马尾松半同胞子代苗期与幼林生长变异分析及家系选择

为探讨马尾松改良种子园半同胞家系子代的生长变异情况,测定分析了26个家系1 年生苗高、地径和0.5年生、1.5 年生及2.5 年生幼林的树高、地径、胸径、材积和冠幅等生长指标。结果表明,各性状在家系间均存在极显著差异,参试群体的树高、胸径、材积和冠幅的家系遗传力大于0.8,且前三个性状的单株遗传力大于0.4,说明上述性状是遗传力较高的性状。2.5年生材积生长量显著高于普通生产种的优良家系有19个,入选率为73%,树高、胸径和材积的遗传增益分别为2.76%、3.60%和8.49%,与初级种子园混合种和普通生产种相比,其材积分别提高55.28%和218.28%。     

不同树龄水曲柳半同胞家系生长性状变异研究

为筛选优质的水曲柳种质资源,以吉林省三岔子林业局国家水曲柳良种基地的16年生水曲柳子代测定林75个半同胞家系为材料,分别在第4、11和16年对其树高、地径（胸径）和材积进行测定。方差分析结果表明,不同变异来源各指标均达极显著差异水平（P<0.01）;各指标表型变异系数变化范围为22.20%~63.30%,家系遗传力变化范围为0.796~0.981;相关性分析结果表明各指标间均呈极显著正相关;以材积为评价指标,按10%入选率对家系进行评价选择,初步筛选8个优良家系,入选的家系材积平均值比总平均值高0.007 m³,遗传增益为36.03%;该研究选出的优良家系可为良种登记提供基础,也可为种子园的改建提供材料。     

红松自由授粉子代家系生产力年度变异与家系选

以黑龙江省尚志市苇河林业局青山种子园的79个红松优树半同胞家系子代为对象,测定其21、25和27 a生的生长性状。结果表明,在过半轮伐期后的红松生长性状以材积的增长量最大,在3个树龄材积的变异系数最大,树高、胸径和材积在3个树龄的平均变异系数分别为13.12%、22.39%和46.34%。生长性状在21、25和27 a生均表现出显著或极显著的家系效应。生长性状遗传力受弱至中度的遗传控制,相同年度内,家系遗传力均高于单株遗传力。以材积做选择目标,以20%的入选率对材积进行选择,选出16个优良家系的材积在21、25和27 a时的平均值分别为0.036 8、0.048 6和0.061 6 m3,分别比当年生对照(CK)高28.67%、15.02%和14.07%,本研究还初选17个优良单株,材积的遗传增益在20.25%~34.37%。     

红松优树半同胞子代家系生长、结实及抗病虫能力的变异特征

以吉林省露水河宏伟种子园的551个优株29年生红松半同胞子代家系为材料,对其生长性状(树高、胸径、冠幅)、结实性状(连续7个结实年份的球果总数)和抗病虫能力进行调查,利用多性状综合评价的方法,结合生长、结实和抗病虫能力等6个性状,优选出优良家系和单株.结果表明: 各性状在不同家系间和区组间的差异均达到极显著水平;各性状的表型变异系数变化范围为13.9%～61.0%,极显著的差异与高的变异系数有利于优良家系的评价和选择;材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的家系遗传力(分别为0.47、0.52和0.48)均大于单株遗传力(分别为0.37、0.07和0.10);红松家系生长性状、结实性状和抗病虫能力之间呈极显著正相关关系.以5%的入选率初步选出28个优良家系,其材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的遗传增益分别为16.8%、71.4%和0.5%;以2%的入选率在优良家系中初步选出7个优良单株,其材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的遗传增益分别为66.8%、80.9%和0.7%.这些初选的优良家系和单株表现出明显优势,可指导无性系种子园去劣疏伐,并为高世代种子园的营建提供繁殖材料.     

