改良HEART评分法对急诊胸痛患者分层治疗的指导价值研究

目的:研究改良HEART评分法对急诊胸痛患者分层治疗的指导价值。方法:选择我院急诊科收治的急性胸痛患者197例,根据疾病分为心源性胸痛组(n=132)和非心源性胸痛组(n=65),所有患者均行改良HEART评分和传统HEART评分,并根据评分进行危险分层,比较患者去向,建立受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,评价HEART评分对危险分层和预后预测的价值。结果:心源性胸痛组改良HEART评分和常规HEART评分均高于非心源性胸痛组,两组改良HEART评分和常规HEART评分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。改良HEART评分低危者100%未住院,中危62.71%住院,高危住院、入ICU的构成比例为73.17%、36.59%;HEART评分低危11.11%住院,中危住院、入ICU的构成比例为57.38%、6.56%,高危住院、入ICU的构成比例为68.57%、31.43%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。改良HEART评分用于对心源性胸痛患者分层的AUC值为0.916,敏感度为0.883,明显高于HEART评分的0.831和0.765。结论:改良HEART评分法可提高急诊胸痛患者分层的准确性,对指导患者去向和治疗价值较高。     

血清hs-CRP及红细胞分布宽度与急性冠脉综合征患者危险分层及预后的相关性研究

目的:探讨血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及红细胞分布宽度(RDW)与急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者危险分层及预后的相关性。方法:将132例ACS患者按照全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)危险评分分为低、中、高危三组;检测各组的血清hs-CRP、RDW、肌钙蛋白I(c Tn I)、B型脑钠肽(BNP)水平;并记录入院后心脏超声检查中左室射血分数(LEVF)及住院期间有无发生主要不良心脏时间(MACE)等情况。结果:低、中、高危三组间血清hs-CRP、RDW、BNP、c Tn I、LEVF比较具有统计学差异(P0.05),高危组患者血清hs-CRP、RDW、BNP、c Tn I高于低危组及中危组(P0.05),中危组高于低危组(P0.05);血清hs-CRP水平与GRACE评分呈正相关(rs=0.490,P0.05),RDW水平与GRACE评分亦呈正相关(rs=0.401,P0.05);与非MECE组比较,MECE组患者hs-CRP、RDW较高(P0.05);血清高水平hs-CRP及RDW是ACS患者发生近期住院MACE相关高危因素。结论:血清hs-CRP及RDW水平随着ACS患者危险分层的增加而增加,高水平hs-CRP及RDW是近期发生MACE的高危因素,对临床评估ACS患者病情及预后具有重要价值。     

CRUSADE评分联合血栓弹力图对急性冠脉综合征患者出血风险的评估

目的:运用CRUSADE评分系统联合血栓弹力图对急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者抗栓治疗中的出血风险进行评估。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月至2013年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院住院的ACS患者病历249例,用CRUSADE评分联合血栓弹力图评估ACS患者30天出血事件的发生。结果:随访的249例ACS患者,共有46例(18.5%)患者发生了出血事件;按照CRUSADE评分进行危险分层,极低危组、低危组、中危组、高危组、极高危组的出血率分别为:15%、7.5%、21.2%、32.5%26.7%;各组间出血率的比较:中危组、高危组及极高危组各组的出血率均高于低危组,差异有统计学意义;而高危组出血率高于极低危组,差异有统计学意义,而极低危组与其他各组比较,差异无统计学意义;低危组以上患者出血率高于低危组以下,差异有统计学意义。低危组以上中危组、高危组及极高危组各组间出血率比较,差异无统计学意义;按照血小板抑制率中位数分组,大于中位数组的出血率高于小于中位数组,差异有统计学意义。经多因素Logistic分析:PAg T抑制率(ADP)是ACS患者抗栓治疗中出血事件的独立影响因素。利用ROC曲线分析CRUSADE评分、血栓弹力图以及两者联合对患者出血事件发生的评估,两者联合的曲线下面积大于单独利用CRUSADE评分。结论:随着CRUSADE评分危险分层的增加出血的发生率亦呈增加趋势;危险分层低危以上的患者,不论中危、高危、极高危发生出血事件风险较低危险以下有明显增加;血栓弹力图监测血小板抑制率可作为CRUSADE评分的补充,提高对ACS患者出血风险的预测。     

