四川米仓山自然保护区台湾水青冈群落学特征沿海拔梯度的变化

为了解不同生境中台湾水青冈(Fagus hayatae)的群落特征,对四川米仓山国家级自然保护区不同海拔的台湾水青冈群落的物种组成、区系特征、生活型谱、重要值和物种多样性等进行了研究。结果表明,台湾水青冈群落中的植物种类随海拔存在差异。群落中植物区系均以北温带分布类型为主,且其分布比例与海拔呈正相关关系。不同海拔群落的物种生活型谱主要以高位芽植物为主,其它生活型较少。群落乔木层中台湾水青冈的重要值随海拔上升不断增大。中海拔群落中的物种多样性指数均低于高海拔和低海拔,具有物种种类少、多样性低的特点。因此,不同海拔段上的台湾水青冈群落学特征有明显的差异。     

四川米仓山自然保护区台湾水青冈种群生命表及动态分析

台湾水青冈(Fagus hayatae)为水青冈属植物,仅分布于中国,且是国家Ⅱ级保护植物。了解台湾水青冈的种群的龄级结构及数量对于揭示种群动态和生活史特征有重要意义。本文通过对四川米仓山自然保护区老林沟北坡台湾水青冈种群样地进行调查,根据树木径级大小划分龄级,采用匀滑技术,编制其种群生命表,并进行生存分析和谱分析。结果表明:台湾水青冈种群幼苗、幼树和小树占总数的52%,中龄级个体占总数的46%,老树较少,种群年龄结构为稳定型,种群处于成熟阶段,种群更替无障碍。死亡率在第1龄级呈最大值,在第17龄级呈峰值。生存率下降趋势总体较平滑但中间出现2次大的降幅,累计死亡率则相反。谱分析结果显示,台湾水青冈种群更新过程存在着明显的周期性。振幅A_k最大的2个值分别位于基波A_1和谐波A_2处,显示了台湾水青冈个体生命周期的时间长度。台湾水青冈种群数量动态除受基波A_1和谐波A_2影响外,还表现出特别明显的小周期波动,如A_3和A_7。A_3处的波动与台湾水青冈的高生长有关,而A_7的波动与径向生长期的激烈竞争有关。我们的研究揭示了该地台湾水青冈种群数量动态变化趋势符合DeeveyⅢ型,种群动态具有前期锐减、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。     

论克隆植物的遗传多样性

概述了克隆植物的类型与特点 ,对克隆植物的遗传多样性及其遗传结构的一些特点进行了综述 ,并讨论了克隆植物遗传变异的来源。总体而言 ,克隆植物拥有比早期推测大得多的遗传变异 ,虽然克隆种与其近缘有性繁殖种相比 ,遗传多样性较低 ,但广泛的遗传单态性却很罕见。克隆植物种群的遗传结构有所改变 ,广布基因型很少 ,大多数基因型仅分布于某一种群之内 ,种群间基因型多态性存在广泛的变异。不同克隆植物之间遗传多样性相差很大 ,遗传结构也有巨大差异。说明除生殖模式外 ,其他的一些因素 ,如地理分布范围、生境特点 ,散布方式和种群历史等都对克隆植物遗传多样性有重要影响。     

论克隆植物的遗传多样性

概述了克隆植物的类型与特点,对克隆植物的遗传多样性及其遗传结构的一些 特点进行了综述,并讨论了克隆植物遗传变异的来源。总体而言,克隆植物拥有比早期推测大得多的遗传变异,虽然克隆种与其近缘有性繁殖种相比,遗传多样性较低,但广泛的遗传单态性却很罕见。克隆植物种群的遗传结构有所改变,广布基因型很少,大多数基因型仅分布于某一种群之内,种群间基因型多态性存在广泛的变异。不同克隆植物之间遗传多样性相差很大,遗传结构也有巨大差异。说明除生殖模式外,其他的一些因素,如地理分布范围、生境特点,散布方式和种群历史等都对克隆植物遗传多样性有重要影响。     

