施肥与刈割对内蒙古草地生态化学计量特征的影响

为明确施肥和刈割对蒙古半干旱草地四种植物化学计量特征的影响,该文于2014年8月以内蒙古半干旱草地的四种植物冷蒿(Artimesia frigida)、菊叶委陵菜(Potentilla tanacetifolia)、羊草(Aneurotepidimu chinense)、扁蓿豆(Melissitus ruthenica)为研究对象,利用方差分析及多重比较分析对照、施氮肥、割草、割草和施氮肥处理下的植物碳、氮、磷含量的差异以及不同处理下碳氮比和氮磷比的变化。结果表明:施氮肥与割草均未影响植物碳含量。施氮肥显著提高了植物氮含量(P<0.05),进而降低了碳氮比(P<0.05),提高了氮磷比(P<0.05)。割草处理后扁蓿豆的氮含量显著提高了0.18%(P<0.05),羊草的氮含量显著降低了0.13%(P<0.05),冷蒿与菊叶委陵菜的氮含量无显著变化。割草显著提高了冷蒿和菊叶委陵菜的磷含量(P<0.05),但是未影响羊草和扁蓿豆的磷含量。该研究证实了氮添加或割草会影响部分草地物种的化学计量特征,但是氮添加或割草对植物化学计量特征的影响存在种间差异。     

担子菌草菇总RNA的快速抽提方法*

针对高等真菌草菇 (Volvariellavolvacea) ,提供一种改进的简易抽提总RNA的方法。纯化的RNA可直接作如下的各种应用 ,如RT PCR、polyA RNA的富集、差异显示、North ern杂交、引物延伸、cDNA合成、基因表达谱芯片和基因表达谱芯片分析。我们用此方法成功地从草菇中抽提到总RNA ,A₂₆₀ /A₂₈₀ 为 1.7～ 2.0 ,A₂₆₀ /A<     

油蒿叶片氮分配对其最大净光合速率季节变异的影响

植物最大净光合速率的季节变异性及其氮调控机制是近年来植物生理生态领域研究热点,对荒漠植物光合最大净光合速率季节动态及其叶氮影响,特别是叶氮分配对最大净光合速率调控机制的了解仍非常有限。2018年5-10月在宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地,对当地主要建群种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)进行生长季原位观测,测定其叶光合光响应曲线(A-PAR)、CO₂响应曲线(A-Ci)和叶氮含量,结合环境观测数据,分析A-PAR关键参数最大净光合速率(A_max)的季节变异和叶片氮分配相关参数对A_max的调控。结果表明,油蒿叶片A_max在生长期季节变异系数(Cv)为14%,在完全展叶中期,光合氮利用效率(PNUE)有最大值11.82 μmolCO₂ gN^-1 s^-1,此时叶片氮素在光合系统中的分配比例最大,A_max有最大值29.48 μmol CO₂ m^-2s^-1,油蒿光合能力较强。在完全展叶末期,油蒿叶片氮在光合系统中的分配比例(P_p)有最小值0.21,此时叶氮分配更倾向于非光合系统,A_max较小,光合能力较弱,有利于油蒿延长叶片寿命。A_max与单位干重叶片氮含量(N_mass)、氮在捕光系统中分配比例(P_L)、氮在生物力能系统中分配比例(P_b)正相关(P<0.05),其中,P_L对A_max产生了最大的直接正向影响,氮在羧化系统中分配比例(P_c)主要通过P_b对A_max的产生了间接的正向影响,P_b对A_max季节动态的解释度最大(R²=0.49,P<0.01)。A_max与比叶重(LMA)负相关(P<0.05),即当有较高LMA时油蒿具有较低的光合速率,此时叶片光合能力较弱,叶片机械韧性较强。不同物候时期,油蒿叶片氮素分配的变化及叶片光合能力与结构性状之间的权衡关系,标志着荒漠植物对其生境的适应性调节。研究结果不但可提高荒漠灌木油蒿生态系统生产力预测的准确性,也是对植物光合适应机理认识的补充和深入。     

