长期施肥对灰漠土生物群落和酶活性的影响

长期定位试验表明:施肥对灰漠土生物类群、酶活性有一定影响,同时生物类群和酶活性也改变了土壤生态环境.(1) 施肥对灰漠土动物个体及类群数的影响显著,长期单施化肥对土壤动物优势度作用较大,化肥配施有机肥丰富了土壤动物组成,化肥配施秸秆有利于增加土壤动物的丰度,尤其是疣跳科和等节跳科动物个体数量增加近10倍,长期不施肥土壤动物均匀性较高,但优势类群数较低;(2)灰漠土微生物组成以细菌为主,特殊微生物生理类群是以固氮菌和氨化细菌数量居多.长期单施化肥不利于土壤微生物生长,几种菌类数量均较低,化肥配施有机物料增加了土壤微生物类群数量,比对照增加15%～44%,长期不施肥土壤微生物数量高于单施化肥处理.(3) 灰漠土自身过氧化氢酶含量较高,蔗糖酶次之.土壤4种酶活性中除过氧化氢酶与土壤养分之间呈负相关以外,其余3种酶活性与土壤速效养分均呈正相关或显著正相关.长期单施化肥土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性降低,长期不施肥土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性高于单施化肥处理,化肥配施有机肥或秸秆的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性比长期不施肥增加了24%～31%.因此,化肥配施有机物料增加了土壤酶活性,加速了土壤熟化,改变了土壤生态环境.     

有机肥和化肥配施对不同熟期大白菜土壤生物特性及产量品质的影响

以早熟和晚熟品种大白菜为试材,根据化肥氮(尿素)、有机肥氮(生物有机肥)配施比例设置4个施肥处理,测定不同施肥处理下不同熟期大白菜土壤酶活性、可培养微生物数量及产量、品质的变化特征.结果 表明:早熟品种'德高16'大白菜莲座期和结球紧实期均以配施1/2生物有机肥(T2)处理的土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶活性较强...     

化肥减量配施有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响

在甘肃河西走廊棉区进行连续3年的定位施肥试验,研究了化肥减量20%～40%并配施不同有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,化肥减量配施有机肥能显著提高土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低土壤真菌数量,化肥减量配施普通有机肥加生物有机肥(COBF₂)处理土壤细菌最多,较单施化肥(CF)在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了84.6%、57.1%和43.5%,化肥减量配施生物有机肥(CBF₂)处理放线菌数量最多,较CF在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了28.2%、32.7%和32.2%,CBF₂土壤真菌数量最低,较CF在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别降低了35.8%、29.3%和13.4%。化肥减量配施有机肥提高了土壤细菌/真菌、放线菌/真菌和脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,其中COBF₂对酶活性的提升最有效。化肥减量配施有机肥提高了棉花单株铃数,对棉花长势、地上干物质积累有一定的促进作用,COBF₂棉花产量最高,籽棉和皮棉产量分别较CF提高了14.2%和10.9%,增产显著。综合分析土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量,COBF₂处理,即化肥减量40%配施1800 kg·hm^-2普通有机肥和600 kg·hm^-2生物有机肥效果最佳。     

苜蓿和小麦长期连作对土壤酶活性及养分的影响

在长武长期轮作与施肥定位试验的基础上,对黄土高原沟壑区苜蓿和小麦连作27年后的黄盖黏黑垆土土壤酶活性及土壤养分进行了测定,探讨苜蓿和小麦长期连作对土壤酶活性及肥力的影响.结果表明： 苜蓿和小麦连作施肥都能提高土壤酶活性;同一作物不同施肥措施的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性差异不显著,但相同施肥条件下,苜蓿连作比小麦连作的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性高;不同作物种类及施肥措施的土壤过氧化氢酶活性差异不明显;氮磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)的土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性较高,而蔗糖酶活性较低;苜蓿连作比小麦连作更有利于土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮的积累,氮磷肥和有机肥配施有利于培肥土壤.
     

