红锥家系遗传变异与优良家系选择

为选择红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)优良家系,对2–11年生红锥家系的生长性状和遗传参数进行了研究分析。结果表明,家系间在树高、胸径和单株材积上的差异达显著或极显著水平,家系的树高、胸径和单株材积受中等或中等以上遗传控制,具有很强的家系和家系内单株选择潜力;家系的单株材积变异幅度较大,胸径居中,树高的较小,显示出红锥家系间存在着丰富的变异;家系和单株遗传力随林龄的增大逐渐变小,到7–9年生时逐渐稳定。年度生长性状的相关分析表明,树高、胸径和单株材积的遗传相关系数随林龄逐渐增大,到7年生时最大,分别达到0.9602、0.9340和0.9849,之后趋于稳定,因此,7年生可作为早期选择的适合年龄。结合早期选择及形质指标,11年生时最终选择出优良家系10个,其平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别为13.95 m、14.34 cm和0.1229 m3,平均遗传增益分别为12.24%、18.69%和51.59%,其通直度、圆满度、分枝角度、最大分枝、冠幅、枝下高等形质指标也提高7.71%~12.94%。     

马尾松半同胞子代苗期与幼林生长变异分析及家系选择

为探讨马尾松改良种子园半同胞家系子代的生长变异情况,测定分析了26个家系1 年生苗高、地径和0.5年生、1.5 年生及2.5 年生幼林的树高、地径、胸径、材积和冠幅等生长指标。结果表明,各性状在家系间均存在极显著差异,参试群体的树高、胸径、材积和冠幅的家系遗传力大于0.8,且前三个性状的单株遗传力大于0.4,说明上述性状是遗传力较高的性状。2.5年生材积生长量显著高于普通生产种的优良家系有19个,入选率为73%,树高、胸径和材积的遗传增益分别为2.76%、3.60%和8.49%,与初级种子园混合种和普通生产种相比,其材积分别提高55.28%和218.28%。     

香椿优树子代早期生长差异分析及初步选择

来自12个种源的70个香椿(Toona sinensis)优树子代在福建省永春县和华安县进行造林测定试验,调查2年生香椿优树子代测定林生长情况。结果表明,华安2年生香椿优树子代树高1.10～2.80 m,地径1.24～3.72 cm,永春2年生香椿优树子代树高0.91～2.71 m,地径1.18～3.68 cm,华安和永春两个试验点内不同香椿家系的树高和地径差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。华安试验点树高和地径的变异系数分别为20.22%和23.68%,初步选出6个早期生长表现优秀的家系,平均树高和地径分别为2.55 m和3.44 cm,平均遗传增益分别为23.70%和30.16%;永春试验点树高和地径的变异系数分别为26.44%和26.48%,初步选出19个早期生长表现优秀的家系,平均树高和地径分别为2.52 m和3.34 cm,平均遗传增益分别为25.07%和24.96%。通过树高和地径的聚类分析与生长比较,70个参试家系可分为优、良、中、差和极差5个类别。综合2个试验点生长表现,初步认定4号、23号、53号和65号等4个家系为优良家系。     

红松优树半同胞子代家系生长、结实及抗病虫能力的变异特征

以吉林省露水河宏伟种子园的551个优株29年生红松半同胞子代家系为材料,对其生长性状(树高、胸径、冠幅)、结实性状(连续7个结实年份的球果总数)和抗病虫能力进行调查,利用多性状综合评价的方法,结合生长、结实和抗病虫能力等6个性状,优选出优良家系和单株.结果表明: 各性状在不同家系间和区组间的差异均达到极显著水平;各性状的表型变异系数变化范围为13.9%～61.0%,极显著的差异与高的变异系数有利于优良家系的评价和选择;材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的家系遗传力(分别为0.47、0.52和0.48)均大于单株遗传力(分别为0.37、0.07和0.10);红松家系生长性状、结实性状和抗病虫能力之间呈极显著正相关关系.以5%的入选率初步选出28个优良家系,其材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的遗传增益分别为16.8%、71.4%和0.5%;以2%的入选率在优良家系中初步选出7个优良单株,其材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的遗传增益分别为66.8%、80.9%和0.7%.这些初选的优良家系和单株表现出明显优势,可指导无性系种子园去劣疏伐,并为高世代种子园的营建提供繁殖材料.     

红松自由授粉子代家系生产力年度变异与家系选

以黑龙江省尚志市苇河林业局青山种子园的79个红松优树半同胞家系子代为对象,测定其21、25和27 a生的生长性状。结果表明,在过半轮伐期后的红松生长性状以材积的增长量最大,在3个树龄材积的变异系数最大,树高、胸径和材积在3个树龄的平均变异系数分别为13.12%、22.39%和46.34%。生长性状在21、25和27 a生均表现出显著或极显著的家系效应。生长性状遗传力受弱至中度的遗传控制,相同年度内,家系遗传力均高于单株遗传力。以材积做选择目标,以20%的入选率对材积进行选择,选出16个优良家系的材积在21、25和27 a时的平均值分别为0.036 8、0.048 6和0.061 6 m3,分别比当年生对照(CK)高28.67%、15.02%和14.07%,本研究还初选17个优良单株,材积的遗传增益在20.25%~34.37%。     

9年生枫香的遗传变异和优良家系单株选择

为选育枫香(Liquidambar formosana)优良家系,对其24个种源310个家系的遗传变异进行分析,采用多目标决策法选育用材林优良家系及单株。结果表明,9年生枫香胸径、树高、材积、第一枝下高、冠幅和树干通直度等性状在种源和家系间存在显著差异(P0.01),以云南富宁、广西凭祥和江西湖城3个种源的材积生长表现最佳。各性状的家系遗传力属于中等遗传控制,为0.24~0.44,单株遗传力为0.20~0.50。共选出优良家系26个和单株41株,优良家系的平均胸径、树高、材积、冠幅、树干通直度分别大于总体均值的19.63%、18.56%、52.16%、5.11%和4.03%;遗传增益分别为6.67%、8.24%、20.28%、1.82%和1.75%,优良单株平均材积大于总体均值的150.25%。这为枫香育种策略制定和生产应用等提供理论依据。     

