落叶松(Larix)细根形态特征沿纬度梯度的可塑性

选择5个不同纬度的落叶松人工林,比较了落叶松细根(2 mm)的直径、根长、比根长和比表面积等形态指标、外生菌根及其侵染率的纬度分异特征,分析了形态特征与主要影响因子间的关系。结果表明:随纬度增加,落叶松1、2级根的外生菌根真菌侵染率降低,菌根颜色变深,分叉减少;细根直径变细,根长缩短,细根比根长和比表面积显著增加;同一地点的细根在不同根序以及侵染与未侵染细根间形态差异明显;冗余分析和回归分析显示,细根直径和根长与年均温、年降水、土壤含水量呈显著正相关,而比根长和比表面积则与土壤全碳、土壤养分含量呈正相关。综上,落叶松细根的形态特征沿纬度梯度呈现出有规律的可塑性响应,外生菌根的宏观形态具有明显的地带性差异,直径和根长主要受气候因子影响,而比根长和比表面积则主要与土壤因子有关。     

连续三年夜间增温和施氮对云杉外生菌根及菌根真菌多样性的影响

以西南亚高山针叶林建群种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为研究对象,采用红外加热模拟增温结合外施氮肥(NH₄NO₃ 25 g N m^-2 a^-1)的方法,研究连续3a夜间增温和施肥对云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率、土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性的影响。结果表明:夜间增温对云杉外生菌根侵染率的影响具有季节性及根级差异。夜间增温对春季(2011年5月)云杉1级根,夏季(2011年7月)和秋季(2010年10月)云杉2级根侵染率影响显著。除2011年7月1级根外,施氮对云杉1、2级根侵染率无显著影响。夜间增温对土壤中外生菌根真菌的生物量和群落多样性无显著影响,施氮及增温与施氮联合处理使土壤中外生菌根真菌生物量显著降低,但却提高了外生菌根真菌群落的多样性。这说明云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率对温度较敏感,土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性对施氮较敏感。这为进一步研究该区域亚高山针叶林地下过程对全球气候变化的响应机制提供了科学依据。     

遮阴和磷限制下胡桃楸1级根养分吸收策略选择

本研究探讨了1年生胡桃楸在不同光照环境和不同剂量磷肥下根系功能性状的变化，以了解胡桃楸根系资源获取策略与光环境和磷养分限制之间的关系。设置了4种遮阴处理(全光、65%全光、35%全光和20%全光),以及3种磷肥处理(对照、200%和500%土壤本底有效磷),并测定了1级根形态、构型特征和菌根侵染率的变化。结果表明：随着遮阴程度的增加，胡桃楸1级根的平均直径、平均根长和菌根侵染率逐渐减小，比根长、比表面积、分支比和分支强度则呈现先增加后减小的趋势。随着磷含量的减少，1级根直径逐渐变细，而菌根侵染率则逐渐升高。在遮阴环境下，胡桃楸的根系形态和构型会发生适应性变化，通过增加比根长、比表面积、分支比和分支强度等来适应遮阴环境；而在磷限制条件下，胡桃楸的根系更倾向于与菌根真菌共生以促进对磷的吸收。胡桃楸在透光度为35%的林地人工更新时，根系形态、构型会做出改变以适应遮阴环境；在磷受限的情况下，胡桃楸与菌根真菌共生能力增强，可以适当接种菌根来帮助根系吸收磷。     

华北山地6个外生菌根树种的根属性及其与菌根侵染率的关系

该研究以共存于同一暖温带森林的6个外生菌根(ECM)树种为研究对象,测定分析不同根序(1～5级)和功能根系(吸收细根和运输细根)的主要形态和构型属性及ECM侵染率,探究不同外生菌根树种的根属性变异模式及其与菌根真菌侵染程度的关系。结果表明:(1)随着根序的增加,不同树种根直径和单根长度均增加,而比根长和根分支强度均降低;根属性在同一根序下均存在显著的种间差异,尤其是2个裸子植物(落叶松和油松)的根直径较其他4个被子植物大。(2)同一树种的所有根属性在吸收细根和运输细根之间均有显著差异;吸收细根和运输细根的根直径、比根长和根组织密度在树种间均存在显著差异,而其单根长度和根分支强度在树种间无显著差异。(3)ECM侵染率以落叶松最高,千金榆和白桦最低,且与根尖直径呈显著正相关关系,与根尖比根长呈显著负相关关系。研究发现,基于根序或者功能根系,根属性在种间的变异模式不完全一致,单根长度和根分支强度在两个功能根系中均没有表现出显著的种间差异;吸收细根的比根长和根分支强度的变异系数较大,对环境变化有较敏感的响应;古老树种的根直径相对较粗,对菌根真菌的依赖性更高。     

