НОВЫЙ ВИЗЕЙСКИЙ РОД СПИРИФЕРИД-Grandispirifer gen.nov.

1957年春,地质陈列馆胡承志、牛业华在云南路南老第三系地层中采集了一批哺乳类化石,其中的一部分标本已经研究发表(周,1958)。在这篇报告中,我们又描述了一个完整的雷兽类的头骨,代表一个新的渐新世种。此外,尚有一些未经描述的材料,也将陆续予以描述发表。路南老第三系地层,经过对最近采集的一些哺乳类化石的研究,表明这是到目前为止,代表华南地区最完整的一个老第三系剖面,包括从上始新统至上渐新统间的全套地层,和几个不同时代的脊推动物化石层。进一步的地层调查和化石的系统采集,将对华南老第三系地层的了解和区域对比提供重要的基本研究资料。     

Comparative study (AFLP and morphology) of three species of Prosopis of the Section Algarobia: P. juliflora, P. pallida, and P. limensis. Evidence for resolution of the “P. pallida–P. juliflora complex”

The problems of delimitation of species of Prosopis originate from the few morphological discontinuities which exist among some of them; some, however, originated as a result of wide distribution of germplasm without proper knowledge of the species, in particular, much material catalogued as P. juliflora, but being of other species, was distributed for reforestation projects worldwide. This work tests the morphological results obtained for P. pallida and P. limensis of the Peruvian–Ecuadorian coast and for P. juliflora of the Caribbean Basin of Colombia and Venezuela utilizing a study of AFLPs and a study of the morphology of plantlets developed in a conventional garden study. The phenogram obtained for the AFLPs demonstrates each of the three species to be a well differentiated cluster and the molecular variance between them is significantly greater than the variance within each species. Study of the plantlets also indicates statistically significant differences for four morphological characters between P. juliflora and the other two species (P. pallida and P. limensis). These results, in addition to the morphological differentiation evident between adult plants of P. pallida and P. limensis and the clear separation of these two species from P. juliflora, corroborate the genetic identity of the three taxa analyzed.     

Sagittopteris belemnopteroides gen.et sp.nov.在山西的发现

山西晚古生代植物自赫勒(Halle,1927)研究以来向为世人瞩目。解放后,李星学(1963)又对华北广大地区月门沟群的化石进行了详细研究,补充了前人的不足。近年来,山西省区域地质调查队在1/20万区域地质调查和一系列的专题研究中,采集了大量化石标本。笔者在鉴定中发现不少有意义的分子,本文报道的即系其中之一。化石为作者之一肖素珍于1976年在晋东南参加剖面测制时采集的。本种在山西其他地区亦有出现。如太原西山、沁水杏峪、柳林、沁     

Effects of β-lactam antibiotics, auxins, and cytokinins on shoot regeneration from callus cultures of two hybrid aspens, Populustremuloides?×?P. tremula and P. xcanescens?×?P. gradidentata

The effects of β-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, carbenicillin and cefotaxime), cytokinins, and auxins including phenylacetic acid, a β-lactam breakdown product, were evaluated during in vitro shoot morphogenesis in two hybrid aspens; P. tremuloides × P. tremula (XTTa) and P. x canescens × P. grandidentata (XCaG). Although different callus and shoot induction media were used for both hybrids, the β-lactams often engendered similar responses. At concentrations of 1,000 mg l⁻¹, carbenicillin adversely impacted shoot elongation and, to a lesser degree, shoot regeneration. Cefotaxime enhanced caulogenesis for all of the concentrations evaluated (125–500 mg l⁻¹) especially when the cytokinin thidiazuron was used for shoot induction. The shoots formed faster and in greater numbers; and the improvements were significant (α = 0.05) for both hybrids. However, hyperhydricity was more problematic when cefotaxime was included in the media. The incidence of shoot hyperhydricity for the XCaG hybrid was more than twice as great for the highest cefotaxime concentration evaluated (500 mg l⁻¹) than for the control (>90% vs. ~40%). Penicillin had an opposite effect. Hyperhydricity frequencies for the XCaG hybrid were lower when the media were supplemented with penicllin and the reductions were statistically significant at concentrations of 500–1,000 mg l⁻¹. The effects of the antibiotics were generally not reproduced by the auxins (0.1–100 μM), including phenylacetic acid, or the other potential β-lactam degradation products evaluated (e.g. phenylmalonic acid, aminopenicillanic acid). The antibiotics may have affected shoot hyperhydicity indirectly via changes in the time course of shoot regeneration.     

A ThCAP gene from Tamarix hispida confers cold tolerance in transgenic Populus (P. davidiana?×?P. bolleana)

The ThCAP gene, which encodes a cold acclimation protein, was isolated from a Tamarix hispida NaCl-stress root cDNA library; its expression patterns were then assayed by qRT-PCR in different T. hispida tissues treated with low temperature (4°C), salt (400 mM NaCl), drought (20% PEG6000) and exogenous abscisic acid (100 μM). Induction of ThCAP gene was not only responsive to different stress conditions but was also organ specific. When transgenic Populus (P. davidiana × P. bolleana) plants were generated, expressing ThCAP under regulation of the cauliflower mosaic virus CaMV 35S promoter, they had a greater resistance to low temperature than non-transgenic seedlings, suggesting that ThCAP might play an important role in cold tolerance.     