油蒿演替群落密度对土壤湿度和有机质空间异质性的响应

如何用环境属性空间异质性解释植被动态是生态学中的一个重要问题。在该项研究中,选择油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)演替群落为研究对象,在小区面积相同、样方数目和面积相同的条件下,将统计学方法和地统计学方法结合起来,讨论分析了土壤湿度和有机质与油蒿和冷蒿(A. frigida)密度空间异质性变化趋势的相关性,结果表明:在块尺度上(80 m × 80 m),油蒿和冷蒿密度的空间异质性都与土壤湿度的空间异质性有关,其中与冷蒿密度呈现为单调递增,与油蒿密度不呈单调变化,说明土壤湿度与油蒿密度空间异质性的相关性已逐渐减弱,但与耐旱的冷蒿依然较强;土壤有机质的空间异质性也与两种植物密度的空间异质性有关,其中与油蒿密度呈现为单调递增,与冷蒿密度不呈单调变化,说明油蒿的长期定居增加了土壤有机质含量,并促进了冷蒿的侵入;进一步分析表明,该群落中油蒿种群和冷蒿种群均呈集群分布,这种集群分布使得油蒿或冷蒿的密度与土壤湿度或有机质空间异质性之间的关系增强,这从一定程度上说明了冷蒿和油蒿之间的竞争替代关系。因而,土壤空间异质性的变化是半荒漠带油蒿群落演替的基础。     

油蒿叶片资源利用效率变化及其影响因素

植物资源(光、氮、水分)利用效率是反映生态功能适应气候变化的关键指示,然而鲜有研究综合考虑植物资源利用效率间的相对变化及其调控机制。选取宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地优势物种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)为研究对象,于2017-2019年生长季对油蒿光合生理参数和环境因子进行原位监测,实验室测定叶片比叶面积(SLA)和叶氮含量(LNC),分析叶片光利用效率(LUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)、氮利用效率(NUE)的相对变化特征及其生物和非生物影响因子,探讨油蒿叶片资源利用效率对环境的响应。结果显示:油蒿LUE和NUE的季节变化趋势基本一致,两者呈正相关(R²=0.17;P<0.01),且皆与WUE季节变化不同,无显著关系(P>0.05),WUE波动幅度最高(CV=48%),NUE最低(CV=39%);研究期间LUE、WUE和NUE月均值基本在夏季出现高峰值,分别为0.12 mol/mol,104.02 μmol/mol和11.49 μmol g^-1 s^-1。土壤含水量(SWC)>0.09 m³/m³,叶片资源利用效率不受其影响,而SWC<0.09 m³/m³,WUE和SWC关系为二次函数;SWC调节土壤氮含量(N_soil)和光合有效辐射(PAR)对叶片资源利用效率的影响。叶片资源利用效率与LNC无显著相关性;SLA与LUE显著负相关(P<0.01),与NUE显著正相关(P<0.01),与WUE相关性不显著(P>0.05)。LUE主要受SLA和N_soil影响,NUE主要受SLA和SWC影响,SWC和N_soil还可通过SLA和LNC间接影响LUE和NUE。结果表明水分和土壤氮含量是限制油蒿叶片资源利用效率的主要非生物因子,比叶面积则是调控其资源利用效率的关键生物因子,是深入探究荒漠植物群落对环境响应策略的重要补充。     

