野生蜜蜂及其传粉作用的研究现状

传粉是维持与提升生物多样性的重要生态过程。膜翅目蜜蜂总科昆虫是自然界中最重要的传粉者, 但对野生蜜蜂的研究一直以来非常薄弱, 如野生蜜蜂类群的资源调查、种类的准确鉴别、营巢生物学与传粉生物学研究等方面。目前, 生物多样性与保护生物学方面的工作越来越多地涉及野生蜜蜂与植物的相互关系, 地方植物区系与农林作物的传粉生物学基础研究与应用项目也引起重视。本文综述了国内外野生蜜蜂的研究现状, 期望从分类学、营巢生物学与传粉生物学等方面推动野生蜜蜂传粉在农林业生产实践中的应用。     

干热河谷麻疯树访花昆虫及主要传粉昆虫

膏桐为一种重要的油料作物,其种子可以提炼生物柴油,生物柴油在我国将成长为有一定规模的产业。为了增加膏桐结籽率,提高其产量,给膏桐规模化栽培方面提供传粉生物学的科学依据,于2006年对云南元江坝区半栽培膏桐(Jatropha curcas L.)居群的访花昆虫及主要传粉昆虫种类进行调查。膏桐开花示样醒目,具花香与蜜腺,花形态没有特化,这些特征使得它提供的酬物适合于不同的昆虫采食,其访花昆虫种类较丰富,共有35种访花昆虫,分属5目20科。综合访花昆虫的传粉数量,及传粉质量包括访花行为、访花频率与日活动规律等确定主要传粉昆虫,确定大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala Fabricius、中华蜜蜂Apiscerana Fabricius、迁粉蝶(淡色型)Catopsilia pomona f.Crocale为该居群的主要传粉昆虫。3种传粉昆虫具有不同的访花习性和日活动规律。雌雄迁粉蝶日活动规律相似。访花者的组成受气象因素、开花示样及生境条件的影响。最后,探讨膏桐与访花昆虫的关系,以及主要传粉者的组成随时空变异而改变的规律。     

芍药的访花昆虫和传粉昆虫

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年对内蒙古赤峰市高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区内野生芍药 (PaeonialactifloraPall.)和内蒙古农校芍药园内栽培品种芍药的访花昆虫进行调查 ,经整理鉴定有 2 9种 ,自然保护区内芍药的访花昆虫种类有 1 7种 ,芍药园内的访花昆虫有 1 7种。根据传粉行为和数量的比较确定了自然保护区内主要传粉昆虫为丽斑芫菁、黄胫宽花天牛、黑胫宽花天牛、短毛斑金龟、饥星花金龟、白星花金龟和大淡脉隧蜂 ;芍药园内的主要传粉昆虫为意大利蜜蜂、棕边管食蚜蝇、长尾管食蚜蝇、大淡脉隧蜂、灰带管食蚜蝇和小淡脉隧蜂。     

紫花苜蓿的传粉昆虫种类及其访花行为

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)属典型的异花授粉植物,其种子生产主要依靠蜜蜂等传粉昆虫.本文对河西地区张掖实验站紫花苜蓿传粉昆虫种类及其访花行为进行了调查.结果表明:苜蓿访花昆虫共计22种,分别属于4个目,11个科,根据弹花效率初步确定鳞地蜂、黑颚条蜂、净切叶蜂、细切叶蜂和紫木蜂为河西地区主要传粉昆虫;主要传粉昆虫的日活动规律出现单峰型和双峰型2种,净切叶蜂、细切叶蜂和紫木蜂属于前者,只在11:30-15:30出现一个活动高峰,而鳞地蜂与黑颚条蜂则为双峰型,在9:30-11:30和16:30-18:30分别出现访花高峰,不同的传粉昆虫之间存在互补关系;主要传粉昆虫的弹花频率和小花停留时间存在显著差异,且访花行为与野生蜂体型紧密相关.     

国家二级保护植物翅果油树传粉生物学的初步研究

对翅果油树进行了传粉生物学的野外观察和实验表明：（1）翅果油树的花具有自花传粉的结构特征,同时具有蜜腺,又具备异花传粉的特征。传粉者主要是一种家养的蜜蜂。（2）翅果油树花形态结构与传粉者的形态和传粉行为非常协调和适应,昆虫的传粉部位主要是头前部和胸部。（3）蜜腺的产蜜量大,开花后1～2天蜜腺分泌量最大。对传粉昆虫竞争中具明显优势。昆虫的访花频率明显高于同花期的其他植物。（4）翅果油树没有融合生殖现象。     

传粉昆虫对我国中南地区油茶结实和结籽的作用

油茶(Camellia oleifera)是一种重要的木本油料植物。2007-2008年在我国中南地区湖南省对油茶开展传粉生物学研究结果表明:油茶花期从10月到翌年1月份,单株开花时间一般持续20d左右,单花花期为4-5d。单花花蜜量平均为(145.40±24.89)μL,含糖量为(23.13±1.03)%,并含有17种氨基酸,约占花蜜总量的1.73%。膜翅目蜜蜂总科(Hymenoptera:Apoidea)油茶地蜂(Andrena camellia)和大分舌蜂(Colletes gigas)是油茶的有效传粉昆虫,大分舌蜂的传粉效率较油茶地蜂高;蝇类和蝶类为随机访问者。油茶不存在无融合生殖和自动自花授粉现象,其结实和结籽依赖传粉者。此外,油茶具有一定程度的自交不亲和,自交和异交的繁殖成功率存在显著性差异。人工异花授粉结果显示油茶在资源限制程度较低时,即大年时,花粉限制主要表现在结籽水平,而不是结实水平。根据油茶的传粉综合特征以及油茶在山茶属中的系统位置,目前很难解释油茶类似鸟类传粉综合特征的花蜜特征是如何演化的。     

