十种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段的毒力比较

【目的】为明确不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨Tetranychuscinnabarinus不同发育阶段的生物活性。【方法】采用浸渍法分别测定了10种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力。【结果】丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素和联苯肼酯对成螨、卵和若螨的活性均较高;乙螨唑和螺螨酯对卵和若螨活性较高,但对成螨活性明显偏低;甲氰菊酯对成螨和若螨的活性优于卵;唑螨酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对3种螨态也均具有毒杀作用,但毒力偏低。同一种杀螨剂对若螨的活性均高于成螨和卵,乙螨唑、螺螨酯、联苯肼酯、唑螨酯和炔螨特对卵的活性高于成螨,丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对成螨的活性高于卵。【结论】不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段毒力存在较大差异,田间用药防治时应根据害螨发生情况和发生阶段,选择适合的防治药剂。     

4种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的毒力测定和对少毛钝绥螨的安全性评价

为评价杀螨剂对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch的毒力和对少毛钝绥螨Proprioseiopsis asetus Chant的安全性,本文采用叶片喷雾法测定了4种田间常用杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力,并分析比较了4种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的选择毒力。试验结果表明,4种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨雌成螨和二斑叶螨雌成螨的毒力选择指数大小依次为：联苯肼酯（10.1261）>阿维菌素（5.4664）＞哒螨灵（3.5293）＞克螨特（2.3615）。联苯肼酯对少毛钝绥螨的毒力选择指数最高,具有中度正向选择性,即联苯肼酯对少毛钝绥螨的毒力明显低于其对二斑叶螨的毒力。阿维菌素、哒螨灵、克螨特对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力选择指数也都大于1,但都小于10,即这3种杀螨剂对少毛钝绥螨和二斑叶螨都有较低的正向选择性。4种杀螨剂常规使用浓度下对少毛钝绥螨雌成螨的安全系数大小依次为：联苯肼酯>阿维菌素＞哒螨灵＞克螨特。联苯肼酯的安全系数为16.8935～24.4025,阿维菌素的安全系数为5.5782～22.3127,均大于5,表示联苯肼酯和阿维菌素在推荐使用浓度的低浓度情况下,对少毛钝绥螨的安全性高。而15%哒螨灵乳油和73%克螨特乳油的安全系数仅1.1709～1.7564和1.0523～1.5807,在推荐使用浓度的低浓度情况下,对少毛钝绥螨的安全性一般。因此建议在生产中应用少毛钝绥螨进行生物防治时,可优先选用联苯肼酯和阿维菌素配合使用,而不建议使用哒螨灵和克螨特。     

联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨的安全性及二者对二斑叶螨的联合控制作用

【目的】评价联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis的安全性,以及该药剂与捕食性天敌智利小植绥螨联合使用的效果。【方法】采用室内生物测定与田间试验的方法测定了联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨成螨和若螨致死率与繁殖能力的影响,以及二者联合使用对茄子上二斑叶螨的控制效果。【结果】结果表明143 mg/L联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨成螨和若螨的存活和生殖能力均无显著影响,处理后96 h对若螨的最高致死率为2.30%,成螨为2.04%;处理组8 d的平均产卵量为15.08粒/雌,与对照平均产卵量15.45粒/雌无显著差异;处理组所产卵的平均孵化率为98.63%,与对照组平均孵化率98.13%无显著差异;联苯肼酯悬浮剂在143 mg/L浓度下对二斑叶螨的控制效果表现为速效性高于单独使用智利小植绥螨,但持效性低于智利小植绥螨,防效在第22天时开始下降。二者联合使用表现出较好的速效性与持效性,处理后第2天防效达97.35%,第18天时达100%。【结论】联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨具有极高的安全性,该药剂与智利小植绥螨联合使用对二斑叶螨具有良好的控制效果。     

山楂叶螨对螺螨酯的抗药性及对七种杀螨剂的交互抗性

【目的】筛选山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher对螺螨酯的抗药性,并明确其对7种杀螨剂的交互抗性。【方法】采用室内生物测定的方法,研究山楂叶螨对螺螨酯的抗性发展趋势及其交互抗性。【结果】用螺螨酯筛选山楂叶螨21代,抗性上升11.65倍;抗性品系对乙螨唑存在明显的交互抗性,抗性倍数为6.30;对噻螨酮存在负交互抗性,抗性倍数为0.69;对阿维菌素、炔螨特和三唑锡不存在交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为1.15、1.25、1.78;对哒螨灵和联苯肼酯有产生交互抗性的可能,抗性倍数分别为3.46和2.79。【结论】螺螨酯防治山楂叶螨存在抗性风险,抗螺螨酯的山楂叶螨品系会产生交互抗性,上述结果可为果园科学使用螺螨酯和合理轮换用药提供理论依据。     