沙埋与水分对科尔沁沙地主要固沙植物出苗的影响

蒿属半灌木乌丹蒿(Artemisia wudanica)、白沙蒿(A. sphaerocephala)、差不嘎蒿(A. halodendron)是科尔沁沙地的主要固沙植物。其中乌丹蒿和差不嘎蒿是科尔沁沙地的本土植物,白沙蒿为来自于库布齐沙漠、毛乌素沙地的飞播植物。设置了 5个沙埋深度(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和3.0 cm)和 4个水分梯度(86、171、257和 342 mL,分别模拟每月25、50、75和100 mm的降雨量),以探讨3种植物幼苗出土对沙埋和水分的响应。结果表明,沙埋与水分均显著影响着3种蒿属植物的幼苗出土(P < 0.001)。3种植物最适沙埋深度在0.5-1.5 cm范围内,萌发出土时适宜水量要高于当地种子萌发期的平均降水量(50 mm/月)。两种固沙先锋植物乌丹蒿和白沙蒿的种子出苗率均显著高于差不嘎蒿,乌丹蒿较白沙蒿也明显为高,尤其在水分缺乏时,表现出两种先锋植物种子出苗对干旱有更好的适应性。协方差分析表明,乌丹蒿幼苗死亡率显著高于白沙蒿和差不嘎蒿(P < 0.05),在达到75 mm/月降水量时,3种植物的出苗较好,但不能满足乌丹蒿幼苗生长对水分的需求,而实际种子萌发期的降水量平均只有50 mm/月。因而降水的缺乏导致乌丹蒿种群更新出现问题,加之飞播植物的竞争,使得近几年科尔沁沙地较多乌丹蒿种群出现衰退。     

RNA沉默手段分析烟草悬浮细胞中线粒体分裂蛋白NtFIS1A/1B功能

为了解烟草悬浮细胞中的线粒体分裂蛋白的功能,将拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的线粒体分裂复合体成员FIS1A和FIS1B在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)表达序列数据库中进行序列比对,鉴定到烟草中的同源基因NtFIS1A 和NtFIS1B (NtFIS1A/1B).以烟草悬浮细胞为材料,通过RNA 干扰和人工microRNA 干扰技术抑制NtFIS1A/1B 的表达, RT-PCR 分析结果表明,RNA 沉默细胞系中NtFIS1A/1B 的转录受到抑制.观察RNA 沉默细胞系中的线粒体形态可见,当NtFIS1A/1B 的表达被抑制后,单个线粒体的平均面积显著增加.这些表明NtFIS1A/1B 参与了烟草悬浮细胞中线粒体分裂的调控,有助于了解烟草中线粒体的形态调控.     

油蒿群落不同演替阶段某些群落特征的研究

 本文就鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地油蒿群落不同演替阶段的特征进行了研究。结果表明：流动沙地质地疏松,植物种类少、稀疏,群落冠层温度变化剧烈,相对湿度低,油蒿生长旺盛,其叶的含水量、水势、蒸腾强度高;固定沙地,植物种类增多、覆盖度大、生物量高,缓冲气象因子的能力强。但蒸腾失水量大,致使土壤含水量低,在某种程度上限制了油蒿生长;具结皮的固定沙地,植物种类最多,密度最大,但土壤紧实,油蒿生长微弱,其叶的含水量、水势最低,但蒸腾最大,加速失水。其演替趋势为流动沙地→流动沙地油蒿群落→固定沙地油蒿群落→具结皮的固定沙地油蒿+本氏针茅群落→本氏针茅群落。     

外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰不同组织RNA提取方法

从植物组织中提取高质量的RNA是进行cDNA文库构建等分子生物学研究的前提。在苯酚法的基础上,改进并得到了一种适合紫茎泽兰根、茎、叶总RNA快速提取的方法,消除了蛋白质、DNA、多糖等的污染。该方法提取的紫茎泽兰不同组织总RNA纯度高、完整性好,可用于RT-PCR、cDNA文库构建、Northern杂交等分子生物学实验,而且简单、经济、重复性好,适合于多种植物组织总RNA的提取。Northern杂交表明F3’H基因在紫茎泽兰的根、茎、叶等组织中广泛存在,但在叶中的表达量最高,在根中的表达量最低。     

短期饥饿和再投喂对岩原鲤仔鱼生存生长以及RNA/DNA和RNA/蛋白质比率的影响(英文)