水分胁迫和接种菌根真菌对青冈栎根系形态的影响

以石漠化地区造林树种青冈栎幼苗为试验材料,在盆栽条件下,分别用内生菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,Gm)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,Gi)、外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius,Pt)和3种菌根真菌混合菌剂进行接种,利用根系扫描仪Epson Perfection V700和根系分析软件WinRhizo,研究了正常水分、中度干旱和重度干旱条件下菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗根系形态的影响。结果表明:在土壤干旱条件下,接种菌根真菌使青冈栎根系生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积显著增加,使根平均直径减小;在土壤中度干旱胁迫下,Pt处理根表面积显著高于Gm和Gi处理,而根平均直径显著小于Gm和Gi;在重度干旱胁迫下,Pt处理根生物量和根体积显著小于Gm和Gi,根平均直径显著大于Gm和Gi;相关性分析表明,菌根侵染率与根生物量和总根长呈极显著正相关。本研究表明,在干旱条件下,菌根真菌可改变青冈栎幼苗根系形态,促进碳水化合物向根系积累和分配。     

氮沉降及菌根真菌对长白落叶松苗木根系构型及根际酶活性的影响

为探究氮沉降和接种菌根真菌对长白落叶松苗木根系构型和根际土壤酶活性的影响,以1年生长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)的盆栽菌根苗(简称+M,混合接种8种外生菌根真菌)和非菌根苗(简称-M,未接种处理)为研究对象,设置4个氮沉降处理(不施氮(0N,0 kg·N·hm^-1·yr^-1)、低氮(LN,15 kg·N·hm^-1·yr^-1)、中氮(MN,30 kg·N·hm^-1·a^-1)和高氮(HN,60 kg·N·hm^-1·a^-1)),测定直径0~0.5 mm根系的总根长、总表面积、总体积和根尖数等根系形态指标,对比分析氮沉降和接种菌根真菌处理对苗木根际土壤酶(β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、β-1,4-N-乙酰-氨基葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP))活性的影响。结果表明:①长白落叶松苗木直径0~0.5 mm根系的总根长、总表面积、总体积和根尖数均随氮浓度的递增呈下降的趋势;在0N、LN和MN处理下,-M处理的根系形态指标均高于+M处理。②随氮浓度增加,+M和-M处理苗木根际土壤中BG、LAP、ACP和ALP活性均呈先增加后下降的趋势,而NAG活性呈下降的趋势。③+M和-M处理下,长白落叶松直径0~0.5 mm根系的形态指标与根际土壤BG活性均呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05);除根尖数外,其它根系形态指标与NAG活性相关性均为正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,苗木菌根化处理削弱了氮沉降对落叶松苗木根系构型的影响;而低氮处理下,+M处理对苗木根际土壤酶的活化程度高于-M处理。     

川西亚高山带森林生态系统外生菌根的形成

利用样方法于2003年8月对四川西部亚高山带分布的川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)、云杉(Picea asperata)、红桦(Betulaalbo-sinensis)、山杨(Populus davidiana)、铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)、华山松(Pinus armandi)、落叶松(Larix japonica)和冷杉(Abiesfaxoniana)8个主要森林类型的外生菌根进行了调查。结果表明,所有调查的森林类型均被外生菌根真菌所侵染,不同森林类型的宿主植物外生菌根的侵染强度不同,同种森林类型由于受海拔高度、坡度、林龄等条件的影响,植物的菌根侵染率、侵染强度指数以及细根生物量都发生相应的改变。高山栎林型随着海拔高度的增加,土壤上层(0~20cm)菌根侵染率增高、下层(20~40cm)菌根侵染强度指数增大,土壤上下层有效磷浓度都明显减少;坡度小的云杉林型内上下两层细根生物量、菌根侵染率都高于坡度大的云杉林,但是菌根侵染强度指数却较低;相同立地条件下,云杉林型在种群建立(幼林龄)和衰退(成过熟林)时菌根侵染率和侵染强度指数都显著高于种群相对稳定(中林龄)时期,在养分较为肥沃的土壤环境中,菌根侵染率、侵染强度指数与营养因子不存在明显的相关性;山杨、落叶松、冷杉和红桦林型土壤上层菌根侵染率都超过了65%;华山松林型由于坡度最大(50°),其土壤上层菌根侵染强度指数也最大(55.78%);铁杉林型菌根形成状况最差,但细根生物量最大。亚高山带森林类型中的上层植物细根生物量都显著高于下层,表明植物的营养主要由上层根系所输送。     