红松半同胞家系变异分析及选择研究

为评价和筛选优质红松种质资源,以吉林省三岔子林业局国家红松良种基地的53个28年生红松子代半同胞家系为材料,对其生长性状(树高、地径、胸径、三米径、枝下高和第六轮枝高)及形质性状(分枝角、通直度和轮枝数)进行测定。方差分析结果表明,除部分形质性状外,大部分生长性状在各变异来源间均达极显著差异(P<0.01);各性状表型变异系数变化范围为6.97%~37.39%,遗传变异系数变化范围为1.76%~26.75%;各性状家系遗传力变化范围为0.136~0.746;单株遗传力变化范围为0.031~0.827,个别性状遗传力较低。相关性分析结果表明,除分枝角外,其余各性状间大部分呈极显著正相关(r>0.073)。一般配合力分析结果表明,不同性状一般配合力高的家系差异较大,难以进行联合筛选,需进一步进行分析。主成分分析结果表明,三个主成分的累计贡献率达72.31%,表明三个主成分包含了供试家系生长及形质性状的大部分信息。树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积对主成分Ⅰ的贡献较大,且描述红松的生长性状,因此可作为选择优良家系的评价指标。利用多性状综合评价法对家系及单株进行选择,以家系材积现实增益超过35%为标准,可筛选出5个优良家系,入选率为10%,入选的优良家系树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积平均值分别为7.90m、25.02cm、19.21cm、16.23cm和0.1074kg·m-3,现实增益分别为3.94%、14.71%、17.26%、19.34%和39.48%。对优良家系内的单株进行选择,按单株材积遗传增益超过100%为标准,可筛选出6株优良单株,入选率为4%,入选单株树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积平均值比总平均值分别高1.60m、8.54cm、7.04cm、6.69cm和0.097kg·m^-3,遗传增益分别为5.99%、29.92%、35.53%、37.06%和102.04%。所选优良家系及单株可为良种审定提供基础,也可以为种子园的营建、改建提供材料。     

红锥家系遗传变异与优良家系选择

为选择红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)优良家系,对2–11年生红锥家系的生长性状和遗传参数进行了研究分析。结果表明,家系间在树高、胸径和单株材积上的差异达显著或极显著水平,家系的树高、胸径和单株材积受中等或中等以上遗传控制,具有很强的家系和家系内单株选择潜力;家系的单株材积变异幅度较大,胸径居中,树高的较小,显示出红锥家系间存在着丰富的变异;家系和单株遗传力随林龄的增大逐渐变小,到7–9年生时逐渐稳定。年度生长性状的相关分析表明,树高、胸径和单株材积的遗传相关系数随林龄逐渐增大,到7年生时最大,分别达到0.9602、0.9340和0.9849,之后趋于稳定,因此,7年生可作为早期选择的适合年龄。结合早期选择及形质指标,11年生时最终选择出优良家系10个,其平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别为13.95 m、14.34 cm和0.1229 m3,平均遗传增益分别为12.24%、18.69%和51.59%,其通直度、圆满度、分枝角度、最大分枝、冠幅、枝下高等形质指标也提高7.71%~12.94%。     

红松半同胞家系遗传变异分析及果材兼用优良家系选择

以临江林业局闹枝林场内48个红松半同胞家系为材料,连续3年对其生长性状进行测定分析。方差分析结果表明不同家系间各性状差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;家系间各指标表型变异系数变化范围为2.74%~51.39%;半同胞家系间各性状遗传力均超过0.97;48个半同胞家系树高、胸径和单株球果数量的一般配合力变化范围为（-1.82~1.70）、（-7.91~9.99）和（-14.85~15.15）;不同树龄树高间、胸径间的相关系数达极显著水平（0.993 < r < 0.999,0.995 < r < 0.998）;分别利用生长性状和结实性状对家系进行综合评价,以10%的入选率,初步选出5个生长性状优良的家系,入选家系树高和胸径平均值分别为8.02 m和21.95 cm,遗传增益分别为7.63%和46.29%。初步选出5个结实性状优良的家系,球果数量和千粒重平均值分别为30.26个和736.20 g,遗传增益分别为86.49%和1.46%。本研究中评价选出的优良家系可为红松良种登记提供材料,选择方法为其它果材兼用树种良种选育提供理论基础。     