土沉香早期生长性状遗传变异及选择

以3年生土沉香幼林为研究对象,利用REML和BLUP的混合线性模型方法,开展遗传参数估算,开展优良家系和优良单株早期选择。结果发现:土沉香平均树高2.73 m,平均胸径2.96 cm,平均材积0.000 8 m3;树高、胸径和材积的遗传变异系数分别为4.11%、2.28%和1.07%,树高的遗传变异系数高于胸径和材积;树高、胸径和材积的家系方差分量分别为0.012,0.061和0.195,都达到了极显著水平,具有较大的选择潜力;树高、胸径和材积的单株狭义遗传力分别为0.19、0.23和0.18,三者之间存在较强的正遗传相关。根据育种值进行综合评选,选出23个优良家系,入选家系平均树高3.0 m,平均胸径3.4 cm,树高和胸径遗传增益分别为9.3%和15.8%;选出50个优良单株,入选优良单株平均树高3.6 m,平均胸径5.3 cm,入选的优良家系和优良单株可为营建土沉香种子园提供优良材料。     

红松半同胞家系变异分析及选择研究

为评价和筛选优质红松种质资源,以吉林省三岔子林业局国家红松良种基地的53个28年生红松子代半同胞家系为材料,对其生长性状(树高、地径、胸径、三米径、枝下高和第六轮枝高)及形质性状(分枝角、通直度和轮枝数)进行测定。方差分析结果表明,除部分形质性状外,大部分生长性状在各变异来源间均达极显著差异(P<0.01);各性状表型变异系数变化范围为6.97%~37.39%,遗传变异系数变化范围为1.76%~26.75%;各性状家系遗传力变化范围为0.136~0.746;单株遗传力变化范围为0.031~0.827,个别性状遗传力较低。相关性分析结果表明,除分枝角外,其余各性状间大部分呈极显著正相关(r>0.073)。一般配合力分析结果表明,不同性状一般配合力高的家系差异较大,难以进行联合筛选,需进一步进行分析。主成分分析结果表明,三个主成分的累计贡献率达72.31%,表明三个主成分包含了供试家系生长及形质性状的大部分信息。树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积对主成分Ⅰ的贡献较大,且描述红松的生长性状,因此可作为选择优良家系的评价指标。利用多性状综合评价法对家系及单株进行选择,以家系材积现实增益超过35%为标准,可筛选出5个优良家系,入选率为10%,入选的优良家系树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积平均值分别为7.90m、25.02cm、19.21cm、16.23cm和0.1074kg·m-3,现实增益分别为3.94%、14.71%、17.26%、19.34%和39.48%。对优良家系内的单株进行选择,按单株材积遗传增益超过100%为标准,可筛选出6株优良单株,入选率为4%,入选单株树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积平均值比总平均值分别高1.60m、8.54cm、7.04cm、6.69cm和0.097kg·m^-3,遗传增益分别为5.99%、29.92%、35.53%、37.06%和102.04%。所选优良家系及单株可为良种审定提供基础,也可以为种子园的营建、改建提供材料。     

基于生长与结实评价红松种子园亲本

为评价选择优良的红松育种材料,对26和28年生69个红松半同胞家系生长(树高和胸径)和结实性状(单株球果数、鲜塔重、千粒重和单塔出籽量)进行测定分析。结果表明:不同树龄、不同家系间各指标差异均达极显著水平(P <0.01);各指标遗传力均较高(0.87~0.96),表型变异系数变化范围为6.30%~63.00%;树高、胸径和单株球果数一般配合力变化范围分别为-1.77~1.83、-9.31~8.67和-15.97~16.03;各生长指标之间相关性均达显著水平(0.716~0.998),其他指标与生长指标多数未达显著水平;利用多性状综合评价法,以10%的入选率对69个半同胞家系的生长性状和结实性状分别进行综合评价,入选的7个生长性状优良家系树高和胸径遗传增益分别为15.66%和35.40%;入选的7个结实性状优良家系单株球果数、鲜塔重和单塔出籽量遗传增益分别为87.30%、1.77%和3.39%。本研究可以为红松优良家系的评价与选择提供依据和材料。     

3年生不同倍性白桦家系生长性状变异分析及优良家系的选择

杂交子代生长性状的测定以及优良家系的选择是研究林木育种的重要环节。为了选择优良的白桦杂交子代,本研究以3年生21个不同倍性的白桦家系为材料,对其树高、胸径和材积进行变异分析,结果表明：各性状在不同家系间差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;且各性状家系遗传力均高于0.75,属于高度遗传;家系311-15在树高、胸径和材积方面均表现最优,其树高、胸径和材积分别高于其他家系均值的9.09%、11.25%和40.46%;家系311-9、311-25和211-7、211-2、211-3、211-6、211-1等表现较好,其树高、胸径和材积与家系311-15相比差异未达显著水平。运用隶属函数综合评定法,以20.00%的入选率对参试家系进行选择,311-15、311-9、211-7、211-2等4个家系入选,这4个家系的树高、胸径和材积的遗传增益分别为5.24%、7.18%和19.72%。在进行优良家系选择的同时,以材积平均值+2倍标准差为标准,共筛选出52株优良单株。研究结果为白桦优良家系及优良单株在辽宁省西南部的推广提供参考,也为高世代三倍体制种园的改建提供依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.