净月潭国家森林公园针叶林根系共生真菌初步调查

采用菌根形态学及分子生物学手段对采自净月潭国家森林公园的红松Pinus koraiensis、落叶松Larix gmelinii和云杉Picea asperata根系共生真菌进行了初步调查。结果表明:外生菌根形态依据不同树种表现不同,红松外生菌根主要表现为淡黄色到褐色,不分支、偶有珊瑚状分支,外延菌丝丰富或浓密;云杉菌根颜色基本为淡黄色到黄色,末端膨大或等粗,表现为弯曲状或蜿蜒状,不分支或不规则分支、偶有羽状分支,外延菌丝少;落叶松菌根淡黄色到黄色,偶有红褐色,不分支、羽状分支或不规则分支,外延菌丝浓密,也有表现外延菌丝少量。共鉴定获得共生真菌9科9属,其中红松根系外生菌根真菌2种:美洲乳牛肝菌Suillus americanus和外生菌根真菌未定种1,内生真菌3种:Phialocephala fortinii,Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum和Phialocephala helvetica;云杉根系外生菌根真菌5种:臭红菇Russula foetens、外生菌根真菌未定种2和外生菌根真菌未定种3,Tomentella sp.1和Tomentella sp.2;落叶松根系外生菌根真菌4种:平凹盘菌Peziza depressa、拟篦边红菇Russula pectinatoides、外生菌根真菌未定种4和外生菌根真菌未定种5。该研究结果丰富了针叶树根系共生真菌的多样性,可为进一步开展菌根形态解剖学以及菌根生态学等研究提供依据。     

秦岭辛家山林区落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性

【目的】以秦岭辛家山林区落叶松为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的外生菌根真菌。【方法】通过野外调查结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法。【结果】鉴定出31种外生菌根真菌,分属2门4目11科11属,分别有毛革菌属(Tomentella)、丝盖伞属(Inocybe)、红菇属(Russula)、Amphinema、蜡蘑属(Laccaria)、蜡壳耳属(Sebacina)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、牛肝菌属(Boletus)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、乳菇属(Lactarius)和硬皮马勃属(Scleroderma),丝盖伞属是优势类群。阳坡外生菌根真菌多样性高于阴坡。对菌根根际土与非根际土化学性质分析表明,pH值显著低于非根际,速效磷、速效钾含量显著高于非根际。对根际土化学性质与外生菌根侵染率相关性分析表明,落叶松外生菌根侵染率与土壤pH值呈显著正相关;与速效钾呈极显著正相关;与全氮、速效磷呈显著负相关。【结论】落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性丰富,且受坡向影响。外生菌根真菌可降低根际pH,提高根际有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钙和水溶性镁的含量。外生菌根侵染率受土壤pH值、全氮、速效磷、速效钾的影响。     

施肥对垂穗披碱草根系中丛枝菌根真菌的影响

采用传统染色与克隆测序的方法,研究了8年不同施肥(氮磷)梯度对垂穗披碱草根系中丛枝菌根(AM)侵染率和AM真菌群落的影响.结果表明: 随施肥浓度升高, 垂穗披碱草根系单位根长AM总侵染率从67.5%下降至7.3%,丛枝侵染率从5.2%降至0.1%.根系共检测出24个AM真菌分子种,但随着施肥浓度上升,AM真菌的平均物种丰富度从6种下降至2.6种.不同施肥处理对AM真菌群落结构有显著影响,土壤速效磷和根系氮含量与AM真菌群落呈极显著相关.氮磷有效性随施肥梯度逐渐上升,且与AM侵染率和AM真菌物种丰富度呈显著负相关.施高浓度氮磷肥对AM共生体有明显的抑制作用,导致AM真菌物种多样性丧失.     

Effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization and nitrogen fertilization on morphology of root tips in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> plantation in northeastern China

Root morphology is important in understanding root functions in forest ecosystems. However, the effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization and soil nutrient availability on root morphology is not clear. In this study, root morphology in relation to season, soil depth, soil nitrogen (N) availability, and mycorrhizal fungal colonization were investigated in a larch (Larix gmelinii) plantation in northeastern China. The first-order roots (or root tips) of larch were sampled four times in May, July, and September of 2005, and May of 2006 from two depths of upper soil layer (0–10 and 10–20 cm) in the control and the N-fertilized plots. The results showed that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization rates for the first-order roots were reduced by 17% under N fertilization. The peak of root colonization rates occurred in summer and was positively correlated with soil temperature. ECM colonization significantly altered root morphology: root diameter was increased by 19 and 29%, root length shortened by 27 and 25%, and specific root length (SRL) reduced by 16 and 19% for the control and the N-fertilized plots, respectively. N fertilization led to decreased root length, but did not affect root diameter and SRL. In addition, effects of ECM colonization on root morphology varied with season and soil depth. The observed relationships among ECM fungal colonization, soil N availability, and root-tip morphology should improve our understanding of how root tips respond to environmental changes in soil in temperate forest ecosystems.     

施肥对日本落叶松人工林细根直径、根长和比根长的影响

以辽宁东部山区16年生日本落叶松人工林为研究对象,探讨施肥对日本落叶松1～5级根序中细根直径、根长和比根长的影响.结果表明：随着根序等级的增加,日本落叶松细根平均直径和根长显著增加（P<0。05,P<0。01）、比根长则显著下降（P<0。01）.在日本落叶松的5级根序中,1级根的平均直径最细、根长最短、比根长最高,而5级根则相反;随着根序等级的增加,日本落叶松细根平均直径、根长和比根长的变异系数逐渐增大.除1级根外,土层对细根的平均直径、根长和比根长没有显著影响(P>0。05).与对照样地相比,施肥对各级细根平均直径、根长和比根长的影响主要表现在1～2级根上,对3级根序以上的细根影响不显著（P>0.05）.其中,施氮肥显著降低了1～2级根的平均直径（P<0.05）,施氮肥以及氮磷肥显著降低了表层土壤（0～10 cm）中1级根的平均根长（P<0.05）,表层土壤中细根的比根长在施氮肥的条件下显著增加（P<0.05）.     

亚热带典型树种根毛特征及其与共生真菌的关系

根毛和共生真菌增加了吸收面积,提高了植物获取磷等土壤资源的能力。由于野外原位观测根表微观结构较为困难,吸收细根、根毛、共生真菌如何相互作用并适应土壤资源供应,缺乏相应的数据和理论。该研究以受磷限制的亚热带森林为对象,选取了21种典型树种,定量了根毛存在情况、属性变异,分析了根毛形态特征与共生真菌侵染率、吸收细根功能属性之间的关系,探讨了根表结构对低磷土壤的响应和适应格局。结果表明:1)在亚热带森林根毛不是普遍存在的, 21个树种中仅发现7个树种存有根毛, 4个为丛枝菌根(AM)树种, 3个为外生菌根(ECM)树种。其中,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)根毛出现率最高,为86%;2)菌根类型是理解根-根毛-共生真菌关系的关键,AM树种根毛密度与共生真菌侵染率正相关,但ECM树种根毛直径与共生真菌侵染率负相关; 3) AM树种根毛长度和根毛直径、ECM树种根毛出现率与土壤有效磷含量呈负相关关系。该研究揭示了不同菌根类型树种根毛-共生真菌-根属性的格局及相互作用,为精细理解养分获取策略奠定了基础。     

施肥对落叶松和水曲柳人工林土壤呼吸的影响

 以落叶松（Larix gmelinii）和水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）人工林为研究对象,采用动态气室法（LI-6400-09叶室连接到LI-6400便携式CO₂/H₂O分析系统）对两种林分的土壤呼吸速率进行了观测,探讨了细根生物量、根中氮含量与土壤呼吸速率的关系,以及施肥对细根生物量、根中氮含量和土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明：1）施肥导致落叶松和水曲柳林分的活细根生物量降低18.4％和27.4％, 死细根生物量分别降低了34.8％和127.4 ％;2）施肥使落叶松和水曲柳林地土壤呼吸速率与对照相比分别减少了34.9％和25.8％;3 ）施肥对根中氮含量没有显著影响;4）落叶松和水曲柳林地的土壤呼吸与土壤温度表现出相同的季节变化,两种林分的土壤呼吸速率与地下5和10 cm处的温度表现出明显的指数关系 ,其相关性R²=0.93～0.98。土壤呼吸温度系数Q₁₀的范围在2.45～3.29。 施肥处理对Q₁₀没有产生影响,施肥处理导致细根生物量减少可能是引起林地土壤呼吸速率下降的主要原因。     

