秦岭辛家山林区落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性

【目的】以秦岭辛家山林区落叶松为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的外生菌根真菌。【方法】通过野外调查结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法。【结果】鉴定出31种外生菌根真菌,分属2门4目11科11属,分别有毛革菌属(Tomentella)、丝盖伞属(Inocybe)、红菇属(Russula)、Amphinema、蜡蘑属(Laccaria)、蜡壳耳属(Sebacina)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、牛肝菌属(Boletus)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、乳菇属(Lactarius)和硬皮马勃属(Scleroderma),丝盖伞属是优势类群。阳坡外生菌根真菌多样性高于阴坡。对菌根根际土与非根际土化学性质分析表明,pH值显著低于非根际,速效磷、速效钾含量显著高于非根际。对根际土化学性质与外生菌根侵染率相关性分析表明,落叶松外生菌根侵染率与土壤pH值呈显著正相关;与速效钾呈极显著正相关;与全氮、速效磷呈显著负相关。【结论】落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性丰富,且受坡向影响。外生菌根真菌可降低根际pH,提高根际有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钙和水溶性镁的含量。外生菌根侵染率受土壤pH值、全氮、速效磷、速效钾的影响。     

东北红松纯林菌根外生菌根真菌群落与环境因子的相关性

外生菌根是木本植物根系与真菌形成的共生结构,外生菌根真菌在红松等外生菌根树种的定植与森林生态系统的保持方面起到至关重要的作用。明确菌根系统内外生菌根真菌群落组成是揭示菌根共生机制的前提条件。本研究利用Illumina Hiseq测序平台对生长季内红松纯林内根围土壤及菌根样品ITS2区进行高通量测序,分析其外生菌根真菌群落结构随季节的变化规律,同时通过统计学的方法分析了红松根系微生态中外生菌根真菌群落结构组成变化与其他生物因素、非生物因素的相关性。结果如下：（1）从6月份到10月份,5个月的菌根样品测序共得到741个真菌OTUs,利用FUNGuild数据库分析,其中85个OTUs归类为外生菌根真菌,优势属（相对丰度>5）为蜡壳菌属Sebacina、乳牛肝菌属Suillus、Meliniomyces、红菇属Russula、棉革菌属Tomentella、须腹菌属Rhizopogon和缘腺革菌属Amphinema。6月份菌根中外生菌根真菌的多样性最大,显著高于其他月份。（2）红松林外生菌根真菌群落组成受到土壤pH、有效磷含量、有效钾含量和土壤有效氮含量的影响,它们与外生菌根真菌优势属相对丰度呈现正相关或负相关。（3）根围土壤内真菌是影响红松根系外生菌根真菌相对丰度的另一重要因素,其中,包括普可尼亚属Pochonia、产丝齿菌属Hyphodontia、镰刀菌属Fusarium、Collembolispora、枝穗霉属Clonostachys、Apodus、鹅膏属Amanita在内的土壤真菌与根内外生菌根真菌的相对丰度呈线性关系。同时,超过85%的根内外生菌根真菌与同一取样地的土壤共有,可以认为侵染和扩散是红松根内外生菌根真菌群落形成的主要方式,同时兼有植物根系的选择,因为根内并不包括所有土壤中存在的外生菌根真菌,其机制需要进一步人工模拟试验验证。     

免耕覆盖及有机肥施用对土壤真菌群落组成及多样性的影响

为揭示土壤真菌群落对免耕、覆盖及有机肥施用的响应机制,在宁夏南部山区冬小麦农田连续3年采用免耕覆盖+施有机肥(NF)、免耕覆盖+不施有机肥(NC)、传统耕作不覆盖+施有机肥(TF)和传统耕作不覆盖+不施有机肥(TC)4个处理,依托Illumina MiSeq 高通量测序平台,研究了土壤真菌群落组成、多样性及其与土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明: 4个处理共获得3490个可操作分类单元(OTUs),其中含有一些未知真菌。在已知的真菌群落中,子囊菌门和担子菌门为优势菌门,其相对丰度占总丰度的82.1%～94.2%,且TF处理下子囊菌门座囊菌纲的相对丰度最高,NF处理下担子菌门银耳菌纲的相对丰度最高。4个处理真菌群落多样性指数(Shannon和Simpson指数)依次为NC>TC>NF>TF。多元分析结果表明,微生物生物量碳是影响担子菌门和接合菌门相对丰度的主要因素,而土壤全磷、速效钾和速效磷含量高低是驱动子囊菌门真菌相对丰度变化的关键因素。在宁夏南部山区推广以免耕覆盖并施用有机肥的保护性耕作措施有利于提高土壤真菌群落多样性。     