研究通过对岩原鲤仔鱼在饥饿和再投喂条件下其生存、生长率、RNA/DNA和RNA/蛋白质比率的测定,评估了仔鱼对饥饿的耐受能力和恢复能力。在(19.5±0.5)℃水温下,将岀膜后第16天的岩原鲤仔鱼随机分成6个组:1个持续投饲对照组,实验组分别禁食1、2、3、4、5d后再投喂,实验共进行10d。每天分别从各组取9尾鱼测定体重、体长、RNA、DNA、蛋白质含量。实验结果显示,饥饿处理组仔鱼存活率和以上各项生长指标均随饥饿时间的增加而下降,在恢复投喂后均表现不同程度的补偿生长,其中饥饿1、2、3d的仔鱼在恢复投喂后显示出完全补偿生长,几乎弥补了饥饿所产生的影响,平均终体重与对照组比较无显著差异。饥饿4、5d的仔鱼显示部分补偿生长,恢复投喂只少量减轻了饥饿的影响,平均终体重与对照组相比存在显著差异。饥饿1、2、3d的仔鱼和4、5d的仔鱼在恢复投喂后分别需要1—2d和4d时间才能达到与对照组无显著差异水平。仔鱼生长率变动范围从0.59%到8.00%WW/day,仔鱼RNA/DNA比率、RNA/蛋白质比率与生长率的回归方程为:GR=3.63RNA/DNA 1.74(R2=0.80)和GR=120.14RNA/Protein 2.33(R2=0.31),两种比率均与生长率呈显著线性相关,RNA/DNA比率对生长变化的拟合度更好。结果表明,仔鱼阶段食物缺乏很可能是影响岩原鲤仔鱼存活、生长的主要因素。RNA/DNA更适合作为评定岩原鲤仔鱼营养条件和生长的指标。     

RNA/DNA ratio as a growth indicator of stream periphyton

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Evaluating the nutritional condition of individual whitefish (Coregonus spp.) larvae by the RNA/DNA ratio

Larvae of Coregonus spp. were reared in the laboratory under different temperature (4, 6 and 8°C) and feeding conditions ( ad libitum , limited, with starvation intervals). Their RNA/DNA ratios were determined with a highly sensitive fluorescence technique. After resorption of their yolk reserves (about 2 weeks after hatching), well fed larvae (RNA/DNA >2.5) could be significantly distinguished from larvae reared under limited food supply (RNA/DNA < 2.5), both at the 6 and 8°C levels. At 4°C, no differences due to the feeding regime were found. During a second series of experiments, larvae were affected by an intestinal disease, which was caused by the ingestion of unsuitable copepod plankton. This disease provoked high mortality, decreased growth and RNA/DNA ratios which were almost as low as in temporarily starved larvae from the first series. Coregonid larvae sampled in Lake Constance during spring 1990 showed RNA/DNA ratios which were unexpectedly low when judged on the basis of mean body length and average ambient temperature. It was obvious from macroscopic observations that some of these wild larvae were severely attacked by the intestinal disease. The low RNA/DNA ratios in field samples are, therefore, interpreted as a sublethal result of this disease.     

Assessment of the nutritional status of field-caught larval Pacific bluefin tuna by RNA/DNA ratio based on a starvation experiment of hatchery-reared fish

RNA/DNA ratio is a useful and reliable indicator of the nutritional status of fish larvae and juveniles. In order to assess the nutritional status of field-caught larval Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck et Schlegel), starvation experiments of hatchery-reared larvae were conducted and changes in the RNA/DNA ratio of fed and starved larvae were analyzed. Starvation experiments were conducted every 3 days after first feeding. The survival rate of Pacific bluefin tuna larvae ranged 10-50% after 1 day of starved conditions and growth retardation was observed immediately. These results suggest that Pacific bluefin tuna larvae have a very low tolerance to starvation. The RNA/DNA ratios of fed larvae were approximately 2.0-4.0. On the other hand, the value of starved larvae significantly decreased to 1.0-3.0. The nutritional status of 3 cohorts of field-caught tuna larvae collected in the northwestern Pacific Ocean was examined based on the value of the RNA/DNA ratio of the 1 day starved larvae. 4.35-25.77% of the cohorts were regarded as the “starving condition”, which was negatively correlated to the ambient prey densities. These findings suggest that the nutritional condition of larval Pacific bluefin tuna was influenced by the ambient prey density, and starvation itself and starvation-induced predation could greatly contribute to mortality in the larval period of Pacific bluefin tuna.     