Tillage and N fertilization effects on maize root growth and root:shoot ratio

Two methods for estimating the size of the maize (Zea mays l.) root system from soil cores taken in the field were compared. The spatially weighed block method of estimation accounted for variation in root density by using 18 samples per plant which varied in distance from plant and soil depth. This method was compared to an estimation which averaged all of the 18 samples together. Both methods gave surprisingly similar estimates for total root growth. Increased root growth in the surface soil layers, due to tillage and N fertilization, did not impact on the estimation of total root growth. Total root length remained unchanged or increased with N fertilization, while root weight remained the same or decreased. Root mass per length decreased with N fertilization. The estimated size of the root system was used to calculate root:shoot weight ratios. The largest root:shoot ratio was found in the vegetative stage and decreased throughout the rest of the season. In this field experiment, the estimated size of the root system at 8 weeks after planting was not significantly different from the size at silking or harvest. Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased the root:shoot weight ratio. However, tillage did not significantly change the ratio.     

Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass,root length density,specific root length,and soil resource availability in a Larix gmelinii plantation

Fine root tumover is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is most likely sensitive to many global change factors.Despite the importance of fine root turnover in plant C allocation and nutrient cycling dynamics and the tremendous research efforts in the past,our understanding of it remains limited.This is because the dynamics processes associated with soil resources availability are still poorly understood.Soil moisture,temperature,and available nitrogen are the most important soil characteristics that impact fine root growth and mortality at both the individual root branch and at the ecosystem level.In temperate forest ecosystems,seasonal changes of soil resource availability will alter the pattern of carbon allocation to belowground.Therefore,fine root biomass,root length density(RLD)and specific root length(SRL)vary during the growing season.Studying seasonal changes of fine root biomass,RLD,and SRL associated with soil resource availability will help us understand the mechanistic controls of carbon to fine root longevity and turnover.The objective of this study was to understand whether seasonal variations of fine root biomass,RLD and SRL were associated with soil resource availability,such as moisture,temperature,and nitrogen,and to understand how these soil components impact fine root dynamics in Larix gmelinii plantation.We used a soil coring method to obtain fine root samples(≤2 mm in diameter)every month from Mav to October in 2002 from a 17-year-old L.gmelinii plantation in Maoershan Experiment Station,Northeast Forestry University,China.Seventy-two soil cores(inside diameter 60 mm;depth intervals:0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm)were sampled randomly from three replicates 25 m×30 m plots to estimate fine root biomass(live and dead),and calculate RLD and SRL.Soil moisture,temperature,and nitrogen(ammonia and nitrates)at three depth intervals were also analyzed in these plots.Results showed that the average standing fine root biomass(live (32.2 g.m-2.a-1)in the middle(10-20 cm)and deep layer (20-30cm),respectively.Live and dead fine root biomass was the highest from May to July and in September,but lower in August and October.The live fine root biomass decreased and dead biomass increased during the growing soil layer.RLD and SRL in May were the highestthe other months,and RLD was the lowest in Septemberdynamics of fine root biomass,RLD,and SRL showed a close relationship with changes in soil moisture,temperature,and nitrogen availability.To a lesser extent,the temperature could be determined by regression analysis.Fine roots in the upper soil layer have a function of absorbing moisture and nutrients,while the main function of deeper soil may be moisture uptake rather than nutrient acquisition.Therefore,carbon allocation to roots in the upper soil layer and deeper soil layer was different.Multiple regression analysis showed that variation in soil resource availability could explain 71-73% of the seasonal variation of RLD and SRL and 58% of the variation in fine root biomass.These results suggested a greater metabolic activity of fine roots living in soil with higher resource availability,which resulted in an increased allocation of carbohydrate to these roots,but a lower allocation of carbohydrate to those in soil with lower resource availability.     