急性冠脉综合征患者血清sCD40L和MMP-9水平变化与危险分层的相关性研究

为了弄清急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)患者血清重组人可溶性CD40配体(recombinant human soluble CD40 ligand, s CD40L)和金属蛋白酶-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9, MMP-9)水平变化与危险分层的相关性,本研究随机选取20例健康志愿者和60例就诊的ACS患者,将ACS患者根据危险分层GRACE评分系统分为3组(低危组,中危组和高危组),每20例。测定并统计各组间血清s CD40L和MMP-9水平变化,分析与危险分层的相关性。研究结果表明,低危组、中危组和高危组ACS患者血清s CD40L和MMP-9水平均明显高于对照组(p0.05),而高危组差异与对照组更显著(p0.01),且ACS患者血清s CD40L (r=0.867)和MMP-9 (r=0.725)水平与危险分层分数呈正相关性关系。ACS患者血清s CD40L和MMP-9水平与危险分层分数呈正相关性关系,这些数据将为今后临床防治ACS提供更可靠的支撑。     

急性冠脉综合征患者GRACE评分与心功能及冠脉病变的关系研究

目的:探讨全球急性冠状动脉疾病登记(GRACE)风险评分与急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者心功能及冠脉病变的关系。方法:回顾性分析2015年4月至2017年6月我院收治的276例ACS患者的临床资料,根据GRACE评分结果进行分组,GRACE评分140分者作为高危组(93例),GRACE评分109~140分者作为中危组(96例),GRACE评分109分者作为低危组(87例),比较三组的一般资料、生化指标、心功能指标、冠脉病变严重程度,采用Spearman相关系数分析GRACE评分与心功能指标和冠脉病变严重程度的相关性。结果:高危组和中危组男性所占比例、年龄、高血压比例、载脂蛋白-B(Apo-B)、空腹血糖(FBG)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、胱抑素-C(Cys-C)、同型半胱胺酸(Hcy)、左心房前后径(LAAP)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、多支血管病变所占比例以及重度狭窄和完全闭塞所占比例高于低危组,且高危组高于中危组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);高危组和中危组三酰甘油(TG)、载脂蛋白-A(Apo-A)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)低于低危组,且高危组低于中危组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Spearman相关系数分析显示,GRACE评分与LAAP、LVESD、LVEDD、冠脉病变血管支数、狭窄程度呈正相关关系(P0.05),GRACE评分与LVEF水平呈负相关关系(P0.05)。结论:GRACE评分越高,ACS患者的心功能越差,冠脉病变越严重,GRACE评分可以反映ACS患者的心功能水平和冠脉病变的严重程度。     

老年患者中高危非心脏手术围手术期心血管事件的危险评估

目的探讨老年患者择期行中高危非心脏手术围手术期心血管事件(PCE)的危险因素。方法对2010年1月~2014年12月在我院择期行中高危非心脏手术老年患者574例的病历资料进行分析。结果 106例(18.4%)患者发生PCE,其中88例发生在术后3天内(83.0%),18例发生在术后3天后(17.0%)。结论对老年择期手术患者进行危险评分及危险分层能较好进行老年患者中高危非心脏手术PCE的危险评估。     

血浆脑钠肽对不同年龄急性冠脉综合征患者介入治疗术后 临床预后的意义

目的:探讨并比较血浆脑钠肽(BNP)对不同年龄组急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者经皮冠脉介入(PCI)术后临床主要不良心脏事件(MACE)的预测价值。方法:回顾分析2007年12月至2010年3月因ACS在我院行PCI的患者,分为≥60岁和<60岁两组,入院常规检验BNP,随访住院期间及出院后6个月内MACE(包括死亡、心源性休克、再发心绞痛、非致命性再次心肌梗死、非致命性心力衰竭、心律失常、靶血管血运重建、再次入院复合终点)的发生情况。结果:随访269例≥60岁患者,失访7例(2.6%),118例<60岁患者,失访3例(2.5%),。262例≥60岁患者的年龄与BNP水平显著正相关(r=0.368,P<0.01),而115例<60岁患者无显著相关性(r=-0.014,P>0.05)。年龄≥60岁患者BNP水平与<60岁患者比较,差异显著(P<0.01),年龄≥60岁患者MACE与<60岁患者比较,差异显著(P<0.01),两组患者BNP水平与LVEF呈显著负相关(P均<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示:BNP可独立预测两组患者住院期间及出院后6个月内MACE(≥60岁OR=4.369 P<0.01;<60岁OR=7.773 P<0.01)发生率。两组患者BNP水平对MACE预测的ROC曲线结果比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:不同年龄患者BNP水平及MACE发生率存在差异,但年龄并不影响BNP对ACS患者临床预后的预测价值。     

