中国特有的反式－甲基异丁香酚新资源植物

中国特有植物银木和阔叶樟集中产于湖北西南部山区,资源丰富,其鲜叶经水蒸汽蒸馏获得重油（比重大于水）,分别使用毛细管气相色谱／质谱／计算机联用方法进行化学成分分析。结果表明：这两种精油的主成分均为反式－甲基异丁香酚,含量分别高达85．71％和94．04％。     

中国特有的反式－甲基异丁香酚新资源植物

中国特有植物银木和阔叶樟集中产于湖北西南部山区,资源丰富,其鲜叶经水蒸汽蒸馏获得重油（比重大于水）,分别使用毛细管气相色谱／质谱／计算机联用方法进行化学成分分析。结果表明：这两种精油的主成分均为反式－甲基异丁香酚,含量分别高达85．71％和94．04％。     

我国樟属精油资源研究近况

概述我国樟属（ＣｉｎｎａｍｏｍｕｍＢｌ．）植物资源的地理分布与现状,近年我国樟属枝叶精油化学成分及化学类型的研究以及枝叶蒸油取脑的精油开发新途径,研究结果表明,建立单一化学类型种植基地,可确保生产高质量樟属精油,同时也能保护樟属化学类型的种质资源。     

湖北樟属数量化学分类研究

本文利用湖北樟属植物13号精油的气相色谱／质谱／电子计算机联用分析的结果,从 已鉴定出的108个化学成分中,筛选出30个主要成分,综合各种植物的17个主要形态特征,进行数量分类研究。数学分析结果揭示了樟属各种性状变化的规律性,尤其是形态特征 与化学成分之间的相关性。乙酸龙脑酯、反式-甲基异丁香酚和芳樟醇等重要香精原料的含 量,与某些形态特征的变化密切相关,罗勒烯可能是樟属分组的特征性成分。本文还在聚类 分析的基础上,进一步探讨了分类群的划分,并根据精油成分在不同种和同种不同类型中的 分布及含量,参照各分类群之间的相关系数,对其演化关系作出了推论。湖北樟属植物可能起源于我国西南的黄樟樟脑型,而芳樟和黄樟芳樟醇型则是最进化的类群。     

广东省3种野生香茅属植物精油的化学成分及含量分析

利用GC-MS技术分析了广东省3种野生香茅属(Cymbopogon Spreng.)植物叶片精油的化学成分及其相对含昔.结果表明,3种植物精油中的化学成分丰富.从橘草[C. goeringii(Steud.)A.Camus]精油中鉴定出25种化学成分,主要成分为香叶醇、香茅醛、Z-柠檬醛和E-柠檬醛,相对含量分别为26.56%、23.49%、19.65%和12.78%;从扭鞘香茅[C. hamatulus(Nees ex Hook.et Arn.)A.Camus]精油中鉴定出16种化学成分,主要成分为甲基丁香酚、甲基异丁香酚、3,5,3',5'-四甲基联苯和3,4-二乙基-1,1'-联苯,相对含量分别为19.46%、12.90%、16.88%和8.63%;从青香茅[C. caesius(Nees ex Hook.et Arn.)Stapf]精油中鉴定出28种化学成分,主要成分为甲基丁香酚、甲基异丁香酚和藜芦醛,相对含量分别为29.39%、22.25%和6.58%.香茅属植物的精油成分因种类和产地不同而有一定的差异,在实际生产中应根据需要对香茅属植物资源进行合理的开发和利用.     

我国樟属植物的开发利用

樟属植物有46种1变种,作芳四香油应用的目前只有10种;作精油分析的有24种.樟属植物的特点是种的数量少且分散,特有种、珍稀种和新发现的高含量类型较多.叶精油主分多样化,具有多功能的利用价值.研究结果表明,叶精油类型的性状能够遗传后代,叶精油主     

湖南油樟的化学类型

对湖南省的油樟（Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble)N.Cho ex H.W.Li）资源作了调查。用色谱、色谱/质谱联用方法鉴定了油樟叶精油的43个化学成分,依主含成分不同可将其划分为6个不同的化学类型。其中,主含甲基丁香酚、龙脑、樟脑、芳樟醇和倍半萜烯的5个化学类型为首次在油樟中发现。     

樟精油成分和类型划分

用色谱、色谱-质谱联用、红外光谱和其他化学方法鉴定了樟精油中的34个成分。通过164株樟不同部位的363个精油样品的分析,观察到不同树龄的植株及不同部位精油成分的差异。叶部精油具有显著的特征。按照叶油的主成分可将樟划分为五个化学类型(生理类型):樟脑型、芳樟醇型、桉油素型、龙脑型和异橙花叔醇型。     

