人参皂甙对气虚型大鼠血管内皮损伤相关基因谱的影响

用高L-蛋氨酸复制SD大鼠血管内皮损伤,并附以负重游泳法制造气虚实验模型。应用RT-PCR技术和NCB I提供的SAGE(serial analysis of gene expression)数据库及在线工具,分析内皮损伤相关的炎症、氧化应激基因表达谱的变化,以及人参皂甙对基因表达谱的影响。结果显示,与模型组相比,人参皂甙组炎症相关COX-1(P<0.001)、COX-2(P<0.001)、氧化应激相关iNOS(P<0.001)、SOD基因表达(P<0.05)及血管舒缩相关eNOS(P<0.05)、ECE(P<0.001)的基因表达降低;PCS的基因表达变化无统计学意义。人参皂甙能够改善气虚型大鼠血管内皮损伤病变时基因表达谱的异常,从而起到保护血管内皮免受损伤的作用。探讨人参皂甙对气虚型大鼠血管内皮损伤相关的炎症、氧化应激等基因表达谱的影响。     

人参皂甙Rb1对环磷酰胺所致卵巢早衰大鼠的保护作用

目的探讨人参皂甙Rb1对化疗所致卵巢早衰(Premature ovarian failure,POF)大鼠的Bcl-2及Bax基因表达的影响。方法选用30只2-3月龄具有正常动情周期雌性Wistar大鼠随机分3组,分别为对照组,治疗组和模型组。采用免疫组化和免疫印迹方法分别观察和半定量检测POF大鼠卵巢凋亡调节基因Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达情况,同时对比观察人参皂甙Rb1对其表达的影响。结果模型组卵巢颗粒细胞Bax蛋白的平均光密度值较对照组明显增高(P0.05);模型组Bcl-2蛋白的表达量较对照组明显下调(P0.05)。Rb1治疗后Bcl-2蛋白表达明显升高,Bax蛋白表达明显下调(P0.05)。结论 Rb1可能是通过下调bax蛋白水平减少卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡,对化疗所致卵巢早衰起到治疗的作用,进而延缓卵巢衰老。     

人参皂甙Rg1对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨人参皂甙Rg1对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响及其意义。方法分别给大鼠腹腔注射人参皂甙Rg1 10、20、40 mg/kg,采用大脑中动脉闭塞方法建立脑缺血再灌注模型,观察大鼠脑缺血再灌注后不同时间段（2 h、24 h）神经功能缺损评分;应用免疫组化法检测脑组织缺血再灌注24h后Bcl-2、Bax的表达。结果人参皂甙Rg1组大鼠脑缺血后各时间点神经功能缺损评分显著低于单纯缺血再灌注组（P〈0.05）;与单纯缺血再灌注组相比,人参皂甙Rg1各组Bcl-2表达显著增高,Bax表达显著降低,Bcl-2/Bax比值显著上调（P〈0.05）。结论人参皂甙Rg1防治大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制可能与促进脑组织Bcl-2表达、抑制Bax表达有关,且以高剂量效果较好。     

人参皂甙对缺氧大鼠海马DG区神经细胞DNA损伤保护作用的研究

目的:用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)研究急慢性缺氧大鼠海马DG区神经细胞细胞DNA损伤和人参皂甙对缺氧大鼠海马细胞DNA的保护作用.方法:健康成年SD大鼠随机分为急、慢性缺氧正常对照组、急性缺氧组和慢性缺氧组(分别在模拟海拔5000米高原环境连续缺氧暴露0d、3d和30d)、急性缺氧人参皂甙干预组、慢性缺氧人参皂甙干预组.应用SCGE检测海马DG区神经细胞DNA损伤.结果:随着缺氧时间的增加,海马DG区神经细胞DNA的损伤程度加重,尾长、尾部DNA百分含量和尾距显著增加(P＜0.05).人参皂甙能使缺氧损伤的海马DG区神经细胞的尾长、尾部DNA百分含量和尾距均较缺氧组减少(P＜0.05).结论:人参皂甙能有效地减轻缺氧引起的海马组织细胞DNA的断裂损伤.     