比索洛尔干预对于ACS患者急诊PCI术后QRS-T夹角改变及其临床意义研究

目的:探讨比索洛尔干预对于急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术后QRS-T转角改变及其临床意义。方法:连续纳入100例ACS患者,急诊PCI术开通罪犯血管,术后分为比索洛尔组和常规治疗组。另选50名年龄相似,非冠心病志愿者作为对照组。观察术前和术后额面QRS-T夹角情况与术后1年主要心脏不良事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)发生率的相关性。结果:ACS患者PCI术前额面QRS-T夹角均明显高于对照组(F=4.528,P=0.033)。在急诊PCI后第三天可见比索洛尔组ACS患者额面QRS-T夹角明显回落(74.9±11.2°vs.50.3±15.2°,P0.05)。比索洛尔治疗与ACS患者急诊PCI术后额面QRS-T夹角改变(r=0.783,P=0.013)成正相关,而与MACE发生率(r=-0.512,P=0.034)存在负相关。ACS患者急诊PCI术后使用早期加用比索洛尔治疗后可以使MACE发生风险降低23%(P=0.012)、△额面QRS-T夹角(每增加1°)使MACE风险降低8%(P=0.041),而Gensini评分(每增加1分)使MACE发生风险升高32%(P=0.035)。结论:ACS患者PCI术后早期应用比索洛尔治疗可以促进额面QRS-T夹角水平回落。额面QRS-T夹角回落幅度与MACE的发生相关。     

血清NT-proBNP 与hs-CRP在预测急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死主要心脏 不良事件的价值

目的:探讨血清N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)在预测急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)近期主要心脏不良事件(MACE)的价值。方法:选取172例STEMI患者为研究对象,按照住院期间是否发生MACE分为MACE组(n=56例)和非MACE组(n=116例),记录两组之间的入院时血清NT-pro BNP及hs-CRP水平及一般临床资料及实验室检查指标,将NT-pro BNP及hs-CRP水平按照四分位分组(Q_1、Q_2、Q_3和Q_4组),比较各组相关指标的差异,用多因素Logistic回归模型分析NT-pro BNP及hs-CRP水平与MACE发生的关系,用ROC曲线评价血清NT-pro BNP及hs-CRP预测MACE发生的价值。结果:MACE组和非MACE组在血清NT-pro BNP及hs-CRP存在显著的统计学差异(P0.05),MACE组两指标高于非MACE组;两者四分位分组之间MACE发生率存在统计学差异(P0.05),NT-pro BNP Q_4组和hs-CRP Q_4组中的MACE发生率高于NT-pro BNP Q_1~Q_2组及hs-CRP Q_1~Q_2组;多因素Logistic回归分析显示血清NT-pro BNP及hs-CRP是STEMI患者近期MACE发生的独立危险因素,且NT-pro BNP Q_1~Q_4组及hs-CRP Q_1~Q_4组之间风险值(OR)逐渐增大。ROC曲线提示血清NT-pro BNP及hs-CRP预测MACE发生的ROCACU分别为:0.887、0.797;灵敏度分别为91.1、85.6;特异度分别为82.6、75.2。结论:血清NT-pro BNP及hs-CRP可能是STEMI患者近期MACE发生的独立危险因素,应当引起临床重视。     

非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征患者血浆S100A1水平与GRACE评分及短期预后相关性的研究

目的:探讨非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NST-ACS)患者血浆S100A1水平与全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)评分之间的关系,以及S100A1水平对NST-ACS患者30天预后的判定价值。方法:共有162例NST-ACS患者符合入选标准,收集基本临床资料,进行GRACE评分,同时收集次日清晨空腹采集肘静脉血,检测血浆S100A1浓度,与患者的GRACE评分进行比较。根据S100A1的水平进行分组随访,KM生存分析不同组患者30天预后进行评价。结果:不同GRACE分组患者间S100A1水平具有显著性差异(P0.05);相关性分析显示,NST-ACS患者S100A1与GRACE评分呈显著正相关(r=0.49,P0.01);KM生存分析显示,S100A1水平3.41 ng/mL的患者30天内心血管事件发生率显著升高(P0.05)。结论:S100A1可作为预测NST-ACE患者病情的发生发展的生化指标;在NST-ACS患者中运用S100A1有助于对患者早期危险分层及评估预后有一定的临床价值。     

Pre-hospital point-of-care troponin measurement: a clinical example of its additional value

