葡萄球菌下呼吸道感染的细菌学分类及抗生素敏感性分析

目的：探讨葡萄球菌下呼吸道感染的细菌学分类情况及抗生素耐药性特点。方法：利用复星公司FOUTUNE IMS细菌鉴定药敏分析系统,凝固酶试验用试管法。结果：47株菌株分离到6种葡萄球菌,排在前3位的是施氏葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌占29．8％。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）占78．7％,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）78．8％;MRS对万古霉素敏感率为81．1％。MRS建议用药依次为万古霉素、呋喃妥因、氯霉素、四环素和喹诺酮类,未发现对万古霉素耐药的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）。结论：凝固酶阴性、耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌成为下呼吸道球菌感染的主要菌株,MRS比例上升,MRS治疗首选万古霉素。     

肺结核合并葡萄球菌下呼吸道感染的病原学分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨肺结核合并葡萄球菌下呼吸道感染的病原学构成和耐药特点,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用纸片扩散法对病原菌进行药敏试验,并进行耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)检测,按CLSI 2012年标准判定药敏结果,用WHONET 5.6软件分析数据。结果 166株葡萄球菌中,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌,占58.43%;药敏试验表明3种葡萄球菌对青霉素G、苯唑西林、红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星耐药率均≥50%,对利福平、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药率低;调查表明本院肺结核患者耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌分离率高。结论我院肺结核合并下呼吸道感染葡萄球菌的分离率较高,且耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌所占比例高,耐药覆盖率高,呈明显的多重耐药,临床应重视葡萄球菌感染并依据药敏试验结果合理选用抗生素。     

重症监护病房金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性与流行病学分析

为了解重症监护病房感染金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及流行状况,收集重症监护病房2007年9～12月临床分离的金黄色萄萄球菌42株,纸片扩散法检测其对10种抗生素的耐药率,随机引物扩增PCR(Ran- dom amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)检测其流行状况。42株金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,没有检测到对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。35株金黄色葡萄球菌为耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MR- SA),7株为甲氧西林敏感的葡萄球菌(MSSA),除万古霉素外,MRSA对其他9种抗生素的耐药率比MSSA高,42株金黄色葡萄球菌经RAPD分型分为5个基因型,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型分别占31.0%、38.1%、14.3%、9.5%、7.1%。重症监护病房临床金黄色葡萄球菌分离株对多种抗生素具有高耐药性,其感染基因型以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型为主。     

急性乳腺炎病原菌分布与耐药分析

目的 调查导致急性乳腺炎感染的病原菌分布及其对常用抗生素的耐药情况以指导临床合理选用抗菌药物.方法 穿刺法收集186例门诊和住院急性乳腺炎患者脓液标本进行细菌分离培养和药敏试验,采用全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定,药物敏感试验采用K-B纸片法.β-内酰胺酶检测采用头孢硝噻吩纸片法.结果 标本细菌检出率为54.3％(101/186).其中96株为需氧或兼性厌氧菌,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(81.2％);5株为厌氧菌,均为口腔正常菌群.药敏结果显示葡萄球菌对复方新诺明、红霉素、阿齐霉素及左氧氟沙星有较高耐药率,尤其对青霉素有极高耐药率;而对苯唑西林、二代/三代头孢菌素、丁胺卡那及呋喃妥因较为敏感;未发现万古霉素耐药的菌株.葡萄球菌产β-内酰胺酶率为14.7％,其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)产酶率(46.2％)远高于金黄色葡萄球菌(9.8％).此外,MRCNS流行率亦远高于耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA).结论 急性乳腺炎的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,其对青霉素高度耐药,但对苯唑西林或二代以上头孢菌素较为敏感.因此,苯唑西林或二代以上头孢菌素是目前治疗急性乳腺炎的首选药物.     

耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌

目前认为万古霉素中度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株一般从苯唑西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌转变而来。万古霉素中度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌感染患者往往长期使用万古霉素或有慢性疾病。目前还没有系统检测万古霉素中度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌的试验。如果用万古霉素治疗苯唑西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌感染失败,临床医生应警觉是否为万古霉素中度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌感染。     

糖尿病并发败血症病原菌分布及耐药性

目的分析糖尿病合并败血症患者的病原菌种类及其对抗菌药物的耐药性,为合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2011年1月至2014年7月在浙江大学医学院附属第二医院确诊的80例糖尿病合并败血症患者的临床资料、血培养和药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果 80例糖尿病合并败血症患者中原发感染部位以泌尿道感染最多,其次为呼吸道感染。检出病原菌中革兰阴性菌44株,占55.0%,其中大肠埃希菌38株,肺炎克雷伯菌6株;革兰阳性菌36株,占45.0%,其中葡萄球菌属24株,链球菌属12株。药敏试验中大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林和哌拉西林耐药率达50.0%以上;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、哌拉西林、头孢西丁、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛和妥布霉素100.0%耐药;葡萄球菌属对苯唑西林、克林霉素和青霉素G耐药率高达75.0%以上。结论糖尿病并发败血症患者以革兰阴性杆菌感染为主,但革兰阳性菌感染率与以往报道比有上升趋势,可选用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物以及头孢含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合药作为经验性治疗,考虑阳性菌感染时首选万古霉素,同时要尽早行血培养,及时更换为敏感抗生素,减少耐药菌株的出现,降低糖尿病合并败血症的病死率。     

2009—2012年金黄色葡萄球菌血液分离株的临床分布和耐药性研究

目的调查和分析金黄色葡萄球菌败血症患者的临床特点和菌株的耐药情况,为临床诊断和合理用药提供参考。方法收集并分析2009年至2012年血培养确诊为金黄色葡萄球菌败血症患者的临床及菌株资料。结果2009年至2012年金黄色葡萄球菌血液分离株共80株,其中甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（methieillin resistant Staphylococcus,MRSA）占50％。2009年至2011年对甲氧西林的耐药率逐年提高,2012年呈下降趋势。其中MRSA血流感染患者多为合并基础疾病的老年人,留置静脉导管及体腔引流管、气管插管、联合使用抗生素、住院时间长为易感因素。结论金黄色葡萄球菌血液分离株中,MRSA检出率高,占50％,临床表现大多较重,合并多种基础疾病。加强抗生素的管理及重视和预防院内感染后能明显降低MRSA的检出率。     

武汉地区医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药性监测

目的了解武汉地区医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药现状。方法采用回顾性分析方法,对2003年1月到2007年12月我院分离的1373株金黄色葡萄球菌和259株表皮葡萄球菌的耐药性进行分析。药敏试验采用K—B纸片法,判断标准根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）的标准。结果2003年1月到2007年12月我院分离到金黄色葡萄球菌1373株,其中耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）有697株,对甲氧西林敏感株（MSSA）有587株,表皮葡萄球菌有259株,其中耐甲氧西林的表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）有92株,对甲氧西林敏感株（MSSE）有142株。MRSA、MRSE对临床常用的抗生素几乎均耐药,只有对万古霉素和替考拉宁100％敏感;MSSA、MSSE对临床常用抗生素较敏感,但是对青霉素和红霉素耐药率均大于70％。结论武汉地区医院感染MRSA和MRSE对大部分临床常用抗生素均已高度耐药,对万古霉素和替考拉宁依然高度敏感。了解医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药状况,对临床合理选用抗生素十分重要。     