呼和浩特市大青山白桦根际土壤细菌群落结构研究

采用高通量测序技术对天然次生林生态系统演替过程中先锋树种白桦的根际土壤细菌多样性及群落结构进行了分析。研究结果表明:白桦根际土壤细菌隶属于28门、90纲、126目、213科、286属,在3个采样地中排名前8的优势细菌门的相对丰度均大于1%,分别为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。各样地中前3个门的相对丰度之和均在60%以上。对白桦根际土壤细菌的α多样性指数、门水平的聚类热图以及PCoA聚类结果的分析表明,3个采样地中,小井沟(B2)和哈达门森林公园(C2)白桦根际土壤细菌的物种组成更为接近,与井儿梁(A2)的物种组成有一定差异;且小井沟和哈达门森林公园的物种多样性及丰度(ACE指数)显著高于井儿梁,表明细菌对不同环境的适应能力有明显差异。对细菌群落结构与土壤理化性质的RDA分析及相关性分析表明,环境因子对白桦根际土壤细菌的影响顺序为:全氮TN酸碱度pH含水量WC速效钾AK硝态氮NN铵态氮AN有机质OM有效磷EP,其中,TN、pH和WC是白桦根际土壤优势细菌的主要影响因子。研究结果为深入认识森林生态系统中根际土壤细菌的群落结构和影响因子提供了理论依据。     

宁夏南部生态移民迁出区不同恢复模式土壤微生物群落特征

为了揭示人工林对土壤微生物环境的作用机理,利用高通量测序技术,比较了宁南山区刺槐、河北杨、油松、青海云杉和自然恢复林地的土壤真菌、细菌群落组成及多样性,分析了土壤理化性质与优势菌群的关系。结果表明: 1)不同恢复模式土壤真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢霉门、未分类真菌,占总真菌群落的90%以上;细菌优势菌门为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和其他细菌门,占总细菌群落相对丰度的80%以上。2)油松林地土壤真菌多样性最高,Shannon指数和 Simpson 指数分别为3.72±0.37、0.07±0.04。自然恢复林地真菌物种数量最高,Ace和Chao1指数分别为708.19±137.25、706.26±125.34;油松林地细菌多样性和物种数量都最高,Shannon、Simpson、Ace和Chao1指数分别为6.57±0.04、0.004±0.00、3439.81±41.67和3463.14±32.16。3)不同恢复模式相对丰度差异显著的真菌属为产油菌属、枝孢菌属、链格孢属,细菌属为67-14科未定名属、红色杆菌科红色杆菌属、鞘脂单胞菌科鞘脂单胞菌属。4)微生物优势菌群与土壤理化性质的冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤容重(BD)、碳氮比(C/N)、pH是影响真菌优势菌群的主要因子,BD、氮磷比(N/P)、全磷(TP)、全碳(TC)是影响细菌优势菌群的主要因子。总体而言,不同恢复模式间真菌丰度差异性高于细菌丰度,表明真菌群落组成及其多样性对于不同树种和土壤环境变化较细菌群落更为敏感。研究结果将为宁南山区植被恢复措施及生态系统功能稳定性的维持提供理论支持。     

不同施肥方式对酸性茶园土壤真菌群落的影响

为揭示不同施肥方式对茶园土壤真菌群落结构的影响,依托定位施肥试验,采集对照(CK)、纯化肥(N300)、有机肥配施(OM30) 3个处理的0—10 cm和10—20 cm两层土壤,通过高通量测序技术,分析不同施肥处理下,茶园土壤真菌群落结构特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明0—10 cm土层中真菌Alpha多样性显著高于10—20 cm土层(P0.05);在同一土层中,Alpha多样性变化趋势为CK N300 OM30。子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门是试验茶园土壤中三大优势真菌门类,Sordariomycetes纲,Tremellomycetes纲和Mortierellomycotina纲分别是子囊菌门、担子菌门和接合菌门下的优势种群。子囊菌门和担子菌门在0—10 cm土层中相对丰度较高,而接合菌门则在10—20 cm土层中具有较高丰度(P0.05)。施肥处理提高了土壤中接合菌门的相对丰度,降低了子囊菌门的相对丰度。不同深度土壤中真菌群落结构差异主要受土壤理化性质变化驱动,冗余分析和Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,土壤有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、全钾、速效钾含量对土壤真菌群落结构影响显著(P0.05),而试验茶园土壤的pH变化对同一土层中真菌群落结构的影响并不显著(P0.05)。     