硫化氢对1型糖尿病大鼠膈肌NO含量和iNOS活性的影响

目的：观察硫化氢（H2S）对1型糖尿病大鼠膈肌一氧化氮（NO）含量和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活性的影响。方法：将32只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：正常组（NC组）、糖尿病组（DM组）、糖尿病治疗组（DM + NaHS组）和NaHS对照组（NaHS组）（n=8）。采用一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素55 mg/kg制备1型糖尿病大鼠模型,造模成功后第4周起,DM + NaHS组和NaHS组大鼠腹腔注射NaHS溶液14μmol/kg干预治疗。连续注射5周后,测大鼠空腹血糖值（FBG）和膈肌重量/体重量比（DW/BW）;HE染色观察膈肌显微结构变化;利用NOS分型测试盒测膈肌组织iNOS活性;硝酸还原法测定膈肌组织NO含量;利用RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测膈肌组织iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达。结果：与NC组比较,DM组大鼠FBG显著升高,膈肌显微结构损伤明显,DW/BW下降,膈肌组织iNOS活性和NO含量显著增加,iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达明显增高,NaHS组各项指标差异无统计学意义。与DM组比较,DM + NaHS组膈肌显微结构明显改善,DW/BW增高,膈肌组织iNOS活性和NO含量明显下降,iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低。结论：外源性补充H2S可能通过下调膈肌组织iNOS活性和蛋白表达,降低NO含量,进而保护糖尿病大鼠膈肌的功能。     

老龄大鼠内侧隔核BDNF含量的变化及人参皂甙的保护作用

目的探讨老龄大鼠内侧隔核BDNF含量的变化情况及人参皂甙的保护作用,为人参皂甙的临床应用提供实验依据.方法选用Wistar大鼠40只,分成青年组(3个月)、老龄组(26个月)、给药组(自17个月始给予人参皂甙至26个月),采用免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠内侧隔核BDNF含量的变化情况.结果老龄组内侧隔核BDNF阳性反应物的平均灰度值与青年组相比显著增高(P<0.01),而给药组与老龄组相比其平均灰度值显著降低(P<0.01).结论老龄大鼠内侧隔核BDNF含量明显低于青年组,给药组BDNF含量较老龄组明显增加.说明人参皂甙具有保护BDNF,防止神经元退行性改变的作用.     

大鼠创伤失血性休克心肌巨噬细胞极化标志蛋白变化规律研究

为了研究基于大鼠创伤失血性休克动物模型的大鼠心肌组织巨噬细胞极化标志蛋白的表达变化规律,选取雄性Wistar大鼠作为研究对象,随机分为对照组、损伤1 h组、损伤2 h组、损伤4 h组、损伤8 h组、损伤16 h组、损伤24 h组和损伤48 h组,每组10只;采用自制重物急性机械损伤法建立大鼠创伤失血性休克动物模型并记录大鼠的行为学变化,脱臼处死大鼠并采集心肌组织,采用免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)染色分别检测心肌巨噬细胞M0、M1和M2型极化标志蛋白CD68、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和精氨酸酶-1(arginase-1,ARG-1)的表达。结果显示:随着造模后时间的延长,大鼠心肌组织巨噬细胞M0型标志蛋白CD68表达水平显著增加,在24 h达到峰值,随后缓慢降低;造模16 h后,M1型标志蛋白iNOS和M2型标志蛋白ARG-1开始表达;16~48 h,随着时间延长,iNOS表达水平逐渐增加,而ARG-1表达水平迅速增加。研究结果表明,采用急性机械损伤法可成功建立大鼠创伤失血性休克模型,造模后大鼠心肌组织巨噬细胞M1和M2型极化标志蛋白表达水平随着造模时间的增加发生显著变化,为心肌创伤失血性休克的研究提供了重要参考,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