藜科植物轴器官的结构多样性初探

植物在长期发展与进化过程中形成了拥有不同形态结构和生殖能力的有机体,形成了从细胞,组织,器官到物种个体形态结构的多样性,通过对我国西北地区藜科23属,42种植物根,茎基和茎轴器官的比较解剖表明,轴器官的结构式样包括：基本结构式样,皮层维管束,同心环状排列的附加维管束,螺旋状排列的附加维管束,内涵韧皮部5种结构式样及过渡类型,附加维管束间的结合组织的类型可分为厚壁木质化型,径向厚壁型和薄壁型3种式样及过渡类型,研究表明黎科植物轴器官在解剖学上表现出结构的多样性,从器官结构多样性的研究层面上可折射出其分类群的物种基因组成和表达的多样性,这种结构多样性是植物在进化中环境和基因共同作用的结果,达到与其生存环境和谐的结构与功能的统一的多样性,也应属生物多样性的范畴。     

云南地方鸡种的遗传多样性及其与中国家鸡起源的关系

云南地方鸡种在生境、形态外貌、细胞遗传和血液蛋白等方面均表现出多样性,但mtDNA的遗传变异单一。云南地方鸡种有其独特的基因类型,由于所处的特殊地理位置和生态条件差异,形成了与我国其它鸡种相对独立的鸡种。从血液蛋白、细胞遗传和mtDNA等方面进一步证明红色原鸡为家鸡的祖先。云南可能是中国家鸡的起源中心之一。     

共显性分子标记基因型数据转换为二元型数据的处理软件及其在研究种质资源遗传多样性中的意义

遗传多样性研究是植物种质资源有效利用和保护的重要基础.遗传多样性研究所采用的分子标记工具主要有显性和共显性两种,两种不同类型的分子标记将产生不同的数据类型.显性分子标记产生二元型数据,共显性分子标记产生基因型数据.数据形式不同给遗传多样性的分析和研究带来多方面的困难,不同类型数据之间的互相比较也需要将基因型数据进行二元型转换.本研究基于Excel平台,设计开发了将基因型数据转换成二元型数据的处理软件.该软件按照基因型数据向二元型数据转换的原理,可以将庞大的分子标记基因型数据矩阵,迅速、高效、准确地转换成二元型(0、1)数据矩阵.利用显性分子标记ISSR和共显性分子标记SSR对野生大豆居群遗传多样性的案例分析表明,将共显性分子标记的基因型数据转换为二元型数据,有利于种质资源遗传多样性研究中不同分子标记获取的遗传多样性结果之间的比较和综合分析.     

四川米仓山自然保护区台湾水青冈群落学特征及多样性研究

以四川米仓山自然保护区内的台湾水青冈(Fagus hayatae)群落为研究对象,采用20m×30m典型样地调查的方法,对群落的物种组成、区系特征、生活型谱、重要值、物种多样性、优势种群年龄结构及群落结构的相似性等方面进行分析。结果表明:(1)米仓山自然保护区内台湾水青冈群落中共有维管束植物129种,隶属于48科83属,其中蔷薇科为优势科;植物区系以北温带、泛热带及东亚和北美洲间断分布为主,具有南北区系的特点;生活谱型主要以高位芽植物(61.16%)和地下芽植物(23.14%)为主,其它生活型较少,这与米仓山台湾水青冈群落分布区所在的地理区位相吻合。(2)乔木层中台湾水青冈种群的重要值达到42.37%,为群落的单优势种。群落中灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数为0.97,显著高于乔木层和草本层,反映出灌木层物种丰富的特点。(3)在台湾水青冈种群年龄结构中,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级个体所占比例为24.05%,Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级个体所占比例为54.81%,反映出种群具有不良的自然更新特点。(4)群落相似性分析表明,台湾水青冈群落可分为4个类群,类群间在物种组成方面具有显著差异。研究认为,米仓山自然保护区内的台湾水青冈的群落特征和多样性水平因地处内陆已具有明显的地域特点。     

浅谈植物的性别

植物的性别是多种多样的,就单个花而言可以分为两性花、单性花以及无性花,就单株来说,根据花的不同组合,可以分为雌雄同花同株、雌雄异花同株等7种类型。由于植物花的性别类型的多样性,学习者往往将植物花的类型和植物的性型区分不清楚,存在概念混淆不清现象。针对学习中存在的问题,本文对植物中的花的类型和性别进行详细的阐述,并比较每种性型各自的特点,以便于学习者清楚的理解不同种性别的植物的特点,为其消除前科学概念提供重要的参考依据。     