螺螨酯对山楂叶螨的生物活性和防治效果

螺螨酯是一种高效、低毒、广谱性杀螨剂,为研究螺螨酯对山楂叶螨Tetranychus vinnensis各螨态的影响,用24%的螺螨酯悬浮剂分别处理山楂叶螨卵、若螨和成螨。试验结果表明,螺螨酯对螨卵和若螨活性高,其致死中浓度LC50分别为0.76mg/L和19.07mg/L。采用玻片浸渍法分别用螺螨酯48、96、192mg/L处理成螨,48h校正死亡率为2.6%、19.4%、19.4%。采用喷洒叶片法,分别用螺螨酯1.5、3、6、12、24和48mg/L处理成螨,成螨的繁殖力显著下降。在温室盆栽苹果上,药后21d螺螨酯60mg/L处理山楂叶螨的减退率为100%,显著高于对照药剂四螨嗪250mg/L的减退率33.3%。总之,螺螨酯对山楂叶螨各阶段都有良好的控制效果,可以作为防治该螨的推荐药剂,施药适宜时期为第1代卵期。     

11种杀螨剂对异色瓢虫的安全性比较

本研究选用9种常用杀螨剂及2种新型杀螨剂螺虫乙酯、米尔贝霉素,在其田间推荐使用浓度范围内分别设高、中、低三个试验剂量,用喷雾法直接处理异色瓢虫幼虫、蛹、成虫,以比较药剂对该瓢虫的安全性。主要研究结果如下：1）通过调查24h、48h死亡率,发现11种杀螨剂对异色瓢虫3龄幼虫毒杀效果由高至低依次为三唑锡＞双甲脒＞阿维菌素＞甲氰菊酯＞炔螨特＞哒螨灵＞噻螨酮＞米尔贝霉素＞甲维盐＞螺螨酯=螺虫乙酯,其中螺螨酯和螺虫乙酯处理的幼虫死亡率均为0。2）除阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯和甲维盐外,其它8种杀螨剂对蛹羽化为成虫基本没影响。11种杀螨剂对刚羽化出的成虫有残毒作用,毒效由高至低依次为阿维菌素＞甲维盐＞双甲脒＞甲氰菊酯＞螺螨酯＞三唑锡＞哒螨灵＞噻螨酮＞炔螨特＞螺虫乙酯＞米尔贝霉素,其中后6种药剂处理的新羽化成虫死亡率在13.8%以下。3）双甲脒、螺螨酯、三唑锡、哒螨灵、噻螨酮、炔螨特处理成虫的死亡率为0,其余5种药剂对成虫的毒杀效果由高至低依次为阿维菌素＞甲氰菊酯＞甲维盐＞螺虫乙酯＞米尔贝霉素。为了保护异色瓢虫,田间化学防治叶螨时应根据该瓢虫发生虫态合理选用杀螨剂。     

几种杀虫剂防治荔枝蝽的应用效果及其评价

为了筛选出对荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa高效低毒低投入的药剂,在室内采用喷雾法初步测定了16种常用杀虫剂对荔枝蝽成虫的活性,进一步测定了辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈等3种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫、1龄若虫和2龄若虫的室内毒力,并开展了3种杀虫剂对荔枝蝽的田间防效试验。室内毒力结果表明：甲氰菊酯、杀虫双、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、哒螨灵、茚虫威、虫螨腈、多杀霉素、乙基多杀霉素、灭蝇胺、异丙威等11种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫活性较低,辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽有较高的杀虫活性,3种药剂对成虫72 h后的LC50分别为102.32、226.88和207.59 mg/L,对1龄若虫分别为42.41、120.90和87.59 mg/L,对2龄若虫分别为62.65、180.20和148.75 mg/L。在田间防效试验中,辛硫磷对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d的防效高达82.46%;氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d防效达89.23%,药后7 d防效维持在85.03%;丁醚脲对荔枝蝽成虫的最高防效为71.63%,与高效氯氟氰菊酯的防效相当。辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈的防效投入比分别为9.68、36.25和176.41。辛硫磷投入低、速效性好且光解快,可作为防治荔枝蝽的应急药剂使用,氟啶虫胺腈和丁醚脲防效较好,但投入高,可作为对荔枝蝽有重要潜在研究价值的药剂。     