Molecular identification and the features of genetic diversity in interspecific hybrids of Amur sturgeon ( Acipenser schrenckii × A. baerii, A. baerii × A. schrenckii, A. schrenckii × A. ruthenus , and A. ruthenus × A. schrenckii ) based on variability of multilocus RAPD markers

The method of polymerase chain reaction with random primers (RAPD PCR) was used to identify the progeny of the crosses between three sturgeon species, Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii Brandt, 1869), Siberian sturgeon (A. baerii Brandt, 1869), and sterlet (A. ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758). Using ten primers, genetic variation in 70 yearlings, produced in seven individual crosses: Acipenser schrenckii × A. schrenckii, A. baerii × A. baerii, A. ruthenus × A. ruthenus, A. schrenckii × A. baerii, A. baerii × A. schrenckii, A. schrenckii × A. ruthenus, and A. ruthenus × A. schrenckii was described and evaluated. It was demonstrated that the samples composed of hybrids from individual crosses were more variable than the samples of parental species. On the other hand, pooled samples of hybrids from two cross directions were genetically less variable than the pooled samples of their parents. The three main features of the hybrid RAPD profiles identified included: (1) preservation of marker DNA fragments of both parents in one genome; (2) presence of specific DNA fragments, absent from both parents; and (3) dependence of the frequency of some DNA fragments from the cross direction. Multidimensional scaling clearly distinguishes in the space of three coordinates the individuals of original species and the hybrid progeny with differentiation in the groups of direct and backcross hybrids. Analysis of relationships (UPGMA and NJ) pointed to substantial differentiation between the species, as well as between the species and hybrid progeny. Close genetic relationships between direct and backcross hybrids were demonstrated. Multilocus RAPD markers in association with statistical methods are considered to be the useful tool for discrimination of interspecific hybrids of sturgeon. Possible reasons for the differences in the hybrid RAPD profiles are discussed. Original Russian Text ? K.V. Rozhkovan, G.N. Chelomina, E.I. Rachek, 2008, published in Genetika, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 11, pp. 1453–1460.     

产氢菌Enterobacter sp.和Clostridium sp.的分离鉴定及产氢特性

在高温水体中分离得到2株具有较高产氢活性的微生物菌株Z-16和C-32。根据两菌株的16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定菌株Z-16为Enterobacter sp.,菌株C-32为Clostridium sp.。研究了起始pH值、反应温度、碳源等对菌株放氢活性的影响。菌株Z-16的最适产氢条件为：反应系统起始pH7.0,反应温度35℃,以蔗糖为产氢底物。在最适条件下,菌株Z-16的氢转化率为2.68mol H₂/mol蔗糖。菌株C-32的最适产氢条件为：反应系统起始pH 8.0,反应温度35℃,以麦芽糖为产氢底物。在最适条件下,菌株C-32的氢转化率为2.71mol H₂/mol 麦芽糖。以葡萄糖为碳源时,菌株Z-16和菌株C-32的氢转化率分别为2.35和2.48mol H₂/mol葡萄糖。     

产氢菌Enterobacter sp.和Clostridium sp.的分离鉴定及产氢特性

在高温水体中分离得到2株具有较高产氢活性的微生物菌株Z-16和C-32。根据两菌株的16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定菌株Z-16为Enterobacter sp.,菌株C-32为Clostridium sp.。研究了起始pH值、反应温度、碳源等对菌株放氢活性的影响。菌株Z-16的最适产氢条件为：反应系统起始pH7.0,反应温度35℃,以蔗糖为产氢底物。在最适条件下,菌株Z-16的氢转化率为2.68mol H₂/mol蔗糖。菌株C-32的最适产氢条件为：反应系统起始pH 8.0,反应温度35℃,以麦芽糖为产氢底物。在最适条件下,菌株C-32的氢转化率为2.71mol H₂/mol 麦芽糖。以葡萄糖为碳源时,菌株Z-16和菌株C-32的氢转化率分别为2.35和2.48mol H₂/mol葡萄糖。     

E.coli tRNALeu的提纯

本文报道一种E.coli tRNA^Leu简便而稳定的纯化方法。粗tRNA经过BD-Cellulose柱层析和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳两个步骤即可得到亮氨酸接受能力为1400pmol/A₂₆₀单位的tRNA^Leu。     

Three new species, Lamellodiscus tubulicornis n. sp., L. magnicornis n. sp. and L. parvicornis n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from Gymnocranius spp. (Lethrinidae: Monotaxinae) off New Caledonia, with the proposal of the new morphological group ‘tubulicornis’ within Lamellodiscus Johnston & Tiegs, 1922