土壤细菌遗传多样性及其与植被类型相关性研究

细菌是土壤生物的重要类群,由于其形态简单,绝大多数无法人工培养,用传统分类法极难进行土壤细菌遗传多样性分析。选择土壤细菌１６Ｓ核糖体ＲＮＡ基因内一段２６碱基变异区为基因标签,连接成标签串测序,用标签类型、频率和多样性指数等在分子水平上描述土壤细菌遗传多样性,并分析了土壤细菌遗传多样性与植被类型的相关性。土壤细菌遗传多样性与土壤有机质、全氮含量等理化性质高度相关,不同植被土壤理化性质差异决定细菌遗传     

Use of ISSR-markers for determination of convergent evolutionary relations in Fagus genus

Genetic relationships between members of Fagus genus were assessed using ISSR markers and amplification. The taxonomic status of Fagus sylvatica L. and Fagus orientalis LYPSKY. species in Ukraine has been ascertained more precisely. Intraspecies mean genetic distances were compared according to Nei & Li and respective dendrogram was constructed with the complete joining method.     

The immigration of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. into a natural forest stand in southern Sweden during the last 2000 years

The continental scale migrations of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. are under a broad climatic control, but disturbance and local factors influence the immigration of these species into individual forest stands. Palaeoecological analysis of a small forest hollow in the boreo-nemoral zone of southern Sweden has shown that a forest stand with largely unbroken forest continuity resisted immigration of Fagus for almost 1000 years. Two fires about 950 and 330 years ago were the disturbing factors that facilitated eventual Fagus immigration. Picea immigrated and achieved co-dominance in a single generation, without resistance from the existing forest. Thus migrational lag is demonstrable for Fagus but not Picea . The immigration of these two dominating species coupled with a severe reduction in tree species diversity has resulted in a total change in forest competition during the last few centuries despite the maintenance of a structural forest continuity. Some of these changes are attributable to changes in the grazing regime, but the forest stand is as close to «natural>> conditions as can be found in S. Sweden.     

Ecological speciation in the East Maui-endemic Dubautia (Asteraceae) species

Abstract Adaptive diversification can be viewed as a balance between the conservative force of interpopulation gene flow and selection for differential environments. In this paper, we examine ecological, morphological, and genetic differentiation in a small clade consisting of four East Maui-endemic species of Dubautia : D. menziesii , D. platyphylla , D. reticulata , and D. waianapanapaensis , in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae). The East Maui clade is apparently recently derived (less than 1 million years ago) and is geographically restricted yet displays significant ecological and morphological differences. We used geographic data from historical herbarium specimens, measurements of plant architecture and leaf morphometrics, and measures of genetic differentiation in both microsatellite and nuclear coding loci to examine the correlation of different forms of divergence in this small species flock. We found overlap in large-scale geographic distributions, significant differentiation in most habitat factors, significant micro-satellite differentiation, and many shared alleles at nuclear coding loci suggesting on-going lineage sorting. Despite the presence of apparent hybrids in some populations, microsatellite variation is consistent with isolation among species. Using Mantel tests, we compared the direction and extent of diversification among different datasets, to determine whether ecological/morphological divergence was correlated with genetic divergence. Correlations among different datasets showed that habitat was strongly correlated with plant architecture but not leaf morphology. Taken together, these results indicate that ecological and morphological diversification has driven genetic divergence at rapidly evolving microsatellite loci, whereas there is continuing lineage sorting at neutral sites in nuclear coding loci.     