高压氧预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究高压氧预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:36只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组及高压氧预处理组,每组12只。高压氧预处理组大鼠在造模前5天给予高压氧预处理。采用线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,观察高压氧预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死面积的影响,检测大鼠缺血脑组织COX-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达以及IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA的含量。结果:高压氧预处理可明显改善脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能缺损评分,减少脑梗死面积,降低COX-2m RNA和蛋白表达量,抑制IL-1β、TNF-α的表达,降低MDA水平。结论:高压氧预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与抑制IL-1β、TNF-α、COX-2的表达以及减弱脂质过氧化反应有关。     

辛伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠阿司匹林抵抗的影响及其机制

目的：观察辛伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠阿司匹林抵抗的作用及机制。方法：选取雄性8周龄Wistar大鼠96只,随机分成糖尿病组和正常组（n=48）。糖尿病组大鼠腹腔一次性注射1%链脲佐菌素（STZ） （65 mg/kg,溶于0.l mmol/L、pH 4.5的柠檬酸缓冲液）来诱发糖尿病模型,正常组大鼠注射相同剂量的柠檬酸缓冲液。血糖大于16.8 mmol/L且同时具备多饮、多尿、体重减轻的糖尿病症状的大鼠认为糖尿病造模成功。糖尿病和正常大鼠分别随机分为糖尿病对照组（DM）、糖尿病阿司匹林组（DM-ASA）、糖尿病辛伐他汀组（DM-SIM）、糖尿病阿司匹林联合辛伐他汀组（DM-ASA+SIM）和正常对照组（NC）、正常阿司匹林组（NC-ASA）、正常辛伐他汀组（NC-SIM）、正常阿司匹林联合辛伐他汀组（NC-ASA+SIM）（n=12）。阿司匹林组、辛伐他汀组及阿司匹林联合辛伐他汀组分别给予10 mg/kg阿司匹林、2 mg/kg辛伐他汀、10 mg/kg阿司匹林加2 mg/kg辛伐他汀溶于PBS灌胃,对照组给予等量PBS灌胃。连续灌胃8周后,评价血小板聚集功能和血小板活化指标,检测大鼠血清一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET）、前列环素（PGI2）、脂联素（APN）、血栓素B2（TXB2）水平和血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）水平;进行大鼠胸主动脉离体血管张力实验评价内皮功能;检测大鼠胸主动脉血红素氧合酶-1（HO-1）、血红素氧合酶-2（HO-2）、内皮型NO合酶（eNOS）、磷酸化-内皮型NO合酶（p-eNOS）、抗凋亡蛋白（Bcl-2）、环加氧酶-2 （COX-2）等蛋白的表达水平。结果：与对照组大鼠相比,糖尿病大鼠其血小板活化及聚集值增高,且模型组呈现阿司匹林的反应性减低现象（P<0.05）;在糖尿病大鼠,阿司匹林联合辛伐他汀较单用阿司匹林组显著降低血小板活化及聚集值（P<0.05）,其通过上调HO-1、eNOS、p-eNOS、Bcl-2等蛋白的表达水平及升高血清APN水平,下调COX-2蛋白表达水平,通过改善内皮功能,调节TXA2/PGI2水平、增加NO水平,发挥其抗血小板作用。结论：糖尿病大鼠呈现阿司匹林反应性减低,辛伐他汀具有潜在的改善血小板对阿司匹林的反应性的作用。     

人参皂甙Rb1对大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经损伤后的修复作用

通过阻塞大鼠大脑动脉,制备短暂性脑缺血大鼠模型,将出现神经功能缺失症状的大鼠随机分组,实施再灌注后立即按(40mg/kg)进行腹腔注射人参皂甙Rb1。结果发现大鼠脑缺血再灌注后,人参皂甙Rb1通过促进NAIP、Bcl-2表达和抑制Bax表达发挥神经损伤后的修复作用。人参皂甙Rb1给药组在各时间点的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)阳性细胞数远远高于单纯脑缺血再灌注组(P<0.01)。GDNF的表达与缺血性损伤有一定的联系,可认为人参皂甙Rbl对神经系统有一定保护作用。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.