玉米/大豆轮作下不同施肥处理对土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

本试验探讨了玉米/大豆轮作下不同施肥措施对土壤酶活性以及微生物生物量的影响。试验设置7个处理:(1)对照(不施肥,CK);(2)有机肥7.5 t·hm~(-2)(M1);(3)有机肥15 t·hm~(-2)(M2);(4)有机肥22.5 t·hm~(-2)(M3);(5)化肥(N 160 kg·hm~(-2)+P_2O_575kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 75 kg·hm~(-2))(T1);(6)有机肥7.5 t·hm~(-2)+化肥(N 81 kg·hm~(-2)+P_2O_50kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 67 kg·hm~(-2))(T2);(7)有机肥15 t·hm~(-2)+化肥(N 120 kg·hm~(-2)+P_2O_57kg·hm~(-2)+和K_2O 71 kg·hm~(-2))(T3)。2017年有机肥与2016年施入相同,化肥施用量为2016年的80%。在不同生长时期采集0~20 cm的耕层土样,测定土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性。两年的试验数据分析表明,不同处理间土壤微生物生物量碳、氮存在显著差异,各施肥处理均能显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮。在玉米成熟期,T2、T3处理较M1、M2处理的微生物生物量碳分别增加32%和21%,微生物生物量氮分别增加38%和28%,大豆成熟期与玉米成熟期相比,微生物生物量碳增加了13%~51%,微生物生物量氮增加了85%~174%。土壤蔗糖酶活性在作物不同生育时期以T3处理的效果最为显著,过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性以有机无机肥料配施处理较为显著。相对于玉米田,大豆土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性均有不同程度的提高。各处理间土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性与土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾水平显著相关。单施有机肥及有机无机肥配施可显著提高土壤养分、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性及土壤微生物生物量碳、氮,但过氧化氢酶活性与施肥量无显著相关性。     

施肥对日光温室黄瓜生长和土壤生物学特性的影响

采用田间试验研究了施肥对黄土高原日光温室黄瓜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤微生物区系和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥和沼肥明显促进了黄瓜生长发育,提高了黄瓜产量,叶面施肥可以降低无机化肥和有机肥用量,施肥对日光温室土壤生物学特性有明显影响,施用有机肥和叶面施肥增加了土壤细菌数量;施用无机化肥和沼肥增加了真菌的数量,施用有机肥降低了真菌的数量;施肥增加了放线菌的数量．同时施肥提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性,但对过氧化氢酶影响较小．施用有机肥提高了脲酶和磷酸酶活性,施用化肥和沼肥对土壤脲酶和土壤磷酸酶活性影响差异不大。     

化肥和有机肥长期施用对红壤酶活性的影响

选择长期定位试验中的不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(OM)及化肥有机肥配施(NPKM)4种处理,研究了长期化肥和有机肥互作对旱地红壤酶活性的影响及酶活性与土壤理化性质、微生物生物量的关系。结果表明,施肥特别是化肥和有机肥的交互作用能不同程度促进参与碳、氮循环的总体酶活性增加;其中,OM对酶活性的促进作用强于NPK,NPKM的酶活性最高。与CK相比,施用有机肥的处理(即OM和NPKM)会降低参与碳循环酶和参与氮循环酶的比值,而NPK不影响该比值。OM处理的单位微生物量碳酶活性和单位有机碳酶活性均显著低于其他处理,而在NPK处理中这两项指标最高,OM和NPKM处理则提高了单位微生物量氮酶活性。一方面说明有机肥可以缓解土壤微生物的碳限制,但是供氮能力相对不足,而与化肥配施缓解了氮素的限制状况;另一方面暗示有机肥可以提高土壤生物的生态效率。总之,化肥和有机肥配施能够在碳氮资源的生物有效性上形成互补关系,能够同时促进土壤生物和作物生长,从而满足土壤生态系统服务功能持续发挥的需要。     