短期施肥对桉树人工林土壤真菌群落结构及功能类群的影响

为探索桉树人工林土壤真菌群落对短期施肥的响应特征,本研究利用Illumina高通量测序技术和FUNGuild平台,分析短期施肥和不施肥(control, CK)处理下土壤真菌的群落结构、功能类群及其影响因子。结果表明:桉树土壤真菌群落主要由担子菌门和子囊菌门主导,分别占48.61%—46.74%和39.31%—38.08%,短期施肥对真菌门水平的影响不显著。在目水平上,施肥处理中牛肝菌目(23.73%)和散囊菌目(19.95%)的相对丰度显著高于CK处理,分别为CK的7.65和1.72倍,而古根菌目、爪甲团囊菌目、银耳菌目等优势菌目的相对丰度则低于CK处理。短期施肥后土壤真菌α多样性和丰富度指数有所降低,主坐标分析表明,施肥组与CK组真菌群落结构差异显著。桉树土壤真菌的营养类型以腐生型为主,施肥处理中共生型真菌相对丰度显著增加,是CK的4.19倍,且增加以外生菌根马勃菌为主,而大多数其他营养类型真菌的相对丰度则显著减少。冗余分析表明,土壤有效养分含量、微生物碳、土壤有机碳、pH值和土壤含水量等土壤因子是影响群落的主要因子。短期施肥显著改变桉树人工林土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群,增加共生真菌比例,改善土壤质量。     

寒温带地区典型森林类型中外生菌根真菌多样性和群落组成及其影响因素

外生菌根(ECM)真菌可促进宿主植物对土壤中水分和营养的吸收,提高宿主植物的抗逆性及对环境的适应,在森林生态系统的物质循环中发挥了重要作用。为探明寒温带地区ECM真菌多样性和群落组成以及土壤理化因子对真菌群落组成的可能影响机制,采用高通量测序(Illumina Miseq)平台对大兴安岭4种典型森林类型白桦、樟子松、兴安落叶松和偃松的根围土壤ECM真菌群落组成进行了分析。结果表明,4种典型森林类型根围土壤中共获得167个ECM真菌可操作分类单元(OTUs),隶属于2个门、4个纲、10个目、24个科、36个属。在门水平上,担子菌门(Basidiomycota)真菌的相对丰度占96.4%,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌占3.6%。在属水平上,红菇属(Russula,30.2%)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius,17.1%)、Piloderma(9.6%)、棉革菌属(Tomentella,7.2%)、丝盖伞属(Inocybe,7.2%)和蜡壳耳属(Sebacina,6.2%)的相对丰度均>5.0%,是该地区的优势ECM真菌类群。不同森林类型的优势ECM真菌在属水平上的组成存在显...     

内蒙古地区白桦根围土壤外生菌根真菌群落结构

为了解白桦外生菌根真菌的群落结构,本研究选取了内蒙古赤峰市黑里河、赛罕乌拉以及阿拉善盟贺兰山3个国家自然保护区,采集白桦林下根围土壤,利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对扩增子真菌ITS1区进行高通量测序。测序共获得外生菌根真菌序列 1 041条,划分为404个OTU,隶属于2个门、6个纲、11个目、25个科、38个属,主要分布于担子菌门Basidiomycota。3个采样地共有优势外生菌根真菌OTU 21个,归属于红菇属Russula、乳菇属Lactarius、锁瑚菌属Clavulina、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、蜡壳耳属Sebacina、丝盖伞属Inocybe、Amphinema属、蜡伞属Hygrophorus,其中Russula占绝对优势。在黑里河与赛罕乌拉,Russula和Clavulina为绝对优势属;在贺兰山,Cortinarius和Sebacina为绝对优势属。土壤环境因子对群落中优势外生菌根真菌的影响程度依次为pH>Na>Ca>Mg>TN>K>TP>TC,其中pH、Ca与Mg对3个采样地的优势外生菌根真菌的分布差异造成显著影响。黑里河与赛罕乌拉的白桦外生菌根群落结构在属水平和优势属水平上相似性高于这两个采样地与贺兰山的白桦外生菌根群落结构。     