新疆地区三级医院多重耐药菌感染及耐药性分析

目的:探讨与分析近3年新疆地区三级医院多重耐药菌感染及耐药性。方法:选择2016年1月-2018年12月在新疆地区三级医院进行住院诊治的患者1100例作为研究对象,调查与检测多重耐药菌感染及耐药情况,分析导致多重耐药菌感染的危险影响因素。结果:在1100例患者中,判断为多重耐药菌感染20例,感染率为1.8%,且呈现显著升高的趋势(P0.05)。这20例患者中检出病原菌20株,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌10株、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌6株、耐万古霉素肠球菌4株。甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌、耐万古霉素肠球菌对呋喃妥因、亚胺培南、哌拉西林有比较高的敏感性,对庆大霉素、氨苄西林、头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星的敏感性比较低。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示除年龄外,外置导管天数、住院时间、糖尿病、使用抗生素种类2种、合并慢性肺部疾病、合并心血管疾病、动静脉置管、使用呼吸机为导致住院患者多重耐药菌感染的危险影响因素(P0.05)。结论:2016年至2018年新疆地区三级医院多重耐药菌感染逐年增加,以甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌为主。外置导管天数、住院时间、糖尿病、使用抗生素种类2种、合并慢性肺部疾病、合并心血管疾病、动静脉置管、使用呼吸机为导致住院患者多重耐药菌感染的危险因素,在临床治疗中,应根据患者自身的情况,有效减少接触性感染、控制感染的因素,同时根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗生素的种类和剂量,以阻止院内多重耐药菌的散播。     

性病患者金黄色葡萄球菌感染耐药性调查

目的：分析和探讨性病后泌尿生殖系统金黄色葡萄球菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染及其对各类抗生素的耐药性,以协助指导临床合理用药。方法：采用常规培养鉴定方法和1999年美国NCCLS药敏试验纸片扩散法检测泌尿生殖系标本中金黄色葡萄球菌、MRSA分离率及其对抗生素的敏感性。结果：427例标本共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌236株,其中MRSA占43．6％。金黄色葡萄球菌对常用16种抗生素的耐药率小于20％有万古霉素、呋喃坦啶、阿米卡星、利福平。MRSA对上述外的抗生素均有不同程度的耐药,且耐药性均高于MRSS．呈多重耐药。结论：金黄色葡萄球菌在性病泌尿系统感染占首位,这些菌株对各类抗生素有较高的耐药性,且呈多重耐药．应密切关注MRSA流行和播散。     

Testing the efficacy of antimicrobial peptides in the topical treatment of induced osteomyelitis in rats

Joint replacement infections and osteomyelitis are among the most serious complications in orthopaedics and traumatology. The risk factors for these infections are often bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. One of the few solutions available to control bacterial resistance involves antimicrobials, which have a different mechanism of action from traditional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) appear to be highly promising candidates in the treatment of resistant infections. We have identified several AMP in the venom of various wild bees and designed analogues that show potent antimicrobial activity and low toxicity against eukaryotic cells. The aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of one of those synthetic peptide analogues for the treatment of acute osteomyelitis invoked in laboratory rats. Femoral cavities of 20 laboratory Wistar rats were infected with Staphylococcus aureus. After 1 week, eight rats received an injectable calcium phosphate carrier alone, another eight rats were treated with a calcium phosphate mixed with AMP, and four rats were left without any further treatment. After another week, all rats were euthanized and radiographs were made of both the operated and healthy limbs. The animals with the carrier alone exhibited more severe acute osteomyelitis on radiographs in comparison to the recipients of the calcium phosphate carrier loaded AMP and untreated infected individuals. Based on the results of the above mentioned experiment, it was concluded that when injected directly into the site of femoral acute osteomyelitis, the calcium phosphate carrier mixed with AMP reduced osteomyelitis signs visible on radiographs.     

Case report: atypical presentation of vancomycin induced DRESS syndrome: a case report and review of the literature

Background

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a severe hypersensitivity drug reaction involving the skin and multiple internal organ systems. The symptoms typically present with fever and skin rash, and rapidly progress to multiple organ failures. Vancomycin is a rare drug to cause DRESS syndrome with 23 cases reported to date.

Case presentation

We described a case of a 39 year-old man who was treated with vancomycin for osteomyelitis of the foot. The patient subsequently developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) followed by rash and acute interstitial nephritis. These symptoms were improved by withdrawal of vancomycin and a pulsed corticosteroid regimen. According to the European Registry of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reaction Criteria (RegiSCAR) (Kardaun et al, British Journal of Dermatology, 169:1071-1080, 2013), the probability of vancomycin induced DRESS syndrome was scored as “Definite”. A literature search of vancomycin induced DRESS syndrome was also performed and the overall pulmonary involvement was estimated as 5%. To our knowledge, this was the first case reported with pulmonary involvement as the initial symptom.