A model to estimate growth in young-of-the-year tautog, Tautoga onitis, based on RNA/DNA ratio and seawater temperature

This study presents an indirect method for estimating growth rates of young-of-the-year (YOY) tautog, Tautoga onitis, based on laboratory calibration experiments and nucleic acid-based indices. Field-collected tautog were held in the laboratory at 3 temperatures over a 17-day period. Four feeding levels were used to produce a range of growth rates. An ultraviolet absorption assay was used to measure nucleic acid concentrations in white muscle tissue. The strength of the relationship between growth rate and three nucleic acid-based parameters (RNA concentration, DNA concentration, RNA/DNA ratio (R/D)) was tested. Correlation results indicated a significant positive relationship between R/D and weight-based instantaneous growth rate (G) (r = 0.68; p < 0.001). Both R/D (r = − 0.55; p < 0.006) and RNA (r = − 0.56; p < 0.005) were highly negatively correlated with temperature (T). Multiple linear regression showed that R/D and temperature explained 61% of the variability in growth, resulting in the model G = 0.01285(R/D) + 0.00057(T) − 0.03205 (p < 0.0001). This R/D-temperature model can be used to evaluate recent growth rates in YOY tautog under field conditions and has applications for aquaculture when comparing growth rates of fish held under different culture conditions.     

Isolation of sex pheromone mimic of the American cockroach by monitoring with male/female ratio in electroantennogram

The electroantennogram (EAG) technique was applied as a monitoring tool to isolate germacrene-D, a sex pheromone mimic of the American cockroach. Large values of the male/female ratio, and its index derived from EAG responses of adult males and females to a standard, indicated significant amounts of germacrene-D in plant fractions. Monitoring with behavioural assays and gas chromatographic analysis during the isolation confirmed that the EAG technique using the male/female index was a good indicator in the isolation of sexually active components.     

Infradian rhythmicity in sleep/wake ratio in developing infants

Although there are several reports on ultradian and circadian rhythms in newborns, we found only one report in which infradian periodicities are described for heart-rate measurements in the early stages of human development. Here, we report infradian rhythms in the monthly range in the sleep/wake cycle of four infants studied along 24 consecutive weeks. Our procedure was applied to sleep diary records from four healthy newborns. The data were arranged in binary time series representing sleep (-1) or wake (1) states. These time series were integrated in order to obtain the cumulative sleep/wake time. A measure of the sleep/wake ratio (SWR) was obtained by computing the average slope of the cumulative sleep/wake time. To extract periodicities we applied the Fourier periodogram to the temporal course of the SWR. We found a notorious difference in the SWR pattern among infants. In two infants the SWR showed a marked linear decay, spending more time asleep than awake, while in the two other infants oscillated near zero. We found robust oscillations in all children. In all cases the Fourier periodogram results present significant power in the infradian range. From these results, we suggest that sleep and wake durations are probably modulated by some internal stimuli.     

Human sex ratio at birth in South West Nigeria

BACKGROUND:

Human sex ratio at birth differs from one population to the other. This variation has been attributed to cultural practices, seasonal variation, small-family size policy and sex selective technology. Information on secondary sex ratio in Nigeria is limited.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE:

To analyzed human sex ratio at birth for samples of the Nigerian population in 4 urban settings in Southwest Nigeria, in order to know the trend and to compare the findings with those of previous reports.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Data were collected from Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) teaching hospital at Ile Ife and Wesley Guild hospital at Ilesa, Osun state; General hospital at Ogbomoso, Oyo state and Ekiti state specialist hospital at Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state. The data consisted of 35 209 live single births recorded between 1995 and 2004. Each set of data was analyzed to determine the sex ratio by year, month and quarterly values. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the deviation of the sex ratios for the years from the average value.