人参种植对林地土壤细菌群落结构和代谢功能的影响

揭示人参种植对土壤微生物群落结构和代谢功能的影响,对防治人参连作障碍具有重要的理论意义。利用高通量测序技术研究了林地和由林地开垦耕种人参3a和4a后土壤微生物群落结构和代谢功能的变化。结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)是林地和人参种植土壤微生物的主要优势类群。林地开垦种植人参后,土壤放线菌门和疣微菌门的相对丰度显著增加,土壤酸杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低;而土壤微生物多样性指数明显降低。除趋势对应分析(DCA)显示不同种植a限人参的土壤微生物群落结构存在明显差异。Tax4Fun功能预测表明,人参种植后土壤微生物的萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物代谢与信号转导功能的相对丰度显著降低,而膜转运功能的相对丰度增加。典范对应分析(CCA)和Partial Mantel Test分析表明,土壤速效钾、全钾含量和土壤pH值是影响土壤微生物群落结构的重要因子。因此,林地开垦种植人参对土壤微生物群落结构、多样性以及代谢功能产生了显著影响,土壤速效钾、全钾含量和pH值是影响土壤微生物群落结构的重要因素。     

Vermicomposting in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong

The treatment and disposal of pig-waste in Hong Kong has received much attention in recent years but, following any of the presently used treatment processes, solids remain to be further stabilized. Vermicomposting is a waste stabilization technique which converts waste into potentially recyclable materials such as worm protein and worm casts. The earthworm, Pheretima asiatica, can stabilize most of the solids arising from the treatment of pig-waste, including raw pig manure, suggesting that vermicomposting has a high potential as a unit process in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong.S.H. Wong is with the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong; and D.A. Griffiths is with the Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.     

Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain

This paper studies the seasonal presence and removal of the pathogenous micro-organisms Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), faecal streptococci (FS), Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs, in a constructed wetland treatment system. The removal efficiency of this system with respect to the indicator micro-organisms achieved maximum values in spring and autumn at 99.9% for E. coli and TC, respectively, in winter at 97.0% for FS, in summer at 100% for Clostridium and throughout the year, also at 100%, in the case of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs. In general, very low protozoan and helminth egg counts were found, and the system demonstrated efficient reduction of the wastewater indicator pathogens.     

Inbreeding in a french peasant population

Genealogical pedigrees were collected from 976 farming couples who lived in a canton of central France in the XIXth and XXth century. Several methods (genealogical, isonymic and probability of origin of genes) were used to appraise the evolution of the biological structure of this population, which has gone through two phases. The first phase from 1800 to the World War I, shows gene flows between the farming population of the canton and those of neighbouring rural districts which are linked to an increase in consanguineous marriages. The second phase, from 1920 onwards, shows important gene flow from distant areas. This trend implies a decrease in consanguineous marriages.     

Lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods in Thailand

Traditional fermented foods (fish, meat and vegetable products), produced by many different processes, are eaten in many parts of Thailand. Lactic acid bacteria are responsible for the souring and ripening of these foods. Homofermentative strains of Lactobacillus pentosus, L. plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus are dominant in foods with low salt concentrations whereas P. halophilus strains are present in foods containing high salt. Strains of Lactobacillus sake, other Lactobacillus spp., P. acidilactici and P. urinaeequi are frequently found. Heterofermentative strains of L. brevis, L. confusus, L. fermentum, L. vaccinostercus, other Lactobacillus spp., and of Leuconostoc spp. are distributed as minor bacteria and strains of Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Halobacterium are occasionally isolated.S. Tanasupawat is with the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; K. Komagata is with the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogenetic relationships in theCampanulales based onrbcL sequences

Phylogenetic relationships within the angiosperm orderCampanulales were investigated by comparative sequencing of the chloroplast generbcL. CompleterbcL sequences were obtained for ten species in six families within the order. These data were analyzed along with previously publishedrbcL sequences from other taxa (for a total of 117 species) within the subclassAsteridae and outgroups, producing 32 equally parsimonious trees. A subset consisting of 44 of these taxa was then chosen and more rigorous analyses performed, resulting in four equally parsimonious trees. Results indicate that two major clades roughly corresponding to traditionally circumscribedAsterales andCampanulales exist as sister taxa. In particular, therbcL trees indicate thatSphenoclea is not a member ofCampanulales orAsterales, thatPentaphragma is more closely allied toAsterales thanCampanulales, that theCyphiaceae are not monophyletic, thatCampanulaceae andLobeliaceae are not sister taxa, and thatStylidiaceae are correctly placed withinCampanulales.     