Niche characteristics of Danish woody species as derived from coenoclines

Abstract. A main floristic coenocline is extracted from a Danish forest vegetation data set with Detrended Correspondence Analysis. Huisman‐Olff‐Fresco (HOF) modelling of 262 species occurrences relative to site scores along the coenocline is compared with Gaussian and Generalized Linear Modelling. HOF models allow for responses of variously skewed forms, which may result from interspecific interactions. Most species have symmetric (60%) or skewed (29%), and only few species have flat or monotone response curves. This provides evidence for the generality of unimodal plant species response curves, provided the gradient in question comprises a sufficient amount of compositional turnover. The Gaussian niche width is correlated with density of optima and probability of occurrence of the species. Detailed analysis of HOF estimates for 28 woody species indicates that early succession species such as Pinus sylvestris and Populus tremula have wider niches than middle to late successional canopy species such as Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur and Tilia cordata. A marked overlap in niche range along the coenocline is interpreted in terms of species competition. Rubus idaeus intrudes into the niches of all other shrub species. Several canopy tree species, such as Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus robur overlap more than 60% of the ranges of all other species, while their internal overlaps are fairly equal, presenting evidence for their likely co‐existence given more natural forest conditions. The combined analysis of coenoclines with HOF modelling of species behaviour is the most robust among the compared methods for estimating model parameters and niche characteristics of plant species. It is recommended for future ecological studies.     

Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) as a Biological Model in the Study of Plant Invasions

Invasive species pose a serious threat to native plant communities and are an important contributor to loss of biodiversity. In the case of Phalaris arundinacea, L. (Poaceae), reed canary grass, a cool-season, long-lived perennial plant native to Eurasia and North America, nonnative agronomically important genotypes were introduced to North America for numerous uses such as forage and soil stabilization. Following repeated introductions, reed canary grass became an aggressive invader that takes over natural wet prairies, stream-banks and wetlands. Reed canary grass can outcompete native plant species, resulting in monospecific stands with concomitant loss of plant and insect diversity and ultimately to alteration in ecosystem function. Abiotic factors such as disturbance, changes in hydrological regime, and particularly nutrient runoff to wetlands can enhance reed canary grass establishment and vegetative spread. In addition, the species' capacity for early season growth, rapid vegetative spread, high stem elongation potential, wide physiological tolerance, and high architectural plasticity make the species highly aggressive under a wide range of ecological conditions. The change in life-history and environmental conditions responsible for the enhanced aggressiveness observed between native and invasive genotypes are not yet understood. Hence, reed canary grass provides an ideal study system to test a number of ecological and genetic hypotheses to explain why some plant species become extremely aggressive when transported into a new geographical area. To date, genetic studies have found that invasive populations have high genetic diversity and that genotypes differ in their phenotypic plasticity and response to ecological conditions, which may contribute to their invasion success. Finally comparative studies currently underway on European native and American invasive genotypes of reed canary grass should shed light on the mechanisms responsible for reed canary grass's aggressiveness and should provide an experimental protocol to test ecological and genetic hypotheses about what makes a species invasive.     

Vertical gradients in leaf trait diversity in a New Zealand forest

Leaves come in a remarkable diversity of sizes and shapes. However, spatial patterns in leaf trait diversity are rarely investigated and poorly resolved. We used a hierarchical approach to evaluate vertical variability in leaf morphology (i.e., leaf trait diversity) in 16 common tree and shrub species inhabiting a New Zealand forest. Height-related heterogeneity in leaf area, specific leaf area, circularity and length to width ratio was analyzed at three scales: (1) among leaves within plants, (2) among plants within species and (3) among species within functional groups (i.e., trees vs. shrubs). Results were scale dependent. Among-leaf morphological diversity was unrelated to plant height. Among-individual morphological diversity increased with the average height of each species, indicating that taller plant species express a greater range of leaf traits than shorter species. Among-species morphological diversity was higher in shrubs than in trees. We hypothesize that scale-dependent patterns in leaf trait diversity result from scale-dependent adaptations to forest environmental conditions. As trees grow from the forest floor into the canopy, they are exposed to a range of environmental conditions, which may select for a range of leaf traits through ontogeny. Conversely, shrubs never reach the forest canopy and may instead be differentially adapted to suites of environmental conditions associated with different stages of forest recovery from tree-fall disturbances. Overall results indicate that vertical patterns in leaf trait diversity exist. However, their strength and directionality are strongly scale-dependent, suggesting that different processes govern leaf shape diversity at different levels of ecological organization.     