Conclusion

This is the first case to report pulmonary manifestation as the initial symptom in vancomycin induced DRESS syndrome. Prompt recognition of this entity can expedite proper treatment and hasten recovery.

     

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of bisphosphonated glycopeptide prodrugs for the treatment of osteomyelitis

As therapeutic agents of choice in the treatment of complicated infections, glycopeptide antibiotics are often preferentially used in cases of osteomyelitis, an infection located in bone and notoriously difficult to successfully manage. Yet frequent and heavy doses of these systemically administered antibiotics are conventionally prescribed to obtain higher antibiotic levels in the bone and reduce the high recurrence rates. Targeting antibiotics to the bone after systemic administration would present at least three potential advantages: (i) greater efficacy, by concentrating the therapeutic agent in bone; (ii) greater convenience, through a reduction in the frequency of administration; and (iii) greater safety, by reducing the levels of systemic drug exposure. We present here the design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of eight prodrugs of the glycopeptide antibacterial agents vancomycin and oritavancin taking advantage of the affinity of the bisphosphonate group for bone for delivery to osseous tissues.     

后路脊柱术后切口感染病原菌特征及不同治疗方案的疗效观察

目的:探讨后路脊柱术后切口感染病原菌分布特征及不同治疗方案的治疗效果,为临床治疗提供参考。方法:选择32例2015年8月-2019年12月于我院进行后路脊柱术治疗且术后切口出现感染的患者,对其标本进行细菌分离培养鉴定,分析病原菌分布情况并测定细菌药敏性。对浅层切口感染患者采用常规换药治疗,而深部感染者在早期进行扩创冲洗引流,并根据药敏结果选用抗生素治疗,观察不同治疗方案的治疗效果。结果:32例术后切口感染患者中,共检出36株病原菌,革兰阴性菌17株,占47.22%,革兰阳性菌19株,占52.78%。前四位病原菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、溶血葡萄球菌。大肠埃希菌及铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南全部敏感,耐药率为0.00%;黄色葡萄球菌及溶血葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁全部敏感,耐药率均为0.00%。浅层切口感染及深部切口感染患者全部治愈,所有患者愈后均随访3个月,未见复发感染病例。结论:后路脊柱术后切口感染以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,临床应对深部切口感染患者行早期行扩创冲洗引流,并根据耐药性结果合理选用抗生素。     

医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药性及D-试验研究分析

目的了解医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药性及克林霉素诱导试验（D-试验）临床意义。方法从住院患者标本中分离到的539株葡萄球菌进行药敏试验和D-试验,所得结果进行统计分析。结果葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MPSE）的检出率高,分别为65．1％和83．6％,各种葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感率为100％,对阿奠西林头孢菌素在内的各种β-内酰胺酶类抗生素敏感率低于35％,对红霉素耐克林霉素敏感的D-试验阳性率为57．O％。结论葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林检出率,呈多重耐药,在选用大环内酯类,克林霉素类抗生素时要注意D试验,合理用药,提高疗效。     

重度颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的病原菌及耐药性研究

目的:观察重度颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的病原菌特点及耐药性,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法:对我院2010年2月~2012年2月收治的62例重度颅脑损伤患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,观察其病原菌分布特点及药敏检查结果。结果:重度颅脑损伤患者62例,发生肺部感染者28例,肺部感染发生率45.16%。共分离病原菌31株,其中革兰阴性杆菌21株,占67.74%;革兰阳性球菌6株,占19.35%;真菌4株,占12.9%。经药敏试验分析,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南高度敏感;革兰阳性球菌对利福平、万古霉素、呋喃妥因高度敏感。经单因素分析,气管切开操作史、住院天数延长、基础疾病、休克、呼吸机使用均是导致重度颅脑损伤发生肺部感染的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:重度颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床发生率较高,针对病原菌特点采用敏感抗生素对提高治疗效果具有重要作用。     

Effects of the addition of vancomycin on the physical and handling properties of calcium sulfate bone cement