苹果传粉昆虫种类及其访花习性的研究

为了解苹果花期的传粉昆虫,更好地利用昆虫为苹果授粉,本文对山西运城临猗、临汾隰县苹果的传粉昆虫进行调查,结果表明:调查区苹果传粉昆虫共计23种,隶属于4目、14科,主要传粉昆虫依次为膜翅目的蜜蜂科、条蜂科、切叶蜂科、地蜂科和双翅目的食蚜蝇科。其中,意大利蜜蜂和毛附黑条蜂为主要传粉昆虫。日活动规律观察表明,蜜蜂属于双峰型,条蜂属于单峰型;条蜂出巢温度(温度为16.4℃)低于蜜蜂的出巢温度(18.8℃),11∶00-12∶00和15∶00-16∶00为蜜蜂访花高峰,条蜂访花高峰在10∶00-11∶00。     

油橄榄传粉昆虫群落结构特征及多样性分析

油橄榄（Olea europaea）是一种木本油料作物,具有较高的药用价值和食用价值,昆虫授粉是其风媒授粉的一种有效补充。为了解我国油橄榄主要种植区花期传粉昆虫群落差异、结构组成及分布规律,对全国13个典型样地油橄榄花期传粉昆虫进行调查与采集,采用物种优势度及多样性等指数对传粉昆虫的群落结构及多样性进行分析,通过计算不同样地物种组成相似程度以量化传粉昆虫群落相似性。2020—2021年在全国油橄榄种植区共采集并鉴定出 3目 13科25属37种564只昆虫,优势度分析显示油橄榄优势传粉类群以蜜蜂科（Apidae）、食蚜蝇科（Syrphidae）或蜜蜂科、隧蜂科（Halictidae）两种组合常见;多样性分析显示重庆市万州区样地传粉昆虫多样性最高,西昌市海滨中路样地最低。群落相似性分析结果显示陇南市所属样地被聚为一簇;凉山州冕宁县样地、绵阳市松垭镇样地、重庆市奉节县样地、重庆市合川区样地的四个样地和西昌市南宁区样地、绵阳市三台县样地、重庆市万州区样地的3个样地分别被聚为一簇。因此,优势类群中的中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana cerana）、意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera ligustica）和灰带管蚜蝇（Eristalis cerealis）等传粉昆虫可应用于油橄榄传粉服务,同时为保证油橄榄传粉昆虫多样性及传粉效果,应避免不合理的人为干扰和生境破坏。基于传粉昆虫多样性和群落相似度调查,重庆市万州区样地的自然背景可为传粉昆虫适生生境改造提供参考,并建议将西昌市海滨中路样地列为重点保护对象。中华蜜蜂、意大利蜜蜂和灰带管蚜蝇等优势传粉昆虫将有效应对油橄榄花粉资源限制问题,后续油橄榄人工林的改造应着重考虑人为干扰和生境破坏对传粉昆虫的影响,而传粉昆虫对油橄榄座果率及产量提升的贡献可基于本研究展开进一步探索。综上所述,本研究初步探明我国油橄榄传粉昆虫群落结构特征及多样性,为利用昆虫辅助授粉解决油橄榄坐果率低下的问题提供新的视角。     

阿魏传粉昆虫及其访花行为的初步研究

对新疆阿魏访花昆虫种类、昆虫访花频次、昆虫访花时间及昆虫访花行为进行了初步研究。在盛花期观察中,(1)发现有5目、23科、45种昆虫进行了访花,其中传粉昆虫4科7种,均属蜜蜂总科;(2)各类昆虫访花频次在不同观察时间变化较大,传粉蜜蜂仅出现在其中一个观察日中;(3)不同种类昆虫在花上的停留时间差异很大,传粉昆虫停留时间很短,鞘翅目昆虫停留时间最长。进入始果期后,昆虫的访花行为是围绕花盘的蜜腺展开的。     

多花兰传粉生物学研究

传粉是植物繁殖和进化的一个关键环节, 为探讨中国产多花兰(Cymbidium floribundum)的传粉生物学特性, 对其开花物候、繁育系统、花的挥发性成分、传粉昆虫行为学实验进行了研究。结果表明, 多花兰不存在自动自交和无融合生殖, 种子的形成有赖于传粉媒介。其自然结实率远低于人工授粉, 存在严重的传粉限制。中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)为多花兰的有效传粉昆虫, 但未能从中获得报酬, 在传粉过程中将花粉块连药帽一起带出。通过昆虫的行为学实验发现, 多花兰气味对中华蜜蜂具有显著性吸引作用, 而颜色对中华蜜蜂无显著性吸引作用。花朵的主要挥发性成分为醛类与醇类物质, 一天之中在种类和量上几乎没有变化, 只有芳樟醇含量的变化与传粉昆虫活动频率相关。本研究可为兰多花兰的野生保护和杂交育种提供一定依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.