白桦半同胞家系苗期生长和光合特性及其选育评价指标筛选

对6个白桦半同胞家系苗期生长、光合和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定,分析各指标的变异状况,并探讨白桦苗期选育评价的主要因子。结果表明:(1)白桦半同胞家系间生长性状(苗高、地径、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片数量、叶片长宽比)和光合指标(Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、WUE)差异极显著,除Ci外各光合指标的变异系数和遗传变异系数均超过了10%。(2)白桦半同胞家系间叶绿素荧光参数F0、F0′、Fs、Fv′/Fm′、NPQ和Yield差异显著,除NPQ外所有叶绿素荧光参数变异系数和遗传变异系数均不超过10%,表明白桦半同胞家系叶片光合潜在能力差异不大。(3)白桦半同胞家系叶绿素荧光参数各指标遗传力H2均大于0.4,属中度遗传力,而生长指标和光合指标遗传力均大于0.7,属于较高遗传力,表明白桦半同胞家系生长和光合变异主要由遗传因素控制,有利于苗期选择评价。(4)白桦半同胞家系苗高、地径与WUE显著正相关,而与Yield显著负相关;叶片数量和叶片宽度对白桦苗期苗高和地径影响较大,可以作为苗期选择评价的主要因子。     

基于生长与结实评价红松种子园亲本

为评价选择优良的红松育种材料,对26和28年生69个红松半同胞家系生长(树高和胸径)和结实性状(单株球果数、鲜塔重、千粒重和单塔出籽量)进行测定分析。结果表明:不同树龄、不同家系间各指标差异均达极显著水平(P <0.01);各指标遗传力均较高(0.87~0.96),表型变异系数变化范围为6.30%~63.00%;树高、胸径和单株球果数一般配合力变化范围分别为-1.77~1.83、-9.31~8.67和-15.97~16.03;各生长指标之间相关性均达显著水平(0.716~0.998),其他指标与生长指标多数未达显著水平;利用多性状综合评价法,以10%的入选率对69个半同胞家系的生长性状和结实性状分别进行综合评价,入选的7个生长性状优良家系树高和胸径遗传增益分别为15.66%和35.40%;入选的7个结实性状优良家系单株球果数、鲜塔重和单塔出籽量遗传增益分别为87.30%、1.77%和3.39%。本研究可以为红松优良家系的评价与选择提供依据和材料。     

光皮桦优树子代性状遗传变异及选择

在福建省选择101株光皮桦(Betula luminifera H. Winkl.)优树,利用其中55株优树的种子在福建省邵武卫闽林场开展子代测定分析. 结果表明, 光皮桦种内存在丰富的遗传变异, 优树子代间差异显著, 这些差异主要由遗传因素控制; 3 a生树高家系遗传力、单株遗传力分别为0.446和0.327, 胸径的家系遗传力和单株遗传力分别为 0.431和0.291;各生长性状与冠幅间存在紧密的相关性;以3a生树高为主要指标,从参试的家系中初步选出12个优良家系和31株优良个体,优良家系的树高和胸径的平均遗传增益分别为7.95%和11.87%;优良个体的树高和胸径的平均遗传增益分别高达26.60%和40.37%,选择效果非常明显.这些优良家系和个体可用作种子园建园材料或无性繁殖材料.     

杉木第3代种子园亲本抗炭疽病能力初探

针对广东省杉木第3代种子园建设早期一处小型园区(2 hm²)自然发生的炭疽病害跟踪监测其流行情况。建园后前两年(2016～2017年)均有炭疽病害发生，但对种子园影响不大；建园后2.5年时(2018年)，种子园炭疽病发病事件增多，42.5%嫁接株出现炭疽病症，炭疽病对种子园母株健康影响较大。于发病率较高龄期(2.5年生)调查不同亲本嫁接无性系的感病情况，发现不同亲本(n=56)抗炭疽病能力差异较大(感病率9.1%～81.8%)。根据感病率，初步确定其中5个亲本(cx731、cx841、cx859、cx872、cx876)具有较强的抗炭疽病能力，这些亲本是开展杉木抗炭疽病育种研究的重要候选材料。     