In the majority of patients with chest pain, an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) can be ruled out. However, early recognition of an ACS is required in order to start treatment as soon as possible and reduce risks associated with myocardial ischaemia. Because of the lack of pre-hospital protocols to rule out an ACS, patients with a suspected ACS are transported to the emergency department, where the HEART score can be used to estimate the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Patients with a low HEART score have a low risk of MACE. A point-of-care (POC) troponin measurement enables ambulance paramedics to calculate the HEART score in the pre-hospital setting. POC troponin measurement and HEART score assessment have several potential advantages, including early recognition of an ACS and identification of high-risk patients before hospital arrival. Moreover, pre-hospital rule-out of an ACS could prevent unnecessary emergency department visits. The safety and cost-effectiveness of referring low-risk patients with a normal POC troponin value to the general practitioner are currently being investigated in the ARTICA randomised trial. This point-of-view article demonstrates one of the potential advantages of early detection of an ACS.

     

Dickkopf-1 as a Novel Predictor Is Associated with Risk Stratification by GRACE Risk Scores for Predictive Value in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Retrospective Research

Objective

Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), a major regulator of the Wnt pathway, plays an important role in cardiovascular disease. However, no study has evaluated the association of DKK-1 and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We investigated this association and whether the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) hospital-discharge risk score predicting major adverse cardiac events (MACE) can be improved by adding the DKK-1 value.

Methods

We enrolled 291 patients (46 with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] and 245 with non-ST elevated ACS [NSTE-ACS]) who were divided into groups by tertiles of baseline plasma DKK-1 level measured by ELISA. The GRACE risk score was calculated and predictive value alone and together with DKK-1 and/or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level were assessed, respectively.

Results

Compared with patients with NSTE-ACS, those with STEMI had higher plasma DKK-1 level at baseline (P = 0.006). Plasma DKK-1 level was correlated with hs-CRP level (r = 0.295, P<0.001) and was greater with high than intermediate or low GRACE scores (P = 0.002 and P<0.001, respectively). We found 44 (15.1%) MACEs during a median 2-year follow-up. DKK-1 levels were higher for patients with than without events (P<0.001). The rate of MACE increased with increasing DKK-1 level (P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for GRACE score with MACE was 0.524 and improved to 0.791 with the addition of hs-CRP level, 0.775 with the addition of DKK-1 level and 0.847 with both values added.

Conclusions

DKK-1 is an independent predictor of long-term MACE of patients with ACS. The long-term predictive ability of post-discharge GRACE score may be enhanced by adding DKK-1 level.     

Addition of heart score to high-sensitivity troponin T versus conventional troponin T in risk stratification of patients with chest pain at the coronary emergency rooms

Patients with chest pain have a large impact on available resources in coronary emergency rooms (CER). Clinical judgement, ECG, risk scores and biomarkers guide in risk stratification. We investigated if high-sensitivity troponin T (HsT) and the HEART Score could contribute to risk stratification at the CER. All patients with chest pain, without elevated conventional troponin levels at presentation, were included. HsT levels were determined at admission (T1), at 4–6 h (T2) and 8–10 h after symptom onset (T3). The HEART Score was calculated as risk score for the occurrence of a major adverse cardiac event (MACE). Thirty days after discharge, occurrence of MACE was registered. Eighty-nine patients were included (overall mean age 61 years (range 20–90)). At presentation, 68 patients (76 %) had a HsT below cut-off value of 14 ng/l (mean HEART Score 3.7, range 1–9). Thirty-one of these 68 patients had a HEART Score between 1–3, no MACE occurred in this group. For 3 patients (4 %) HsT levels increased above 14 ng/l. These 3 patients had a HEART Score between 4–6. The majority of patients with chest pain can be safely discharged within 4–6 h after onset of symptoms using HsT and the HEART Score. In contrast, patients with initially normal HsT but a high HEART Score need longer follow-up and repeat HsT determination.     

Combined Value of Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Risk Score for Predicting Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) content can both independently predict major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We investigated the combined predictive value of RDW and GRACE risk score for cardiovascular events in patients with ACS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the first time. We enrolled 480 ACS patients. During a median follow-up time of 37.2 months, 70 (14.58%) patients experienced MACEs. Patients were divided into tertiles according to the baseline RDW content (11.30–12.90, 13.00–13.50, 13.60–16.40). GRACE score was positively correlated with RDW content. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that both GRACE score and RDW content were independent predictors of MACEs (hazard ratio 1.039; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.024–1.055; p < 0.001; 1.699; 1.294–2.232; p < 0.001; respectively). Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that the risk of MACEs increased with increasing RDW content (p < 0.001). For GRACE score alone, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for MACEs was 0.749 (95% CI: 0.707–0.787). The area under the ROC curve for MACEs increased to 0.805 (0.766–0.839, p = 0.034) after adding RDW content. The incremental predictive value of combining RDW content and GRACE risk score was significantly improved, also shown by the net reclassification improvement (NRI = 0.352, p < 0.001) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI = 0.023, p = 0.002). Combining the predictive value of RDW and GRACE risk score yielded a more accurate predictive value for long-term cardiovascular events in ACS patients who underwent PCI as compared to each measure alone.     

