番茄Lehsp23.8启动子的热诱导表达调控序列鉴定

番茄线粒体小分子热激蛋白(Lehsp23.8)启动子是典型的热诱导启动子。为了研究热激条件下该启动子的调控序列,本研究将不同长度的Lehsp23.8启动子序列与gus基因融合,构建5′缺失植物表达载体。然后用农杆菌介导法转化烟草,PCR及Southern blotting结果表明融合基因已经整合到烟草基因组中。GUS组织化学染色结果表明:不同长度Lehsp23.8启动子转基因植株热激处理后,在幼苗根、茎、叶以及花和果实中均表现出GUS活性,只是染色强弱有差异。叶片中GUS荧光活性测定结果表明:在热激处理条件下,565bp的Lehsp23.8启动子介导的GUS表达最强;而255bp的Lehsp23.8启动子介导的GUS表达最弱。说明Lehsp23.8启动子中255bp的序列即能满足该启动子的热激表达,-565bp～-255bp之间存在明显的增强子元件,而-871bp～-565bp之间的片段具有一定的抑制作用。     

不结球白菜热激蛋白基因克隆及表达

从不结球白菜'暑绿'中克隆到一个受热激诱导的小分子量热激蛋白(sHSP)基因,命名为BcHSP(DDBJ登录号为AB367955),该基因核苷酸序列全长722 bp,编码157个氨基酸,与芜菁、芥蓝、拟南芥等有90%以上的相似性.实时定量检测表明,不结球白菜BcHSP转录表达受热激诱导,以叶片中表达量最高,BcHSP在不结球白菜叶片中表达特征说明它可能与植物叶片的耐热性关系更为密切.     

异色瓢虫HSP67B2基因的克隆及诱导表达分析

小分子热激蛋白是一种重要的分子伴侣,可以在环境胁迫下帮助蛋白质折叠和转运。本研究在转录组获得异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis HSP67B2基因部分序列的基础上,通过RACE技术克隆得到了 HSP67B2 基因的 cDNA 全长序列（基因登录号：KJ155728）,全长626 bp,其中编码140个氨基酸,3′非翻译区为 81 bp,5′非翻译区为122 bp,软件分析预测显示该基因编码蛋白的分子量为1597 kD,理论等电点为661。采用荧光定量 PCR 技术对异色瓢虫 HSP67B2基因在不同发育阶段、低温诱导条件和饥饿处理下的表达进行了研究,结果表明：HSP67B2 基因在幼虫期的表达量最高;在低温诱导和饥饿处理下,HSP67B2 基因出现上调表达并且表达效率显著提高,表明HSP67B2 基因可以通过调控小分子热激蛋白的合成使异色瓢虫适应环境变化。      

马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白基因Ld-HSP60的克隆、序列分析及温度胁迫下的表达

【目的】马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata是一种世界性检疫害虫,对温度胁迫具有极强的适应性,为进一步明确其对温度胁迫适应性的分子机制,研究了热激蛋白HSP60在马铃薯甲虫温度胁迫应答过程中的作用。【方法】采用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白HSP60基因的cDNA全长序列;利用生物信息学软件分析该基因及其编码蛋白质的序列特性;运用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因在温度胁迫下的表达模式。【结果】克隆得到马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白HSP60基因,命名为Ld-HSP60(Gen Bank登录号:KC556801),其cDNA全长2 234 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1 731 bp,编码576个氨基酸,相对分子量约为61.27 kD,理论等电点为5.51,5'端非翻译区(UTR)长101 bp,3'UTR长402 bp。氨基酸序列中含有HSP60家族典型的特征序列。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,低温胁迫(-10和0℃)下未检测到马铃薯甲虫雌雄成虫中Ld-HSP60的诱导表达;高温胁迫(38和44℃)诱导马铃薯甲虫雄成虫Ld-HSP60上调表达,随着胁迫温度的升高LdHSP60表达量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,38℃高温胁迫下表达量最高,胁迫时间越长Ld-HSP60表达量也越高。【结论】相比其他热激蛋白,HSP60对温度敏感性较低,推测HSP60可能在马铃薯甲虫雄成虫抵御高温胁迫中发挥作用。     

番茄线粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白基因的分子克隆

以热激处理的番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill．）花为实验材料,构建了cDNA库,运用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法克隆番茄粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白cDNA,利用这两个保守区片段为探针,筛选cDNA库,获得线粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白全序列cDNA。;通过分析线粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白基因对温度的反应,发现小分子热激蛋白基因在番茄花中的热激应答温度低于它们在叶片中的热激应答温度,并且番茄叶片中的线粒体小分子热激蛋白基因还具有低温应答特性。对线粒体和内质网小分子热激蛋白基因的分子结构特点,小分子热激蛋白基因在番茄花中的特别热激应答温度的调控机理以及线粒体小分子热激蛋白的基因在中片中的低温度应答成因进行了讨论。     