RESULTS:

The annual average ratios of 104.7:100, 102.8:100, 98.9:100 and 100.8:100 were recorded for OAU teaching hospital, Wesley Guild Hospital, General Hospital and Ekiti State specialist hospital, respectively. When pooled together, the average ratio was 102.7:100. This shows some bias for male births. Data also indicates more male birth in the rainy season, suggesting a seasonal variation of sex ratio.

CONCLUSION:

These findings are representative of the populations in southwest Nigeria and are comparable to values obtained for other regions in Nigeria and other populations of African origin.     

Prognostic significance of peripheral blood-derived neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with digestive cancer

Accumulating studies reported the clinical value of derived neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) regarding the prediction of survival outcomes in digestive cancers, however, the prognostic significances of dNLR in these cancers were inconsistent. This study was carried out to clarify the relationship between circulating dNLR and prognosis in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Eligible publications were collected and extracted by searching Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to November 21, 2018. The prognostic impact of dNLR in subjects with GI cancers was assessed with the overall hazard ratios (HRs). A total of 26 studies with up to 13,945 participants were recruited. Our findings showed that peripheral blood dNLR before treatment could be a useful prognostic predictor in digestive cancers, an elevated dNLR indicated a shorter overall survival (OS) in GI tumors (HR, 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36–1.51). Furthermore, its significant prognostic value for OS was also confirmed in subgroup analyses stratified by disease type, publication year, type of research, detection method, geographic location, cut-off value, treatment, analysis type, follow-up time and disease stage. In addition, high dNLR was significantly associated with worse cancer-specific survival (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04–1.47) and inferior event-free survival (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11–1.33) in patients with digestive cancers. Our study showed elevated peripheral blood dNLR may indicate unfavorable outcomes in digestive cancer.     

大肠埃希菌感染小鼠外周血中性粒细胞与 淋巴细胞比值的动态变化

目的通过观察大肠埃希菌感染小鼠模型不同时间段外周血中,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值的动态变化,分析外周血中中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与大肠埃希菌感染炎症程度的关系,以及中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞在大肠埃希菌感染时的可能作用机制。方法将麦氏浊度为2.73约为1×109CFU/m L大肠埃希菌通过尾静脉注射建立ICR小鼠感染模型44只、空白对照4只及阴性对照4只。实验组按1、3、6、12、24、48、72、96、120、144和168 h,共11个时间段,每次取4只小鼠,抽取外周血800μL,利用SYSMEX2100检查白细胞总数、中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值变化情况。结果大肠埃希菌ICR小鼠感染组1~24 h白细胞总数比对照组降低(0.01P0.05),第2天时与对照组比较差异无统计学意义,第3天至第7天白细胞总数比对照组高且差异有统计学意义(P0.01),并在第7天时略有回落;感染组中性粒细胞计数值在感染12 h到第7天比对照组高,差异有统计学意义;中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值对照组为0.06±0.03,感染1 h为0.07±0.04,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),3 h、6 h两组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(0.01P0.05),12 h开始到第7天感染组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,且第7天时为最高值(1.52±0.38)。结论中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值,比白细胞总数计数、中性粒细胞计数在大肠埃希ICR小鼠感染模型组中判断小鼠感染状况敏感,中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值结合白细胞总数计数、中性粒细胞计数能为临床大肠埃希菌感染的状况提供更灵敏的诊断参考数据,且易在临床推广。     

Large variance in reproductive success and the Ne/N ratio

The ratio of the effective population size to adult (or census) population size (Ne/N) is an indicator of the extent of genetic variation expected in a population. It has been suggested that this ratio may be quite low for highly fecund species in which there is a sweepstakes-like chance of reproductive success, known as the Hedgecock effect. Here I show theoretically how the ratio may be quite small when there are only a few successful breeders (Nb) and that in this case, the Ne/N ratio is approximately Nb/N. In other words, high variance in reproductive success within a generation can result in a very low effective population size in an organism with large numbers of adults and consequently a very low Ne/N ratio. This finding appears robust when there is a large proportion of families with exactly two progeny or when there is random variation in progeny numbers among these families.