Nutrient uptake relationship to root characteristics of rice

Data on root parameters and distribution are important for an improved understanding of the factors influencing nutrient uptake by a crop. Therefore, a study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam at the Rice Research and Extension Center near Stuttgart, Arkansas to measure root growth and N, P and K uptake by three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars at active tillering (36 days after emergence (DAE)), maximum tillering (41 DAE), 1.25 cm internode elongation (55 DAE), booting (77 DAE) and heading (88 DAE). Soil-root core samples were taken to a depth of 40 cm after plant samples were removed, sectioned into 5 cm intervals, roots were washed from soil and root lengths, dry weights and radii were measured. Root parameters were significantly affected by the soil depth × growth stage interaction. In addition, only root radius was affected by cultivar. At the 0- to 5-cm soil depth, root length density ranged from 38 to 93 cm cm^-3 throughout the growing season and decreased with depth to about 2 cm cm^-3 in the 35- to 40-cm depth increment. The increase in root length measured with each succeeding growth stage in each soil horizon also resulted in increased root surface area, hence providing more exposed area for nutrient uptake. About 90% of the total root length was found in the 0- to 20-cm soil depth throughout the season. Average root radius measured in the 0- to 5-cm and 35- to 40-cm depth increments ranged from 0.012 to 0.013 cm and 0.004 to 0.005 cm, respectively throughout the season. Total nutrient uptake by rice differed among cultivars only during vegetative growth. Differences in total nutrient uptake among the cultivars in the field appear to be related to absorption kinetics of the cultivars measured in a growth chamber study. Published with permission of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Nitrogen input mediates the effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on mycorrhizal fungal abundance

Plots containing Lolium perenne L., Trifolium repens L. or a mixture of both plant species were exposed to elevated atmospheric CO₂ (eCO₂) for 10 consecutive seasons using free‐air CO₂ enrichment technology at ETH Zürich, Switzerland. The CO₂ treatment was crossed with a two‐level nitrogen (N) fertilization treatment. In the tenth year, soil samples were collected on three occasions through the growing season to assess the impact of eCO₂ and N fertilization on mycorrhizal fungal abundance. Soil moisture content, which varied with harvest date, was linked to the vegetation type and was higher under eCO₂. Root weight density was affected by vegetation type: lower for clover, higher for grass. Root weight density was stimulated by eCO₂ and decreased by high N fertilization. The percent root length colonized by mycorrhizal fungi was lowest in the clover plots and highest in the grass plots. High N significantly decreased root length colonized. There was no overall effect of eCO₂ on root length colonized; however, there was a significant eCO₂× N interaction: eCO₂ increased root length colonized at high N, but decreased root length colonized at low N. Extraradical mycorrhizal hyphal density was linked to soil moisture content. Extraradical mycorrhizal hyphal density was not affected by eCO₂ or high N individually, but as for root length colonized, there was a significant eCO₂× N interaction: eCO₂ increased extraradical mycorrhizal hyphal density at low N but not at high N. These environmental effects on root colonization and external mycorrhizal hyphae were independent of soil moisture content and root weight density. This field study demonstrated a significant mediating effect of N fertilization on the response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to eCO₂ irrespective of any change in root biomass.     

施肥对日本落叶松人工林细根生物量的影响

以辽宁东部山区16年生日本落叶松人工林为研究对象,探讨施肥对落叶松细根总生物量、不同层次生物量及不同根序生物量的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,施氮肥显著降低细根总生物量(P<0.01),而施磷肥及施氮+磷肥处理的细根总生物量差异不显著(P>0.05).落叶松人工林表层土壤(0～10 cm)细根生物量明显高于亚表层(10～20 cm)(P<0.01),各处理样地表层生物量占总生物量的64％～73％.施肥对不同层次、不同级别根序细根生物量的影响不同.与对照相比,施氮肥显著地降低了表层土壤1、3、4、5级根生物量(P<0.05),施磷肥(5级根除外)、施氮+磷肥(2级根除外)表层土壤各级根序细根生物量降低均不显著(P>0.05).在亚表层土壤,施氮肥和磷肥对各级根序生物量均没有显著影响(P>0.05);施氮+磷肥显著增加了1级根生物量(P<0.05),而其余各级根序细根生物量差异不显著(P>0.05).