大白菜中小孢子胚胎发生相关基因cDNA片段的克隆与表达分析

以易出胚大白菜‘09C3’为材料,克隆到7个小孢子胚胎发生相关候选基因的cDNA核心片段,并采用半定量RT-PCR方法研究了这些基因在游离小孢子热激处理和培养期间的表达。结果表明,获得的7个基因的核心片段长度在213bp和417bp之间,克隆号分别为C31、C33、99H6、99H8、EV14、EX01和C35。NCBI进行Blastn和Blastx分析结果显示,这些片段与源基因HSP70、BcHSP、Lec2、Fus3、PAP14、HSP17.6和HSP18.2的同源性均超过80%。半定量RT-PCR结果表明,HSP70和Lec2在热激24h后上调表达,而常温培养下24h后没有变化;BcHSP、HSP18.2、Fus3和HSP17.6在热激24h后和常温下24h都上调表达;PAP14在热激24h后和常温下24h表达下调。     

松墨天牛小热激蛋白基因的克隆、表达谱及对温度胁迫的响应

【目的】松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus是我国南方松林中的重要蛀干害虫,也是林业检疫性病害——松材线虫病的主要媒介昆虫,其分布范围较广,对温度的适应性强,本研究旨在初步探讨松墨天牛对温度胁迫适应性的分子机制。【方法】采用RT-PCR与RACE技术克隆松墨天牛小热激蛋白(small heat shock protein,sHSP)基因的全长cDNA,结合生物信息学方法分析小热激蛋白的结构特征;利用qPCR技术测定该基因在松墨天牛不同发育阶段、4龄幼虫不同组织及不同低温和高温胁迫下4龄幼虫中的表达谱,并用geNorm,NormFinder和BestKeeper软件对不同温度下内参基因稳定性进行评价。【结果】获得松墨天牛sHSP基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为MaltHSP21.20(GenBank登录号:MH091811),全长为871 bp,编码187个氨基酸,信号肽预测表明其N末端含有18个氨基酸的信号肽,成熟蛋白预测分子质量为21.20 kD,等电点为8.65。结构域预测符合小热激蛋白家族的特征,共含有10个β折叠片,在α结构域内含有7个β折叠片。进化树分析表明该蛋白氨基酸序列与光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis的sHSP有较高的同源性。不同软件分析得到最稳定的内参基因存在差异,结合3种方法评价得出RPL10最为稳定。MaltHSP21.20在不同发育阶段的松墨天牛体内均有表达,滞育幼虫中表达量最高,卵期及蛹期表达量次之;在4龄幼虫不同组织中均有分布,脂肪体中表达量最高;4龄幼虫MaltHSP21.20对低温诱导无响应,其表达量在35℃时显著上调,45℃处理2和3 h最高,50℃时下降。【结论】RPL10是不同温度胁迫下较稳定的内参基因。相比其他热激蛋白基因,MaltHSP21.20对低温敏感性较低,推测其在幼虫滞育越冬及抵抗高温中发挥重要作用。     

转入甜椒热激蛋白基因CaHSP18提高番茄的耐冷性

利用农杆菌介导法将甜椒热激蛋白基因转化番茄,Northern和Western杂交表明CaHSP18在番茄植株中表达,获得转CaHSP18的番茄植株。Northern杂交显示,CaHSP18基因受低温诱导,表达量随低温处理时间的延长而增加,6h时表达量最高。低温胁迫导致野生型和转基因番茄植株的相对电导率升高,光爱统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和放氧速率下降,但转基因番茄植物维持较低的膜透性,较高的Fv/Fm和放氧速率。这些显示,在番茄植株中CaHSP18表达后耐冷性有提高。     

草菇热激蛋白60基因(Vvhsp60)生物信息学分析及低温下的表达

【背景】生物受到温度胁迫时,热激蛋白被诱导并在短时间内大量产生,可以使受损的蛋白质恢复正常构象,增强生物对逆境胁迫的耐受性。【目的】初步探究草菇热激蛋白60(Vvhsp60)与低温耐受性的关系,为深入开展草菇不耐低温特性的遗传改良奠定理论基础。【方法】对Vvhsp60进行生物信息学分析,以低温敏感型草菇菌株V23及耐低温菌株VH3为实验材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析低温胁迫及热激诱导后在低温下草菇菌丝体中Vvhsp60基因的表达水平。【结果】草菇Vvhsp60编码蛋白不存在信号肽,不属于分泌蛋白,在线粒体和细胞质内发挥生物学作用,属于双向跨膜蛋白。低温处理显著提高了V23与VH3菌丝体中Vvhsp60基因的表达量,而且VH3中的表达量显著高于V23,推测Vvhsp60基因的表达量高可能有助于增强草菇对低温胁迫的耐受性。经热激处理后两菌株Vvhsp60基因的表达量显著高于各自未热激处理的对照组,表明热激处理可诱导Vvhsp60基因的表达。【结论】Vvhsp60与草菇低温耐受性相关,并且热激可以诱导Vvhsp60基因的表达。     

