珍珠菜属四种植物的核型分析

对珍珠菜属4种植物的核型进行了研究。结果表明,叶头过路黄(Lysimachia phyllocephala Hand.-Mazz.)的核型为:2n=2x=24=2m 6sm 2st 14t,茂汶过路黄(L. stellarioidesHand.-Mazz.)的核型为:2n=2x=24=4m 2sm 18t,均属首次报道。矮桃(L. clethroidesDuby)的核型为:2n=2x=24=16m 8sm(1SAT),腺药珍珠菜(L. stenosepala Hemsl.)的核型为:2n=2x=24=10m 12sm 2st,与前人报道的有所不同。还对该属已报道的23种植物的核型进行了比较。     

东北蒿属艾组12种植物核型研究

报道东北蒿属艾组12种植物的染色体数及核型资料,结果如下：宽叶山蒿（Artemisia stolonifera (Maixm.)Komar.)2n=4x=36=28m 4sm(4SAT) 4st(4SAT);野艾蒿（A.lavandulaefolia DC)2n=2x=50=40m 4sm 6st(6SAT); 矮蒿（A.lancea Van.)2n=2x=16=10m 4sm 2st;蒙古蒿（A.mongolica (fisch.ex Bess.)Nakai]2n=2x=16=14m 2st;红足蒿（A.rubripes Nakai)2n=2x=16=14m 2st;歧茎蒿（A.igniaria Maixm.)2n=2x=34=28m 2sm 4st(4SAT);柳叶蒿（A.integrifolia Linn.)2n=4x=36=20m 12sm 4st;线叶蒿（A.subula 4st(4SAT);柳叶蒿（A.integrifolia Linn.)2n＝4x=36=20m 12sm 4st;线叶蒿（A.subulata Nakai)2n=2x=16=14m 2st;高岭蒿（A.brachyphylla Kitam.)2n=2x=18=14m 2sm 2st;林文稿[A.uiridissima(Komar.)Pamp.]2n=2x=18=14m 4sm;奄癌（A.keiskeana Miq.)2n=2x=18=16m 2sm;阴地蒿（A.sylvatica Maxim.)2n=2x=16=14m 2sm,核型对称性野艾蒿（A.lavandulaefolia)为2B型,其余均为2A型,依据核型资料对个别种的演化 分类进行了初步探讨。     

珍珠菜属3种植物的核型分析

采用常规压片法,对珍珠菜属(Lysimachia L.)3种植物的核型进行了研究。结果表明,长蕊珍珠菜的核型为2n=2x=24=12m 10sm 2st,显苞过路黄的核型为2n=2x=24=4m 6sm 6st 8t,均属首次报道。过路黄的核型为2n=2x=24=2m 2sm 4st 16t,与前人报道的有所不同。还对已报道的珍珠菜属的核型类型与不对称系数进行了比较。     

五种苏铁属植物的核形态

报道了苏铁属（Cycas L.)5种植物的染色体数目和核型,除多歧苏铁外,其他种均为首次报道。5个种的体细胞中期染色体核型公式分别为：滇南苏铁C.diannanensis K(2n)=2x=22=2m 4sm 4st 12T;潭清苏铁C.tanqingii K(2n)=2x=22=2m 8sm 2st 10T;多歧苏的Cmultipinnata K(2n)=2x=22=4m 8st 2st 8T;巴兰萨苏铁C.balansae K(2n)=2x=xx=2m 4sm 6st 10T。石山苏铁C.miquelii K(2n)=22=2m 6sm(1SAT) 4st 10T;核型均属于3B型。本研究结果支持苏铁属植物的核型从不对称进化的观点;同时,支持将巴兰萨苏铁和石山苏铁归入攀枝花苏铁组的台湾苏铁亚组的观点。     

四种野生百合核型分析

对南川百合(Lilium rosthornii Diels)、青岛百合(L.tsingtauense Gilg)、山丹(L.pumilum DC.)和岷江百合(L.regaleWilson)等4种野生百合进行了染色体数目观察和核型分析。结果表明,核型除山丹为3A外,其余3种材料核型均为3B。核型公式分别为:南川百合2n=2x=24=4m(4SAT)+2sm+6st+12t;青岛百合2n=2x=24=8m(4SAT)+2sm(2SAT)+14t;山丹2n=2x=24=2m(2SAT)+6sm(2SAT)+4st(4SAT)+12t;岷江百合2n=2x=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+6st+14t。核型不对称系数分别是81.68%、76.09%、80.34%和82.26%。其中,南川百合和青岛百合为国内首次报道。     

百合属4种植物的核型研究

采用常规压片法对4种百合属植物野百合(L.brow n ii F.E.B row n ex M ie llez.)、兰州百合(L.d av id iiDuchartre var.un icolor(Hoog.)Co Hon.)、川百合(L.d av id ii Duchartre)、湖北百合(L.henry i B aker)进行了核型研究.结果表明,4种百合的染色体数目均为2n=24,核型除川百合为3A外,其余3种均为3B型.核型公式分别为:野百合2n(2x)=24=4m(2SAT) 2sm(2SAT) 4st 14t,兰州百合2n(2x)=24=2m(2SAT) 2sm 10st(2SAT) 8t 2T,川百合2n(2x)=24=2m(2SAT) 2sm 12st(3SAT) 8t,湖北百合2n(2x)=24=4m 18st 2t,其中湖北百合染色体核型为首次报道.通过比较发现,兰州百合与川百合的核型最为相似,亲缘关系相近;核型不对称性为兰州百合>川百合>野百合>湖北百合,以湖北百合的核型较为原始.     

