿湖流向东南方向至湖心和南部沿岸再到东部湖区呈下降趋势,这与太湖水体营养水平从高到低变化趋势一致。浮游细菌丰度与营养盐浓度回归分析结果显示,总磷（TP）与细菌丰度存在较好的正相关（R2=0.6392,n=29,P0.01）,而总氮（TN）与细菌丰度无显著相关（R2=0.0663,n=29,P0.05）。因此,磷是太湖夏季浮游细菌生长的限制因子。不同湖区营养盐与浮游细菌群落多样性也具有显著的正相关,随着营养水平的升高,浮游细菌多样性增加。此外,细菌群落的组成在不同湖区间亦具有明显的空间异质性,与不同湖区营养水平空间变化一致。研究结果将有助于人们更好地理解淡水湖泊中微生物循环和生态系统功能。       

鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布

【背景】界面微生物群落组成研究日益成为微生态系统的研究热点之一。【目的】探究鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布。【方法】选取鄱阳湖河湖交错带的典型采样点11个,现场采集水样,进行理化指标分析。运用扩增子测序获得了上述样品的16SrRNA基因序列数据。根据多样性指数和丰富度指数计算比较11个采样点样品的微生物群落多样性和丰富度。根据β多样性距离矩阵,利用相似度树状图对细菌群落进行聚类分析,研究鄱阳湖河湖交错带微生物分布差异。基于冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)研究理化因子与微生物群落分布之间的关系。【结果】鄱阳湖河湖交错带水体为中性或微酸性水质、总氮含量在V类标准以上、总磷含量在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类标准间波动。鄱阳湖河湖交错带水体细菌优势种组成大体相似,只是其相对丰度有所区别,其中门级微生物群落优势类群为:变形菌门(Proteobacteria,36.18%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,22.18%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,17.06%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,8.87%)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria,4.43%)。水体中变形菌门以γ-变形菌为优势菌群,以β-变形菌为次优势菌群;属分类水平上,相对丰度最高的是放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的其他属类(11.4%)。乐安河(R9采样点)与鄱阳湖长江交汇处(H11采样点)的细菌α多样性指数较高,万家桥(N2采样点)、赣江鄱阳湖交汇处(W6采样点)和瑶湖(Y10采样点)的α多样性指数最低。从细菌群落组成看:鄱阳湖大湖池保护区(W7采样点)、乐安河(R9采样点)和鄱阳湖长江交汇处(H11采样点)群落组成相似,其余8个采样点群落组成相似。pH值(P=0.735 2)、总氮(P=0.761 4)和总磷(P=0.612 8)是影响微生物群落分布的主要环境因子。【结论】鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布差异较为明显,其空间地理差异叠加人类活动的扰动,影响了植被、水文、富营养化程度等,从而导致水体理化指标的差异,进而影响细菌群落的组成,水体理化指标相似的区域细菌群落组成也相似。水体富营养化严重的区域细菌多样性低。该研究有助于深层次了解鄱阳湖河湖交错的生态系统结构和功能,可为鄱阳湖水环境治理和生态保护提供相应的技术支持,对维持鄱阳湖生态平衡有着重要的意义。     

广西北部湾茅尾海夏冬季浮游细菌群落结构及其影响因子

海洋浮游细菌在生物地球化学循环过程中具有不可替代的作用。为解析广西北部湾茅尾海夏冬季浮游细菌群落结构及其关键环境影响因子，于2017年6月(夏季)和2017年12月(冬季)在该海域设置7个站点，采集0.5m处表层海水样品，利用16S核糖体RNA (16S rRNA)基因高通量测序技术，分析茅尾海浮游细菌群落结构与多样性。结果表明：茅尾海海域浮游细菌隶属于11个门、36个纲、86个目、188个科和506个属；主要浮游细菌类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 52.47%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 17.34%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 16.39%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 7.54%)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria, 5.38%),共占浮游细菌总丰度的99.12%。北部湾茅尾海夏季浮游细菌群落Chao 1指数和Richness指数均显著(P<0.05)高于冬季。主坐标分析(PCoA)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果表明，不同季节浮游细菌群落结构存在极显著差异(R=0.586,P<0.001)。在目分类水平上进行组...     

冻融对温带土壤可溶性氮库、氮转化过程及细菌群落多样性的影响

土壤冻融会影响土壤氮的有效性。氮的转化与土壤微生物密不可分,而土壤冻融对温带土壤细菌群落的影响并不十分清楚。假设: 冻融影响细菌群落结构多样性及其组成,从而改变土壤可溶氮含量和氮转化过程。为了验证这一假设,本研究设计了不同冻融循环次数(分别为6次和15次循环)的培养试验,并以2 ℃恒温培养作为对照。结果表明: 随着冻融循环次数的增加,可溶性全氮、可溶性无机氮、微生物生物量氮和净氮矿化率均显著降低。冻融循环次数对细菌α多样性(包括Chao1和Shannon指数)无显著影响,恒温培养的培养周期数与细菌的α多样性呈显著正相关。冻融处理显著影响细菌群落功能和组成,但冻融循环次数对细菌群落结构的影响较小。偏冗余分析表明,冻融处理下细菌群落结构和功能多样性与土壤可溶氮含量和氮转化过程密切相关。     

水产养殖不同物种对水体和沉积物中细菌群落的影响

为探究水产养殖中养殖不同物种对水体和沉积物中细菌群落的影响,以养殖克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii, PC)和中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis, PS)的水体和沉积物样品为研究对象,利用基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术,对细菌群落多样性和群落组成进行分析,并结合环境因子,探究水产养殖对细菌群落的影响。结果显示,水体和沉积物中细菌群落的α多样性均呈现PS>PC的显著差异(P<0.05)。非度量多维尺度分析的结果显示,PC和PS区的水体和沉积物细菌群落结构均呈现明显差异。冗余分析(RDA)的结果表明,水体氨氮(NH~+₄-N)和硝酸盐氮(NO~-₃-N)是影响水体细菌群落结构的最主要环境因子,沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机碳(OC)均对沉积物细菌群落结构有显著影响(P<0.05)。PC和PS区中的细菌隶属于34门、114纲、258目、504科和955属,水体中共筛选出了11个优势菌门(相对丰度>0.5%),沉积物中筛选出了13个。2个养殖区域的水体样品中共筛选出了15个优势(...     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.