Mycoflora of Argentinian corn harvested in the main production area in 1990

Corn (Zea mays) is the main cereal produced in and exported from Argentina. The risk of contamination by mycotoxins is related to the mycoflora associated with the corn kernels. This paper reports on the identification of internal and external mycoflora of corn kernels harvested in the main production area in Argentina in 1990. A mycological survey was carried out on 178 corn samples, from five locations in that area and the isolation frequency and relative density of the prevalent fungal genera compared. GenusFusarium was the most prevalent component of the internal seedborne mycoflora in the five locations.Penicillium was prevalent in all locations, taking into account the frequency. However, this genus was predominant only in two locations, when the relative density was considered. The predominantFusarium wasF. moniliforme and the most frequently isolated species ofAlternaria, Aspergillus andPenicillium wereA. alternata, A. flavus andP. decumbens, respectively.Diplodia species were not isolated from any of the samples.     

Nectary structure and nectar characteristics in someBignoniaceae

The nectary structure and chemical nectar composition of 15 species belonging to 12 genera ofBignoniaceae are analyzed. All taxa bear a conspicuous nuptial nectary surrounding the ovary base. The secretory tissue is mostly supplied by phloem branches. The stomata are located in the middle and upper part of the nectary epidermis with an homogeneous distribution. The nuptial nectary is proportionally large in relation to the ovary (15–30%), disregarding the nectary volume. Most species have extranuptial nectaries in both inner and outer surfaces of the calyx. Both kinds of nectaries lack a vascular tissue that straightly supplies them. Nuptial nectar concentration (wt/wt) ranges from 19 to 68%. Sugars and amino acids are found in all species. Half of the species have hexose predominant nectars, the remaining sucrose predominant. Phenols are detected in only three species, whereas reducing acids exclusively inTecoma stans. Alkaloids and lipids were never detected. Extranuptial nectar chemical composition is analyzed in two species:Dolichandra cynanchoides andPodranea ricasoliana. Bees constitute the main flower visitors of the species studied whereas hummingbirds were seen visiting three species. A correlation analysis is performed with the data obtained. There are a few significant correlations which indicate a parallel increase of three parameters: the longer the flower length, the more voluminous the nectary and the higher stomata number, independently of the floral biotype. Phenograms are obtained using 24 floral characters including nectary and nectar data. The clusters obtained do not reflect taxonomic relationships but are useful in the understanding of animal-plant interactions when the flower biotype is considered.This paper is based on a chapter of a doctoral thesis presented at the University of Córdoba (Argentina).     

Synthetic oligonucleotide probes for detection of mercury-resistance genes in environmental freshwater microbial communities in response to pollutants

Mercury-resistance genes were detected byin situ hybridization using new synthetic oligonucleotide probes specific formerA andmerB genes according to the published sequences of the corresponding enzymes. These DNA probes were used for the detection of specific mercury-resistant microorganisms isolated from the Rhine River which had been polluted 3 years previously in 1986. Mercuric reductase and organomercurial lyase genes persist in the bacterial genome even after the disappearance of the pollutant but are absent in axenic amoebae. A total of 49 bacterial isolates showed DNA homologies with the³²P-labelled DNA probes and 15 free-living amoebae were selected due to their harboured symbiotic mercury-resistant bacteria.     

The role of natural enemies in controllingIcerya purchasi in South Australia

The obscure occurrence of the cottony-cushion scaleIcerya purchasi Maskell in its native country Australia is generally attributed to its natural enemies. Twelve natural-enemy-exclusion experiments were conducted at monthly intervals to confirm the role of natural enemies. Each experiment had uncaged, open-caged, and caged treatments. The natural enemies were active throughout the year. The percentage of scales surviving to adults in the cages was significantly higher than in the open-caged treatments, except the April (first) cohort. In both open-caged and uncaged treatments, the percentage of scales surviving to adults was similar and matched the changes in the numbers of natural enemies, thus confirming their importance in controllingI. purchasi in South Australia.