9年生枫香的遗传变异和优良家系单株选择

为选育枫香(Liquidambar formosana)优良家系,对其24个种源310个家系的遗传变异进行分析,采用多目标决策法选育用材林优良家系及单株。结果表明,9年生枫香胸径、树高、材积、第一枝下高、冠幅和树干通直度等性状在种源和家系间存在显著差异(P0.01),以云南富宁、广西凭祥和江西湖城3个种源的材积生长表现最佳。各性状的家系遗传力属于中等遗传控制,为0.24~0.44,单株遗传力为0.20~0.50。共选出优良家系26个和单株41株,优良家系的平均胸径、树高、材积、冠幅、树干通直度分别大于总体均值的19.63%、18.56%、52.16%、5.11%和4.03%;遗传增益分别为6.67%、8.24%、20.28%、1.82%和1.75%,优良单株平均材积大于总体均值的150.25%。这为枫香育种策略制定和生产应用等提供理论依据。     

3年生不同倍性白桦家系生长性状变异分析及优良家系的选择

杂交子代生长性状的测定以及优良家系的选择是研究林木育种的重要环节。为了选择优良的白桦杂交子代,本研究以3年生21个不同倍性的白桦家系为材料,对其树高、胸径和材积进行变异分析,结果表明：各性状在不同家系间差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;且各性状家系遗传力均高于0.75,属于高度遗传;家系311-15在树高、胸径和材积方面均表现最优,其树高、胸径和材积分别高于其他家系均值的9.09%、11.25%和40.46%;家系311-9、311-25和211-7、211-2、211-3、211-6、211-1等表现较好,其树高、胸径和材积与家系311-15相比差异未达显著水平。运用隶属函数综合评定法,以20.00%的入选率对参试家系进行选择,311-15、311-9、211-7、211-2等4个家系入选,这4个家系的树高、胸径和材积的遗传增益分别为5.24%、7.18%和19.72%。在进行优良家系选择的同时,以材积平均值+2倍标准差为标准,共筛选出52株优良单株。研究结果为白桦优良家系及优良单株在辽宁省西南部的推广提供参考,也为高世代三倍体制种园的改建提供依据。     

1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系生长和结实性状的评价

为进一步优化1.5代杉木种子园的质量,通过对福建漳平杉木种子园内21个杉木无性系生长和球果特征的调查,分析不同无性系生长和结实性状的差异及其相互关系,采用层次分析法对不同无性系的生长性状和结实性状进行综合评价。结果表明:1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系之间的生长和结实性状存在明显差异;不同无性系的结实量、球果体积、球果鲜重与其种子产量显著相关,生长性状与结实量、结实量与种子发芽率的相关性不显著。根据不同无性系生长性状和结实性状的综合评价结果,有6个无性系具有生长快且结实量高的特性,可作为重建1.5代杉木种子园的材料。     

A comparison of genetic information from open-pollinated and control-pollinated progeny tests in two eucalypt species

Genetic-parameter estimates and parental breeding-value predictions were compared from open-pollinated and control-pollinated progeny populations of Eucalyptus globulus and two populations of E. nitens. For E. globulus there were two types of open-pollinated populations (native stand open-pollinated and seed orchard open-pollinated) and two types of control-pollinated populations (intra-provenance and interprovenance full-sib families). For E. nitens there were two populations, a seed orchard open-pollinated population and intra-provenance full-sib families. Progeny tests were established across multiple sites and 2-year height and diameter were measured and volume calculated. Genetic parameters from native stand open-pollinated E. globulus were unlike the parameters from the other three E. globulus populations; heritability estimates were severely inflated, presumably due to high levels, and possibly differential levels, of inbreeding depression relative to the other populations. Estimates of dominance variance in the E. globulus full-sib populations were high, but were zero in the E. nitens population. Correlations among parental breeding values, predicted using data from the different populations, were generally low and non-significant, with two exceptions: predictions from the two E. globulus full-sib populations were significantly correlated (r=0.54, P = 0.001), as were predictions from the E. nitens seed orchard OP and full-sib population (r = 0.61, P = 0.08). There was some indication that superior parents of E. globulus native stand open-pollinated families also tended to have above-average breeding values based on the performance of intra-provenance full-sib offspring. The consequences of these results for exploitation of base-population collections from native stands are discussed.     