Intra-operative applications of bone graft substitutes into bone voids support mechanical stability, and accelerate fracture healing. Calcium sulfate bone cement, an injectable substitute, is used widely in non-loading bones with favorable results. In addition, calcium sulfate also serves as a vehicle for antibiotics that treat osteomyelitis or prevent contaminations. However, the effects of the addition of antibiotics on the physical properties of calcium sulfate are rarely addressed. In this study, calcium sulfates mixed with vancomycin at different weight ratios (4:0, 4:0.025, 4:0.05, 4:0.075, and 4:0.1) were evaluated in vitro. No obvious temperature increase or pH change was observed during setting and immersion in the simulated body fluid. The added vancomycin did not influence the mechanical strength, crystalline phase, or microstructure of the calcium sulfate cement. However, the addition of vancomycin extended the initial and final setting time (4:0.075, and 4:0.1). A higher amount of vancomycin resulted in a higher initial boosting release, but did not lead to faster degradation. The vancomycin-impregnated cement exhibited inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus. These data indicate that the extended initial and final setting time of the calcium sulfate bone cement with the addition of vancomycin should be considered during operation.     

Various methods of using lincomycin for treating acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]

Comparative data on the treatment of 209 children with acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis are presented; 128 patients hospitalized before 1974 were treated with antibiotics, mainly penicillin and streptomycin without sensitivity testing. From 1974 81 children were treated with lincomycin; 80 per cent of the isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. In lincomycin therapy the method of electrophoresis on the disease focus, intrabone administration of the drug and administration of the drug into the bone cavity together with the blood clot during surgical interventions in cases with chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis were used. A marked decrease in the rate of the chronic forms of the disease was registered (from 77.2 to 8.8 per cent).     

Bone grafts as vancomycin carriers in local therapy of resistant infections

The level of an antibiotic capable of inhibiting the etiological agent at the site of infection is an essential prerequisite for successful antibiotic therapy. In some cases, locally applied antibiotics may compensate for limitations of systemic administration and shorten systemic therapy. We aimed at verifying to what extent vancomycin (Van) bound to ground bone grafts is usable in the treatment of serious infections. The levels of released Van significantly exceeded the Van minimum inhibitory concentration, which can suppress Van-sensitive staphylococci and Van intermediate Staphylococcus aureus, for the whole period of a 16-day measurement. Our results indicate that bone grafts can be used as Van carriers in therapy of osteomyelitis caused by Van-sensitive Staphylococcus strains.     

A Novel Injectable Borate Bioactive Glass Cement as an Antibiotic Delivery Vehicle for Treating Osteomyelitis

Background

A novel injectable cement composed of chitosan-bonded borate bioactive glass (BG) particles was evaluated as a carrier for local delivery of vancomycin in the treatment of osteomyelitis in a rabbit tibial model.

Materials and Methods

The setting time, injectability, and compressive strength of the borate BG cement, and the release profile of vancomycin from the cement were measured in vitro. The capacity of the vancomycin-loaded BG cement to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced osteomyelitis in rabbit tibiae in vivo was evaluated and compared with that for a vancomycin-loaded calcium sulfate (CS) cement and for intravenous injection of vancomycin.

Results

The BG cement had an injectability of >90% during the first 3 minutes after mixing, hardened within 30 minutes and, after hardening, had a compressive strength of 18±2 MPa. Vancomycin was released from the BG cement into phosphate-buffered saline for up to 36 days, and the cumulative amount of vancomycin released was 86% of the amount initially loaded into the cement. In comparison, vancomycin was released from the CS cement for up 28 days and the cumulative amount released was 89%. Two months post-surgery, radiography and microbiological tests showed that the BG and CS cements had a better ability to eradicate osteomyelitis when compared to intravenous injection of vancomycin, but there was no significant difference between the BG and CS cements in eradicating the infection. Histological examination showed that the BG cement was biocompatible and had a good capacity for regenerating bone in the tibial defects.

Conclusions

These results indicate that borate BG cement is a promising material both as an injectable carrier for vancomycin in the eradication of osteomyelitis and as an osteoconductive matrix to regenerate bone after the infection is cured.