苹果园二斑叶螨高效防治药剂筛选

【目的】为解决当前苹果园二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae抗药性高、防治效果差、用药量大的问题,评价当前登记药剂及果园正在使用的药剂对二斑叶螨的防治效果。【方法】采用室内生测的方法比较了10种登记药剂,9种果园正在使用的药剂对二斑叶螨的毒力效果。【结果】选用的登记药剂中,80%的药剂对二斑叶螨效果差,甚至失去控制作用,防治效果低于66.67%,仅双甲脒、阿维菌素48 h防效在92.68%以上;果园常用药剂螺螨酯、虫酰肼、噻虫啉对二斑叶螨均表现出很好的防治效果,48 h防效达到84.09%-100%。【结论】目前80%以上的登记单剂药剂对二斑叶螨失去了防控效果,这是果园二斑叶螨防效差的主要原因,常用药剂螺螨酯、虫酰肼、噻虫啉等对二斑叶螨防效好。建议增加高效药剂登记或更换防治药剂,保证对二斑叶螨的防效,降低果园用药量,提高果园用药系统的精准性。二斑叶螨防治不能仅依赖化学药剂,要充分发挥果园生态系统的自然控害功能,延缓抗药性发展。     

亚致死质量浓度联苯肼酯对截形叶螨解毒酶系的影响

【目的】明确联苯肼酯的亚致死质量浓度对截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus解毒酶系的影响,从而为进一步揭示截形叶螨的代谢抗性及联苯肼酯的科学使用提供理论依据和指导。【方法】采用叶片浸渍法测定了联苯肼酯对截形叶螨雌成螨的LC50,应用毒力回归方程计算截形叶螨雌成螨死亡率为10%和30%时联苯肼酯的亚致死质量浓度LC10和LC30,并处理截形叶螨雌成螨,以甲醇水溶液作为对照,测定并分析其体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)的比活力及酶动力学常数(米氏常数Km和最大反应速率Vmax)的变化。【结果】比活力与对照相比,LC10、LC30处理后,截形叶螨雌成螨体内CarE、GSTs和MFO的比活力均显著升高(P0.05),且LC30处理组CarE、GSTs(除24 h外)比活力显著高于LC10(P0.05)。酶动力学常数:体内CarE的Km显著减小或无明显变化(P0.05),Vmax显著增大(P0.05),即CarE与底物亲和力增大,反应速率加快;而GSTs和MFO的Km显著增大或无明显变化(P0.05),Vmax均显著减小(P0.05),说明GSTs和MFO与底物亲和力低,反应速率降低。【结论】联苯肼酯对截形叶螨雌成螨体内的解毒酶系有诱导作用,CarE在截形叶螨对该杀螨剂的代谢中起主导作用。     

12种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨防效评价及其对天敌塔六点蓟马的影响

通过施用不同类型的杀螨剂对苹果山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis和天敌塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii的影响进行分析,结果表明,15%哒螨灵EC(0.4 mL/L)、73%炔螨特EC(0.5 mI/L)表现出较好的速效性和持效性,但是对塔六点蓟马有一定的杀伤作用,240 g/L螺螨酯SC(0.2 mL/L)、5%唑螨酯SC(0.4 mL/L)对山楂叶螨相对防效较好.对塔六点蓟马影响较小,500 s/L四螨嗪SC(0.2 mL/L)速效性较差,但对天敌安全,20%甲氟菊酯EC(0.5 mL/L)对山楂叶螨防治效果差,且对天敌杀伤率始终较高,从而可能造成山楂叶螨的爆发.复配药剂10%阿维·四螨SC(0.67 mL/L)综合了单剂的优点,15.6%阿维·丁醚EC(0.5 mL/L)、6%阿维·哒EC(0.5 mL/L)相对单剂对天敌杀伤率有所降低,1.8%阿维·甲氰EC(0.83 mL/L)则主要表现出单剂甲氰菊酯相同的特点.     