两种榕属植物的染色体核型分析

采用根尖压片法对菩提树(Ficus religiosa Linn.)和小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa L.f.)进行染色体核型分析.结果显示两种植物的染色体数目均为2n=30,核型类型均为1B,核型公式分别为菩提树2n=2x=30=24m(2SAT)+6sm,小叶榕2n=2x=30=28m(2SAT)+2sm.比较发现,两种植物的核型相似,亲缘关系相近,二者中小叶榕的不对称系数较小(58.16%),为较原始的类型.两者的核型均为首次报道.     

百合科六属十五种植物的细胞学研究

本文对云南西北部百合科6属15种的染色体和核型进行了报道。 (1)Clintonia udensis Trautv．et Mey间期核属于浓密分散型,前期染色体属于渐变型,分裂中期体细胞染色体2n=14=8m+4sm+2st(2SAT),核型不对称性属于2A型;(2)鹿药属四个种间期核属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体细胞染色体分别为Smilacina henryi(Baker)Wang et Tang,2n=36=12m+16sm+6st+2t(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2C型;Smilacina fusca Wall., 2n=36=14m(2SAT)+12sm+10st(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2B型; Smilacina tatsienensis(Franch．)Wang et Tang, 2n=36=22m+2sm+2st(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2C型;Smilacina atropurpurea(Franch．)Wang et Tang,2n=36=18m+6sm(2SAT)+12st,核型不对称性属于2C型;(3)黄精属四个种的间期核属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体细胞染色体分别为Polygonatum kingianum Coll．et Hesml．,2n=30=12m(2SAT) +6sm+lst+2t, 核型不对称性属于2C型; Polygonatum cirrhifolium(Wall．) Royal,2n=30=10m+4sm+12st+4t, 3C型; Polygonatum curvistylum Hua, 2n=78=24m(2SAT)+14sm(6SAT)+40st, 核型不对称性属于3C 型; Polygonatum cathcartii Baker,2n=32=12m+6sm+10st+2t+2bs,核型不对称性属于2C型;(4)百合属,假百合属,豹子花属三个属的间期核和前期染色体形态相似,都属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体 细胞染色体分别为Lilium henricii Franch,2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+10st+10t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Lilium bakerianum Coll．et Hesml．var． rubrum Stearn, 2n=24=4m (2SAT)+10st+10t(2SAT),核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis bilouensis Liang 2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+12st+8t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis pardanthina Franch．,2n=24=4m(2SAT)+12st (2SAT)+8t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis sauluensis Balf, f.,2n=24=4m(2SAT)+10st(2SAT)+10t,核型不对称性属于3B型;Notholirion campanulatum Cotton et Stearn2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+14st(2SAT)+6t,核型不对称性属于3A型。     

迷果芹(\%Sphallerocarpus gracilis)和红三叶

对迷果芹(Sphallerocarpusgracilis(Bess.)K-Pol.)和红三叶(TrifoliumpratenseL.)进行了染色体计数及核型分析.迷果芹的染色体数目为2n=20,核型公式为K(2n)=2x=20=14m+4sm+2st(SAT);核型类型为2A,为较对称核型,该种植物的染色体数目及核型均为首次报道.红三叶的染色体数目有2n=14、16、28、32等类型,本研究首次报道了2n=14的核型公式为K(2n)=2x=14=2M+12m,核型类型为1B,为较原始的对称核型.     

葱属根茎组8种植物的染色体数目和核型报道

本文对国产葱属根茎组的8种植物进行了染色体研究,发现染色体数目2n＝16或32,核型属2A 或2B型,对称性较高。其染色体数目和核型分别为：Allium leucocephalum 2n(2x)＝16＝12m+2sm +2st(2SAT); A,strictum 2n(4x)＝32＝16m+4sm+12st;A.ramosum 2n(2x)＝16=14m+2st (2SAT); A．bidentatum 2n(4x)=32＝24m+4sm+4T;A．tenuissimum 2n(2x)=16=10m+4sm+ 2st(2SAT),A．anisopodium 2n(2x)＝16＝12m+2sm+2st(2SAT);A．anisopodium var．zimmermanni anum 2n(4x)＝32＝24m+4sm+4st(4SAT); A．condensatum 2n(2x)＝16＝14m+2st(2SAT)。多数种的染色体资料为国内首次报道。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.