Consumption of diagnostic procedures and other cardiology care in chest pain patients after presentation at the emergency department

Objective

The HEART score serves risk stratification of chest pain patients at the emergency department (ED). Quicker and more solid decisions may be taken in these patients with application of this score. An analysis of medical consumption of 122 acute chest pain patients admitted before the introduction of this score may be indicative of possible savings.

Methods

Numbers of cardiology investigations and clinical admission days were counted. Charged cost of medicine was divided into three categories: ED, in-hospital, and outpatient clinic.

Results

The total cost of care was € 469,631, with an average of € 3849 per patient. Seventy-five percent of this cost was due to hospitalisation under the initial working diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This diagnosis was confirmed in only 29/122 (24 %) of the patients. The low-risk group (41 patients with HEART scores 0–3) included one patient with a previously scheduled CABG. In the remaining 40 patients, hospitalisation occurred in 12/40 (30 %) patients and 30/40 (75 %) patients visited the outpatient clinic. The total cost of medical care after presentation of these 40 patients was € 37,641; there were no cases where a new diagnosis of coronary artery disease was made. When medical care in this subgroup is declared redundant, major savings on national medical care budgets could be made.

Conclusion

If the HEART score were to be routinely applied, diagnostic pathways could be shortened and costs reduced, in particular in low-risk patients.     

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a long-term prognostic biomarker in acute coronary syndromes

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of our study was to analyse the long-term prognostic value of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods: We included 340 patients with an ACS who underwent coronary angiography and plasma suPAR concentration was measured. Patients were classified into low suPAR concentrations (<2.6?ng/mL) and high suPAR concentrations (≥2.6?ng/mL) and long-term events were evaluated. suPAR prognostic value was assessed beyond a clinical model that included age, GRACE score, estimated glomerular filtration rate, cardiac troponin-I peak and left ventricular ejection fraction <40%.

Results: Higher suPAR concentrations were associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. After multivariate adjustment, suPAR ≥2.6?ng/mL were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (HR 2.3; 95%CI 1.2–4.4; p?=?.017), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (HR 1.7; 95%CI 1.1–2.5; p?=?.020) and heart failure (HR 4.1; 95%CI 1.3–12.6; p?=?.015), but not with myocardial infarction. For long-term all-cause death significant improvement of reclassification and discrimination were seen after addition of suPAR to a clinical model.

Conclusions: In the setting of an ACS, suPAR is associated with long-term all-cause death, heart failure and MACE, and provides incremental prognostic value beyond traditional risks factors.     

GRACE and TIMI risk scores but not stress imaging predict long-term cardiovascular follow-up in patients with chest pain after a rule-out protocol

Objective

To determine the long-term prognostic value of stress imaging and clinical risk scoring for cardiovascular mortality in chest pain patients after ruling out acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

A standard rule-out protocol was performed in emergency room patients with a normal or non-diagnostic admission electrocardiogram (ECG) within 6 h of chest pain onset. ACS patients were identified by troponin T, recurrent angina and serial ECG. Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) was performed after ACS was ruled out. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) was performed within 6 months in an outpatient setting according to the physician’s discretion.

Results

524 patients were included. GRACE and TIMI risk scores were 75 (57–96) and 1 (0–2) in the rule-out ACS group, and 89 (74–107) and 2 (1–3) in the ACS group, respectively (median, interquartile range). Follow-up (median 9.4 (8.9–10.0) years) was complete in 96%. 350 of 379 rule-out ACS patients had an interpretable DSE and 52 patients underwent an MPS. 21 of the rule-out ACS patients (6%) died of a cardiovascular cause compared with 24 (17%) ACS patients (p?<?0.001). For rule-out ACS patients, C-statistics were 0.829 and 0.803 for the GRACE and TIMI scores. In these patients, DSE and MPS outcome did not predict long-term cardiovascular mortality. In multivariate analysis, known chronic heart failure, ACE inhibitor use, and GRACE score were independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality.

Conclusions

TIMI and GRACE score but not DSE and MPS are accurate predictors of long-term cardiovascular mortality, even in chest pain patients with a normal or non-diagnostic electrocardiogram undergoing a rule-out protocol.