Resistance status of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus and the twospotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae to selected acaricides on strawberries

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, are serious pests of strawberries and many other horticultural crops. Control of these pests has been heavily dependent upon chemical acaricides. Objectives of this study were to determine the resistance status of these two pest species to commonly used acaricides on strawberries in a year‐round intensive horticultural production region. LC₉₀ of abamectin for adult carmine spider mites was 4% whereas that for adult twospotted spider mites was 24% of the top label rate. LC_90s of spiromesifen, etoxazole, hexythiazox and bifenazate were 0.5%, 0.5%, 1.4% and 83% of their respective highest label rates for carmine spider mite eggs, 0.7%, 2.7%, 12.1% and 347% of their respective highest label rates for the nymphs. LC_90s of spiromesifen, etoxazole, hexythiazox and bifenazate were 4.6%, 11.1%, 310% and 62% of their respective highest label rates for twospotted spider mite eggs, 3%, 13%, 432,214% and 15% of their respective highest label rates for the nymphs. Our results suggest that T. cinnabarinus have developed resistance to bifenazate and that the T. urticae have developed resistance to hexythiazox. These results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region.     

Baseline Susceptibility and Cross Resistances of Some New Acaricides in the European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi*

We have developed baseline susceptibility values for four new acaricides: bifenazate, acequinocyl, spirodiclofen and etoxazole for eggs or adult females of a susceptible laboratory population of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Further, we have tested diagnostic concentrations of each acaricide against populations resistant to organochlorine, organotin or IGR-type acaricides. Resistance to etoxazole (ca. 4-fold) was identified in populations resistant to the IGRs clofentezine and hexythiazox. *The Canadian Crown’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Toxicity of bifenazate and its principal active metabolite, diazene, to Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus citri and their relative toxicity to the predaceous mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus

Bifenazate is a novel carbazate acaricide discovered by Uniroyal Chemical (now Chemtura Corporation) for the control of phytophagous mites infesting agricultural and ornamental crops. Its acaricidal activity and that of its principal active metabolite, diazene, were characterized. Bifenazate and diazene had high toxicity and specificity both orally and topically to all life stages of Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus citri. Acute poisoning was observed with no temperature dependency. No cross-resistance was found to mites resistant to several other classes of acaricides, such as tebufenpyrad, etoxazole, fenbutatin oxide and dicofol. Bifenazate remained effective for a long time with only about a 10% loss of efficacy on T. urticae after 1 month of application in the field. All stages of development of the predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus, survived treatment by both bifenazate and diazene. When adult females of the two predatory mite species were treated with either bifenazate or diazene, they showed a normal level of fecundity and predatory activity in the laboratory, effectively suppressing spider mite population growth. Even when the predators were fed spider mite eggs that had been treated previously with bifenazate, they survived. These findings indicate that bifenazate is a very useful acaricide giving high efficacy, long-lasting activity and excellent selectivity for spider mites. It is, therefore, concluded that bifenazate is an ideal compound for controlling these pest mites.     

Side Effects of Five New Acaricides on the Predator Galendromus occidentalis (Acari, Phytoseiidae)

Contact and residual effects of etoxazole, spiromesifen, fenpyroximate, bifenazate, and acequinocyl on life parameters of Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) were studied under laboratory conditions. Fenpyroximate reduced adult female longevity to <24 h, and no eggs were laid. Longevity of spiromesifen- and acequinocyl-treated adult females was reduced to 4 days, with observed reductions in fecundity and fertility. Etoxazole and bifenazate did not reduce adult female longevity, but progeny were not produced.     