小桐子非特异性脂质转移蛋白A的基因克隆及其表达和功能分析

基于我们最近获得的小桐子低温驯化转录组和数字基因表达谱数据,本工作研究了低温驯化条件下差异表达变化较大的非特异性脂质转移蛋白A基因JcnsLTPA。克隆到该基因的cDNA序列全长833 bp,开放阅读框长度513 bp,编码170个氨基酸,存在ATT_LTSS典型保守功能基序。其启动子区域中鉴定到了TATA框、CAAT框、CATA框、W框等顺式作用元件以及CRT/DRE低温响应元件。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在茎、根、叶中都有表达,以茎中表达量最高、且受低温诱导最显著。同时,酵母表达JcnsLTPA也提高了重组酵母菌的抗低温能力。这些结果充分说明了小桐子JcnsLTPA是与抗冷性密切相关的基因,可以用于小桐子的抗冷性遗传改良。     

A cytosolic class I small heat shock protein, RcHSP17.8, of Rosa chinensis confers resistance to a variety of stresses to Escherichia coli, yeast and Arabidopsis thaliana

Among the heat shock proteins (HSPs) of higher plants, those belonging to the small HSP (sHSP) family remain the least characterized in functional terms. To improve our understanding of sHSPs, we have characterized RcHSP17.8 from Rosa chinensis . Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis reveal this to be a cytosolic class I sHSP. RcHSP17.8 expression in R. chinensis was induced by heat, cold, salt, drought, osmotic and oxidative stresses. Recombinant RcHSP17.8 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and yeast to study its possible function under stress conditions. The recombinant E. coli and yeast cells that accumulated RcHSP17.8 showed improved viability under thermal, salt and oxidative stress conditions compared with control cultures. We also produced transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively expressed RcHSP17.8. These plants exhibited increased tolerance to heat, salt, osmotic and drought stresses. These results suggest that R. chinensis cytosolic class I sHSP (RcHSP17.8) has the ability to confer stress resistance not only to E. coli and yeast but also to plants grown under a wide variety of unfavorable environmental conditions.     

Immunomodulation of function of small heat shock proteins prevents their assembly into heat stress granules and results in cell death at sublethal temperatures

The conformational dynamism and aggregate state of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) may be crucial for their functions in thermoprotection of plant cells from the detrimental effects of heat stress. Ectopic expression of single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies against cytosolic sHSPs was used as new tool to generate sHSP loss-of-function mutants by antibody-mediated prevention of the sHSP assembly in vivo . Anti-sHSP scFv antibodies transiently expressed in heat-stressed tobacco protoplasts were not only able to recognize the endogenous sHSPs but also prevented their assembly into heat stress granula (HSGs). Constitutive expression of the same scFv antibodies in transgenic plants did not alter their phenotype at normal growth temperatures, but their leaves turned yellow and died after prolonged stress at sublethal temperatures. Structural analysis revealed a regular cytosolic distribution of stress-induced sHSPs in mesophyll cells of stress-treated transgenic plants, whereas extensive formation of HSGs was observed in control cells. After prolonged stress at sublethal temperatures, mesophyll cells of transgenic plants suffered destruction of all cellular membranes and finally underwent cell death. In contrast, mesophyll cells of the stressed controls showed HSG disintegration accompanied by appearance of polysomes, dictyosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum indicating normalization of cell functions. Apparently, the ability of sHSPs to assemble into HSGs as well as the HSG disintegration is a prerequisite for survival of plant cells under continuous stress conditions at sublethal temperatures.     