不同化学型芳樟叶精油及主成分含量的时间变化规律

对不同化学型(包括芳樟型、桉樟型和脑樟型)芳樟(Cinnamomum camphora var.linaloolifera Fujita.)叶片精油含量及精油中主成分的相对含量在一年中不同月份的变异状况进行了分析,并分析了优良芳樟型无性系叶片精油含量及其主成分芳樟醇的相对含量在6月份至12月份以及全天不同时段内的变化规律。结果表明:全年各月份不同化学型芳樟叶片精油含量和精油中主成分相对含量均有差异。其中,叶片精油含量的变化规律相似,即在生长季节均较高、非生长季节均较低,且在5月份和7月份至9月份都处于较高水平。精油中主成分含量的变化规律较复杂;芳樟型芳樟精油的主成分芳樟醇的相对含量在6月份最高,随后略有下降但直到12月份变化幅度均不大;脑樟型芳樟精油的主成分樟脑的相对含量在7月份最高,其他月份降低但差异不大;桉樟型芳樟精油的主成分1,8-桉叶油素的相对含量在4月份最高,随后下降,6月份后趋于平稳。在6月份至12月份间,优良芳樟型无性系叶片精油含量在9月份最高,12月份降至最低;而精油中芳樟醇相对含量则在9月份最低,12月份升至最高。全天不同时段优良芳樟型无性系叶片精油含量和芳樟醇相对含量有明显差异;叶片精油含量在早晨最低,日出后逐渐升高,在16:00至17:00时段达到最高;而芳樟醇相对含量则在早晨最高,其他时段略有降低但变化幅度不大。综合分析结果表明:芳樟叶片的适宜采收月份为8月份至9月份,每天8:00至17:00均可采收。     

苹儿香菊精油化学成分研究

苹儿香菊是菊科菊属植物中一个新的栽培品种,是一种新香料和观赏植物。用ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ方法从其花的精油中鉴定了２６个已知成分,占精油总量的９２．４％;并用ＩＲ、＾１ＨＮＭＲ、ＭＳ从其精油中鉴定了一个属菊香系的主香成分－菊醇。     

Fragrance chemotypes of Platanthera (Orchidaceae) - the result of adaptation to pollinating moths?

Floral scent of Platanthera species (Orchidaceae) in S Sweden was collected by head-space adsorption methods in the field and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Variation in scent chemistry of both Platanthera bifolia and P. chlorantha was considerable: different scent chemotypes were found among individuals as well as populations. Mainly linalool, lilac aldehydes and alcohols, geraniol, and methyl benzoate distinguished the chemotypes. Because of a high individual variation, floral scent in Platanthera is not suitable as a taxonomic tool. Scent variation can be the result of differential selection from various pollinators or pollinator groups. However, in a long-spurred race of P. bifolia the scent profile was not clearly different from that of short-spurred races in spite of their different pollinators. The two species form natural hybrids and part of the variation at the individual level may he explained by interspecific introgression. Differences found among populations in different regions may be the result of random genetic drift.     

Chemical variability of peel and leaf essential oils of 15 species of mandarins

Peel and leaf oils of 58 mandarin cultivars, belonging to 15 different species were obtained from fruits and leaves collected on mandarin-trees submitted to the same pedoclimatic and cultural conditions. Their chemical composition was investigated by capillary GC, GC/MS and 13C NMR and the results were submitted to a cluster analysis and a discriminant analysis. Three major chemotypes, limonene, limonene/gamma-terpinene and linalyl acetate/limonene, were distinguished for peel oils while three other chemotypes, sabinene/linalool, gamma-terpinene/linalool and methyl N-methylanthranilate, were observed for leaf oils.     

Nematicidal Activity of Plant Essential Oils and Components From Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), Allspice (Pimenta dioica) and Litsea (Litsea cubeba) Essential Oils Against Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus)

Commercial plant essential oils from 26 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Good nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), allspice (Pimenta dioica) and litsea (Litsea cubeba). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of 12, 6 and 16 major compounds from ajowan, allspice and litsea oils, respectively. These compounds from three plant essential oils were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pinewood nematode. LC₅₀ values of geranial, isoeugenol, methyl isoeugenol, eugenol, methyl eugenol and neral against pine wood nematodes were 0.120, 0.200, 0.210, 0.480, 0.517 and 0.525 mg/ml, respectively. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against the pinewood nematode.     

Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), one of the most popular aromatic plants, shows great variation in both morphology and essential oil components. In this study, the composition of 18 Turkish basil essential oils was investigated by GC and GC–MS. Variation of essential oils in the landraces was subjected to cluster analysis, and seven different chemotypes were identified. They were (1) linalool, (2) methyl cinnamate, (3) methyl cinnamate/linalool, (4) methyl eugenol, (5) citral, (6) methyl chavicol (estragol), and (7) methyl chavicol/citral. Methyl chavicol with high citral contents (methyl chavicol/citral) can be considered as a “new chemotype” in the Turkish basils. Because methyl eugenol and methyl chavicol have structural resemblance to carcinogenic phenylpropanoids, chemotypes having high linalool, methyl cinnamate or citral contents and a mixture of these is suitable to cultivate for use in industry.     