乙基多杀菌素和联苯肼酯对地熊蜂的毒性及风险评估

【目的】明确乙基多杀菌素和联苯肼酯对地熊蜂Bombus terrestris的毒性, 探讨这两种农药亚致死浓度对地熊蜂体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE) 3种解毒酶活性的影响。【方法】采用饲喂法测定60 g a.i./L乙基多杀菌素和43%联苯肼酯对地熊蜂采集蜂的急性经口毒性,依据农药对蜜蜂生态风险的危害熵(hazard quotient, HQ)值评估这两种农药对地熊蜂的风险。同时测定了这两种农药亚致死剂量(LD₅₀和LD₈₀)处理后地熊蜂AchE, GST和CarE的活性变化。【结果】60 g a.i./L乙基多杀菌素和43%联苯肼酯对地熊蜂采集蜂的急性经口毒性测定48 h时LD₅₀值分别为3.590和1 447 μg a.i./蜂,其中60 g a.i./L乙基多杀菌素表现为中毒,43%联苯肼酯表现为低毒。两种农药对地熊蜂采集蜂的HQ值均低于50,表现为低风险。LD₅₀和LD₈₀剂量的乙基多杀菌素处理组与对照组相比,3 h时地熊蜂AchE活性被激活,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),分别为对照组的1.45和1.23倍,24 h后活性受到抑制,两个剂量处理组AchE活性均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);CarE活性3 h时同样被激活,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),LD₅₀和LD₈₀剂量处理组CarE活性分别为对照组的1.24和1.53倍, 24 h后活性受到抑制,其中LD₅₀剂量处理组CarE活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),LD₈₀剂量处理组CarE活性与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);LD₅₀和LD₈₀剂量处理组GST活性3 h被激活,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),分别为对照组的2.24和2.58倍,24 h后活性降低,但两个剂量处理组GST活性仍显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。43%联苯肼酯处理后,与对照组相比3 h时LD₅₀和LD₈₀剂量处理组AchE活性与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),24 h后AchE活性降低,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),分别是对照组的75%和80%;CarE活性3 h时被抑制,LD₅₀剂量处理组CarE活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),LD₈₀剂量处理组CarE活性低于对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05),24 h后CarE活性被激活,其中LD₅₀剂量处理组CarE活性高于对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05),LD₈₀剂量处理组CarE活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);LD₅₀剂量处理组GST活性3 h时被激活,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),24 h后活性降低,但仍显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),3 h和24 h的活性分别为对照组的2.04和1.72倍,LD₈₀剂量处理组3 h的GST活性与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05),24 h后活性降低,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05)。【结论】乙基多杀菌素和联苯肼酯对地熊蜂的HQ 评估均表现为低风险,其中联苯肼酯对地熊蜂的安全性较高,在熊蜂授粉过程中可以按照推荐剂量应用,但过量施用或者长期施用可能会造成熊蜂体内药剂积累引起生理或者行为的变化,乙基多杀菌素在温室及大田授粉期的使用剂量和方法有待进一步研究。     

The efficacy of four avermectins on the synanthropic mite Lepidoglyphus destructor under laboratory conditions

The effect of four avermectins on the population growth of pest mite Lepidoglyphus destructor was tested in laboratory experiments. The avermectins (abamectin, doramectin, emamectin-benzoate and ivermectin) of analytical purity were incorporated into an experimental diet at the same molar concentrations, ranging from 0.16 to 8 nmol/3 g of diet. Using an initial population of 50 mites, the population growth was recorded after 21 days at 85 % relative humidity and 25 °C; 12 repeats were performed per avermectin concentration and control. The diets containing the avermectins successfully suppressed the population growth of L. destructor. The EC(50) recalculated to ng of substance per g of diet showed different suppressive effects of the avermectins: doramectin (181 ng/g diet), abamectin (299 ng/g diet), emamectin-benzoate (812 ng/g diet) and ivermectin (992 ng/g diet). Of the tested avermectins, abamectin is registered for the control of phytophagous mites and ivermectin against parasitic mites, i.e., Psoroptes ovis. Although emamectin-benzoate and ivermectin were less effective on L. destructor, all of the tested avermectins are highly suitable compounds for the control of synanthropic mites.     

Toxicity of three acaricides to Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae: Acari) and Orius insidiosus (Anthocoridae: Hemiptera)

Management for twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, populations in peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., relies on acaricides. The outcomes of acaricide applications are most predictable when complete information on their toxicity and specificity is available. Specifically, the degrees to which acaricides impact different stages of T. urticae and natural enemies combined determine the overall efficacy of an acaricide application. The objectives of this study were to determine stage-specific direct and residual efficacies of three acaricides (fenpropathrin, etoxazole, and propargite) against T. urticae, and the direct and residual toxicity of the acaricides to Orius insidiosus (Say) adults. Direct toxicity of acaricides to T. urticae was measured on peanut cuttings. All acaricide treatments caused significant mortality to a mixed stage population of T. urticae, and mortality did not differ among the acaricides 7 d after treatment. When toxicity to eggs was tested, the proportion of eggs that hatched for all acaricide treatments was significantly lower than the control, with etoxazole and propargite causing 100% mortality. Exposure to acaricide residues caused < 30% mortality of T. urticae adults 1 and 2 d after treatment and was not significantly different from the control. Fenpropathrin and propargite caused 100% mortality and etoxazole caused > 50% mortality of O. insidious adults after direct exposure to the acaricides. Residual toxicity of acaricides to O. insidiosus adults varied but remained toxic to O. insidiosus longer than to T. urticae. Fenpropathrin had the longest residual effect on O. insidiosus adults, causing > 95% mortality after 14 d; etoxazole and propargite caused < 30% mortality after 14 d.