The Susceptibility of Cucumber and Sweet Pepper to Chilling Under Low Irradiance is Related to Energy Dissipation and Water-Water Cycle

The photoprotection of energy dissipation and water-water cycle were investigated by comparing chilling sensitivity of photosystems 2 (PS2) and 1 (PS1) in two chilling-sensitive plants, cucumber and sweet pepper, upon exposure to 4 °C under low irradiance (100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) for 6 h. During chilling stress, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (F_v/F_m) decreased only slightly in both plants, but the oxidisable P700 decreased markedly, which indicated that PS1 was more sensitive to chilling treatment under low irradiance than PS2. Sweet pepper leaves had lower F_v/F_m, higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and higher oxidisable P700 during chilling stress. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in cucumber leaves was higher, but APX activity decreased apparently compared to that at room temperature. The productions of active oxygen species (H₂O₂, O₂ ⁻) increased in both plants, faster in cucumber leaves than in sweet pepper leaves. In sweet pepper leaves, a stronger de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments, a higher NPQ could act as a major protective mechanism to reduce the formation of active oxygen species during stress. Thus sensitivity of both plants to chilling under low irradiance was dominated by the protective mechanisms between PS1 and PS2, especially the energy dissipation and the water-water cycle. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cooperation of xanthophyll cycle with water-water cycle in the protection of photosystems 1 and 2 against inactivation during chilling stress under low irradiance

The xanthophyll cycle and the water-water cycle had different functional significance in chilling-sensitive sweet pepper upon exposure to chilling temperature (4 °C) under low irradiance (100 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) for 6 h. During chilling stress, effects of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) on photosystem 2 (PS2) in dithiothreitol (DTT) fed leaves remained distinguishable from that of the water-water cycle in diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) fed leaves. In DTT-fed leaves, NPQ decreased greatly accompanied by visible inhibition of the de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle, and maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (F_v/F_m) decreased markedly. Thus the xanthophyll cycle-dependent NPQ could protect PS2 through energy dissipation under chilling stress. However, NPQ had a slighter effect on photosystem 1 (PS1) in DTT-fed leaves than in DDTC-fed leaves, whereas effects of the water-water cycle on PS1 remained distinguishable from that of NPQ. Inhibiting superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased the accumulation of , the oxidation level of P700 (P700⁺) decreased markedly relative to the control and DTT-fed leaves. Both F_v/F_m and NPQ changed little in DDTC-fed leaves accompanied by little change of (A+Z)/(V+A+Z). This is the active oxygen species inducing PS1 photoinhibition in sweet pepper. The water-water cycle can be interrupted easily at chilling temperature. We propose that during chilling stress under low irradiance, the xanthophyll cycle-dependent NPQ has the main function to protect PS2, whereas the water-water cycle is not only the pathway to dissipate energy but also the dominant factor causing PS1 chilling-sensitivity in sweet pepper.This research was supported by the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China (G1998010100), the Natural Science Foundation of China (30370854), and the open project from Key Lab of Crop Biology of Shandong Province.     

ZmHSP16.9, a cytosolic class I small heat shock protein in maize (Zea mays), confers heat tolerance in transgenic tobacco

Various organisms produce HSPs in response to high temperature and other stresses. The function of heat shock proteins, including small heat shock protein (sHSP), in stress tolerance is not fully explored. To improve our understanding of sHSPs, we isolated ZmHSP16.9 from maize. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis reveal this to be a cytosolic class I sHSP. ZmHSP16.9 expressed in root, leaf and stem tissues under 40 °C treatment, and was up-regulated by heat stress and exogenous H?O?. Overexpression of ZmHSP16.9 in transgenic tobacco conferred tolerance to heat and oxidative stresses by increased seed germination rate, root length, and antioxidant enzyme activities compared with WT plants. These results support the positive role of ZmHSP16.9 in response to heat stress in plant. KEY MESSAGE: The overexpression of ZmHSP16.9 enhanced tolerance to heat and oxidative stress in transgenic tobacco.     

A small HSP, Lo18, interacts with the cell membrane and modulates lipid physical state under heat shock conditions in a lactic acid bacterium

The small heat shock proteins (sHSP) are characterized by a chaperone activity to prevent irreversible protein denaturation. This study deals with the sHSP Lo18 induced by multiple stresses in Oenococcus oeni, a lactic acid bacterium. Using in situ immunocytochemistry and cellular fractionation experiments, we demonstrated the association of Lo18 with the membrane in O. oeni cells submitted to heat shock. The same result was obtained after exposure of cells to ethanol or benzyl alcohol, agents known to have an influence on membranes. For the different stresses, the protein was located on the periphery of the cell at membrane level and was also found within the cytoplasm. In order to determine if Lo18 could interact with the phospholipids, we used model membranes made of lipids extracted from O. oeni cells. Using fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and generalized polarization of Laurdan, we showed that purified Lo18 interacts with these liposomes, and increases the molecular order of the lipid bilayer in these membranes when the temperature reaches 33.8 degrees C. All these data suggest that Lo18 could be involved in an adaptive response allowing the maintenance of membrane integrity during stress conditions in O. oeni cells.