连续施肥对农田黑土微生物功能多样性的影响

应用Biolog Eco微平板培养法研究了中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站20余年连续不同施肥处理(对照、氮磷钾、氮磷钾+秸秆、氮磷钾+猪粪1、氮磷钾+猪粪2和氮磷钾+猪粪3)下土壤微生物代谢功能多样性的变化。结果表明:长期施肥条件下,单施化肥和有机肥与化肥配施对土壤细菌、真菌数量影响不明显,但高量有机肥与化肥配施可以显著增加放线菌数量。Biolog结果表明,施用有机肥的平均颜色变化率高于单施化肥和对照。Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数均是有机肥和化肥配施高于化肥单施与对照。主成分分析结果表明,对照、NPK与其他几种处理有较明显的距离,说明有机肥的连年施用导致了土壤微生物代谢功能多样性的变化。     

深翻-旋耕轮耕与有机肥配施对农田黑土团聚体内酶活性的影响

东北黑土区耕作方式单一、化肥施用偏重，导致耕层结构变差、犁底层加厚上移、土壤养分有效性下降。研究深翻-旋耕轮耕模式对松嫩平原南部农田黑土区土壤结构和酶活性改善的效果，以期为区域耕作施肥等管理技术的创新提供理论依据。试验基于农田黑土全量秸秆还田条件，设置连年旋耕、深翻-旋耕轮耕2个耕作处理和化肥、化肥+有机肥2个培肥处理，分析0～20 cm土层中2～5、1～2、0.5～1、0.25～0.5和<0.25 mm等各级团聚体特征及其过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。结果表明：轮耕的两个培肥处理土壤团聚体以2～5 mm粒级为主，其含量显著高于其他粒级团聚体，占总质量比的26.8%～31.3%;且轮耕处理的2～5、1～2、0.5～1 mm粒级团聚体比例显著高于连年旋耕处理，而其他粒级结果相反；过氧化氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均呈现深翻-旋耕轮耕处理整体较高于连年旋耕处理，有机肥的施用对土壤大粒级团聚体酶活性具有积极促进作用；过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性随着粒级的增大而增强，脲酶和蔗糖酶活性以2～5 mm粒级团聚体最高；酸性磷酸酶活性随着粒级的减小而增强，<0.25 mm粒级团聚...     

减氮配施有机肥对滴灌棉田土壤生物学性状与团聚体特性的影响

本文通过新疆绿洲棉田连续4年定位施肥试验,研究了不同处理[对照CK、常规化肥CF、减氮配施普通有机肥OF(80%CF+OF和60%CF+OF)、减氮配施生物有机肥BF(80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF)]对土壤生物学性状和团聚体特性的影响,探讨了土壤生物学性状与有机碳及团聚体之间的关系.结果表明:与单施化肥(CF)相比,配施生物有机肥的80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF处理均可显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性,其增幅分别为55.6%～84.0%、53.1%～74.0%、15.1%～38.0%、38.2%～68.0%、29.6%～52.0%和35.4%～58.9%,高量配施有机肥效果优于低量配施.各施肥处理明显提高了土壤基础呼吸,具体表现为BF>OF>CF>CK.与CF相比,60%CF+BF处理的土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳分别增加22.3%和43.5%,但微生物生物量碳氮比显著下降.>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体在配施普通有机肥的80%CF+OF、60%CF+OF处理比对照(CK)分别增加7.1%和8.0%.80%CF+BF处理较80%CF+OF处理机械稳定性团聚体的几何平均直径(GMD)增加了9.2%.冗余(RDA)分析和聚类分析均表明,减氮增碳可明显调控滴灌棉田土壤生物活性与团聚体结构.连续4年化肥减量配施有机肥或生物有机肥,提高了土壤有机碳含量,并对团聚体稳定性和生物学性状有协同改善效应,是维持与提升绿洲滴灌棉田土壤肥力的有效途径.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。