Performance differences among ex situ native-provenance collections of Pinus radiata D. Don. 1: potential for infusion into breeding populations in Australia and New Zealand

Growth and form traits from a series of three provenance trials of Pinus radiata D. Don planted in New Zealand and Australia were analysed at age 9 years from planting. The trials included selections from three mainland California natural populations—A?o Nuevo, Monterey and Cambria. Monterey and Cambria performed better than A?o Nuevo at two New Zealand sites, but Monterey and A?o Nuevo were almost identical in growth, whereas Cambria grew less vigorously at the Australian site. We detected significant provenance differences for diameter at breast height (DBH) growth and stem straightness across countries (p < 0.001). Estimated heritability for DBH ranged from 0.19 to 0.26 within sites, while heritability estimates for stem straightness and branching frequency ranged from 0.10 to 0.24. Estimated type B genetic correlations for DBH were always higher between the two trials in New Zealand trials than between pairs of trials in New Zealand and the Australian site. The genetic coefficient of variation (CV_A) for DBH was around 8–10% compared to ca. 5% for the current breeding population. These results suggested that there is appreciable genetic variation in the native populations, and infusion of these materials would increase the genetic variation in current breeding populations. Ten unrelated parents ranked above control seedlots from the older open-pollinated seed orchard stock for DBH growth and would be potential candidates for infusion. The promising performance of the Cambria material is an important result because the genetic base of the present Australian and New Zealand plantations is principally derived from A?o Nuevo and Monterey.     

Paternity analysis in a progeny test of Cryptomeria japonica revealed adverse effects of pollen contamination from outside seed orchards on morphological traits

To evaluate the effects of pollen contamination from outside of Cryptomeria japonica seed orchard on the growth performance (height and diameter at breast height, DBH) and morphological traits (stem straightness and basal stem straightness), paternity testing using seven microsatellite markers was performed in a progeny test. In the studied progeny test, high rates of inconsistency were found between the observed and expected genotypes. The average rates of pollen contamination from outside the orchard and self-fertilization were 58.47% and 0.65%, respectively. We divided the individuals of the studied progeny test into two groups based on their genotype data, for which: (1) both parents were elite trees and (2) only the mother trees were elite trees, and then compared them with respect to the growth performance and morphological traits of progenies using data at 20 and 30 years old. Significant adverse effects of contaminating pollen were detected in relation to straightness, but not tree height and DBH. The results suggest that the genetic gains for straightness generally show higher narrow-sense heritability than growth traits, which should be increased by reduction of pollen contamination. Breeding with paternal analysis (BWPA) is an effective approach for evaluating breeding materials based on maternal and paternal information revealed by DNA markers. The use of BWPA in progeny test allows effective forward- and backward selection without laborious and time-consuming tasks. In this study, we also suggest that the significant pollen contamination and paternal deviation found in the open-pollinated progeny test are serious impediments for BWPA.     

基于BLUP育种值与GGE双标图分析杉木第三代全同胞家系生长性状的适生性

杉木Cunninghamialanceolata是中国南方重要的商品用材和碳汇造林树种。本研究以广东杉木33个第三代全同胞家系在不同生长地点的8年生径向生长表现(胸径)为基础开展多地点方差分析。结果表明,家系适生性遗传差异大(P<0.01),且地点、区组及地点与家系间的互作效应显著。采用基于个体模型的BLUP分析法计算每个试验地点参试家系的个体育种值,可将参试家系适生性进行初步划分,并筛选出个体育种值水平较高、适生性好的家系(家系1、4、13和31)。在此基础上,运用GGE双标图分析法进一步获得参试家系“哪个赢在哪里”功能图、不同家系高产性与稳产性结论、理想家系选择列表,发现家系1、4、13、31和其他家系适生性评价结果与BLUP分析结果基本一致,具有较好的分析效果。