Hitchhiking with forests: population genetics of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in primeval and managed forests in southeastern Europe

Availability of suitable trees is a primary determinant of range contractions and expansions of epiphytic species. However, switches between carrier tree species may blur co‐phylogeographic patterns. We identified glacial refugia in southeastern Europe for the tree‐colonizing lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, studied the importance of primeval forest reserves for the conservation of genetically diverse populations and analyzed differences in spatial genetic structure between primeval and managed forests with fungus‐specific microsatellite markers. Populations belonged to either of two genepools or were admixed. Gene diversity was higher in primeval than in managed forests. At small distances up to 170 m, genotype diversity was lower in managed compared with primeval forests. We found significant associations between groups of tree species and two L. pulmonaria genepools, which may indicate “hitchhiking” of L. pulmonaria on forest communities during postglacial migration. Genepool B of L. pulmonaria was associated with European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and we can hypothesize that genepool B survived the last glaciation associated within the refuge of European Beech on the Coastal and Central Dinarides. The allelic richness of genepool A was highest in the Alps, which is the evidence for a northern refuge of L. pulmonaria. Vicariant altitudinal distributions of the two genepools suggest intraspecific ecological differentiation.     

Genetic and morphological diversity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tragopogon graminifolius</Emphasis> DC. (Asteraceae) in Iran

Tragopogon graminifolius DC. is a medicinal plant species of the genus Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae) that grows in different regions of Iran and is extensively used by locals. There is no report on genetic variability and population structure of this important plant species. Therefore, we studied the genetic diversity, population structure and morphological variability of 14 geographical populations of Tragopogon graminifolius in Iran. AMOVA and Gst analyses revealed significant molecular differences among the studied populations. Mantel test showed significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance of the studied populations and indicated that the neighboring populations had a higher degree of gene flow. STRUCTURE plot identified three main gene pools for Tragopogon graminifolius in Iran and population assignment test revealed that gene flow occurred mostly among populations of the same gene flow. The studied populations differed significantly in their morphological and genetic features. These results may be of use for future conservation of this important plant species.     

云南金钱槭形态变异与遗传变异的相关性研究

对我国特有珍稀濒危保护植物云南金钱槭的形态变异水平、遗传变异模式以及两者之间的相关性进行了研究。形态学性状分析结果表明 :各居群形态性状变异系数的平均值从大到小排列为 :文山居群 (WSh)、屏边居群 (PB)、黑龙潭居群 (HL T)、蒙自居群 (MZ) ;文山居群与屏边、黑龙潭、蒙自居群间已产生显著或极显著水平的形态差异 ,而后三者间的差异未达显著水平。RAPD分析检测到 10 3个位点 ,其中多态位点 84个 ,云南金钱槭物种水平的多态位点比率为 81.5 5 % ,与其它珍稀濒危植物相比该种的遗传多样性水平不低。 AMOVA和 N ei基因多样性指数分析显示 ,尽管大部分遗传变异仍存在于居群内 (分别为5 7.86 %、5 7.33% ) ,但居群间的遗传变异已达较高水平 (分别为 4 2 .14 %、4 2 .6 7% )。相关分析结果显示 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异与海拔、土壤有机质等生态因子有着显著或极显著水平的相关性 ,但与遗传变异的相关性未达显著水平 ,说明云南金钱槭的形态变异虽然具有一定的遗传基础 ,但可塑性及环境压力对形态变异的产生作用更大一些。基于形态性状和 RAPD数据的聚类分析则进一步说明 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异受到环境因子的强烈影响而与遗传背景的关系不显著     

Phylogenetic relationships of North American Antirrhinum (Veronicaceae)

Species of the genus Antirrhinum (Veronicaceae) provide excellent opportunities for research on plant evolution given their extensive morphological and ecological diversity. These opportunities are enhanced by genetic and developmental data from the model organism Antirrhinum majus. The genus Antirrhinum includes 15 New World species in section Saerorhinum and 21 Old World species in sections Antirrhinum and Orontium. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were conducted for 19 Antirrhinum species, including all species from the New World, and 13 related genera in the tribe Antirrhineae. These analyses confirm the monophyly of Antirrhinum given the inclusion of the small genus Mohavea and exclusion of A. cyathiferum. The New World species, all of which are tetraploid, form a clade that is weakly supported as sister to the Old World sect. Orontium. The Old World species in sect. Antirrhinum form a well-supported clade that is sister to the remainder of the genus. In addition, both molecular and morphological data are used in the most comprehensive effort to date focused on recovering the phylogenetic relationships among the extremely diverse species in section Saerorhinum.