Intraspecific plant chemical diversity and its relation to herbivory

Several aromatic plant species are well known for their high intraspecific variation in terpene composition. Within these species, different chemotypes can be distinguished, which are characterised by one major metabolite and distinct satellite compounds in lower abundance. Such intraspecific differences in plant quality should have major effects on herbivorous insects but may also be partly shaped by their feeding activities. In the present study, the effects of selected Tanacetum vulgare L. chemotypes on herbivore presence and preferences were investigated, and the naturally occurring diversity of T. vulgare was explored at a small spatial scale. A distinct distribution pattern of aphids and miners was found on different chemotypes of different origin of T. vulgare, with species-specific preferences of different herbivorous species. Larvae of two generalist noctuid species performed worse on most chemotypes of T. vulgare than on other plant species. Furthermore, the specific terpene composition of T. vulgare influenced larval development of these two generalist species. The naturally occurring chemical diversity of T. vulgare plants in an area smaller than 3 km(2) was extremely high, exhibiting 14 different chemotypes. Several individual patches of T. vulgare consisted of more than one chemotype. In conclusion, the existing chemotypical pattern of T. vulgare plants leads to a species-specific distribution of herbivores but may in turn be the result of contrasting selection pressures of various specialist and generalist herbivores.     

The essential oil of Lippia alba: analysis of samples from French overseas departments and review of previous works

This paper contains new data on the chemical composition of the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown, as well as an overview of the available literature. Although the composition of the essential oil of this species is well-documented, discrepancies between the reported results suggest that many chemotypes and morphotypes exist. The analysis of essential oils obtained from the leaves of samples from three different locations in the French Overseas Departments (French Guiana, Martinique, and two different places in Guadeloupe) have shown that the composition of each one is quite different. This new data, along with a review and discussion of published studies, enabled us to establish seven distinct chemotypes. Possible connections between these chemotypes and morphotypes already described were also investigated.     

Internal flavonoid patterns of diploids and tetraploids of two exudate chemotypes of Pityrogramma triangularis (Kaulf.) Maxon

The internal flavonoid patterns of Pityrogramma triangularis fronds were found to distinguish diploids and tetraploids of two exudate chemotypes (the ceroptin and the kaempferol methyl ether types). The flavonoid data suggest that the tetraploid-kaempferol methyl ether chemotype is of alloploid origin involving the two diploid chemotypes because the flavonoid pattern for the former represents a pattern additive of the two diploids, while the tetraploid-ceroptin chemotype may be of autoploid origin, as deduced from the similarity of the diploids and tetraploids.     

异丁香酚的生物转化及香兰素的合成

利用粘质沙雷氏菌菌株AB 90027产生的离体酶催化异丁香酚进行生物转化,结合TLC、GC、UV-VISI、R等测试手段对异丁香酚的转化途径进行了探讨,借助薄层扫描法对不同反应体系下产物香兰素的产率作了比较,并研究了可催化异丁香酚合成香兰素的酶在细胞的存在位置。结果表明:在酶的作用下,异丁香酚分别经过阿魏酸和香兰素两条途径开环降解成小分子,中间产物香兰素产率可达10.90%,催化合成香兰素的酶主要是胞外酶。     

PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES BY FILAMENTOUS TROPICAL MARINE CYANOBACTERIA: ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPOUNDS

Cyanobacterial blooms are becoming more common in many reef habitats. The broadly acting feeding deterrent compound ypaoamide, produced by a mixed cyanobacterial assemblage, has been linked to bloom formation and mass fish die-offs ( Siganus argenteus and Siganus spinus ) in Guam. Specific metabolites produced by Lyngbya majuscula Gomont act as both feeding attractants to the specialist herbivore Stylocheilus longicauda , and as effective feeding deterrents to generalist fishes. Two-dimensional TLC (2D-TLC) analysis of cyanobacterial crude extracts was used to select chemically distinct populations (chemotypes) of bloom-forming filamentous cyanobacteria for chemical and ecological evaluation. Crude extracts produced by different species, chemotypes, and chemically distinct Micronesian marine cyanobacterial assemblages deter feeding activity of generalist reef herbivores. The ecological function of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites, especially as related to diversity of compound production and the relationship of metabolite production to bloom formation is discussed.     

Characterization of Stachybotrys from water-damaged buildings based on morphology, growth, and metabolite production

Stachybotrys was found to be associated with idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage in infants in Cleveland, Ohio. Since that time, considerable effort has been put into finding the toxic components responsible for the disease. The name Stachybotrys chartarum has been applied to most of these isolates, but inconsistent toxicity results and taxonomic confusion prompted the present study. In this study, 122 Stachybotrys isolates, mainly from water-damaged buildings, were characterized and identified by combining three different approaches: morphology, colony characteristics, and metabolite production. Two different Stachybotrys taxa, S. chartarum and one undescribed species, were found in water-damaged buildings regardless of whether the buildings were in Denmark, Finland, or the USA. Furthermore, two chemotypes could be distinguished in S. chartarum. One chemotype produced atranones, whereas the other was a macrocyclic trichothecene-producer. The second undescribed taxon produced atranones and could be differentiated from S. chartarum by its growth characteristics and pigment production. Our results correlate with different inflammatory and toxicological properties reported for these same isolates and show that the three taxa/chemotypes should be treated separately. The co-occurrence of these three taxa/chemotypes in water-damaged buildings explains the inconsistent results in the literature concerning toxicity of Stachybotrys isolated from that environment.