Three new species of Lamellodiscus are described from four (including two undescribed) species of Gymnocranius off New Caledonia, South Pacific. All three species have a similar body anatomy and morphology of the haptoral hard parts and are distinguished on the basis of the male copulatory organ (MCO). Lamellodiscus tubulicornis n. sp. (type-host: G. grandoculis; other host: Gymnocranius sp. B) has an MCO with a tube and horn; L. magnicornis n. sp. (type-host: G. grandoculis; other hosts: G. euanus, Gymnocranius sp. A and Gymnocranius sp. B) has an MCO with a long horn and a membrane; L. parvicornis n. sp. (type-host: G. euanus; other hosts: G. grandoculis and Gymnocranius sp. B) has an MCO with a small horn and a membrane. Lamellodiscus epsilon Yamaguti, 1968 is redescribed based on the type-specimens (from Monotaxis grandoculis off Hawaii). Lamellodiscus sp. is recorded from Gnathodentex aureolineatus off New Caledonia. All these five species have lamellodiscs that exhibit a unique characteristic: the second lamella forms an almost closed circle, in contrast to all other described species of Lamellodiscus in which the second lamella has the form of one or two crescents. Lamellodiscus spp. are usually classified in two groups, the ‘ignoratus’ and ‘elegans’ groups, according to the structure of the lamellodisc; we propose a new ‘tubulicornis’ group for these five species. In addition to their lamellodisc structure, species of the tubulicornis group are also characterised by their egg (elongate in contrast to tetrahedral in the two other groups) and their hosts (monotaxine lethrinids as opposed to mainly sparids). The generic diagnosis of Lamellodiscus given by Amine & Euzet (2005) is amended to include species with elongate eggs.     

Acanthocephalus?amini n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from the freshwater fish Cichlasoma?urophthalmus (Günther) (Cichlidae) in Mexico

Acanthocephalus amini n. sp. (Palaeacanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) is described from the intestine of Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Günther) (Pisces: Cichlidae) collected in the Río Champotón, a river in Campeche State, Mexico. It is the fourth species of Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, 1771 described from North American freshwater fishes, although two other species are known from South America. The new species is distinguished from other members of Acanthocephalus by features of its trunk, which is small, clavate, slightly expanded medially and bluntly pointed posteriorly. It is further distinguished by having a cylindrical proboscis armed with 13–14 longitudinal rows of 11–12 stout hooks; the apical and medial proboscis hooks are almost uniform in size and shape, decreasing in size towards the base; the posteriormost hooks are smaller, straighter and more slender than the anterior and middle hooks; and the lateral rows of hooks are more widely spaced, forming a conspicuous longitudinal area devoid of hooks. Furthermore, the lemnisci are saccate and shorter than the proboscis receptacle; and the neck is very short with a thick collar of trunk tegument, which encircles the base of proboscis. In males, the testes are in the middle third of trunk, diagonal, spherical and small relative to the body size, and there are six clavate cement glands. In females, the uterus forms a conspicuous, elongate, cylindrical egg reservoir. The new species is most similar to A. alabamensis Amin & Williams, 1983, but can be distinguished by its swollen, clavate trunk, the largest proboscis hooks being present apically and medially, smaller testes, a shorter male reproductive system relative to body size and females with a prominent uterus. They have different hosts and geographical distribution. The new species can be differentiated from Brasacanthus sphoeroides Thatcher, 2001, a similar species in a monotypic echinorhynchid genus, because the latter is larger, has smaller proboscis hooks and its lemnisci are longer than the receptacle.     

Production of fertile somatic hybrids of Gossypium hirsutum?+?G. bickii and G. hirsutum?+?G. stockii via protoplast fusion

Fertile somatic hybrids were obtained via symmetric electrofusion of protoplasts from two combinations of tetraploid cotton (G. hirsutum cv. Coker 201, AD genome) and diploid wild cottons G. bickii (G genome) and G. stockii (E genome), respectively. Observation by morphological, flow cytometric analysis, chromosome counting and RAPD analysis of the tested hybrids of Coker 201 + G. bickii and Coker 201 + G. stockii confirmed the regenerated plants as hybrid status. Cytological investigation of the metaphase root-tip cells revealed there were 78 chromosomes in the hybrids. Flow cytometric analysis showed the tested plants had a relative DNA contents close to the total DNA contents of the two parents. RAPD analysis revealed the hybrids contained specific genomic fragments from both fusion partners, further confirmed their hybridity. The morphology of the hybrids was intermediate between the two fusion partners. The hybrid plants were successfully transferred to the soil, and they bloomed and set bolls. It is sure that the new hexaploids developed by cell fusion would contribute to cotton breeding through backcrossing with the elite genotypes of G. hirsutum.     

B.t.c. cry1C全长基因的克隆及其在增产菌中的表达*

设计的一对引物 ,对苏云金芽孢杆菌科默尔亚种 (Bacillusthuringiensissubsp .colmeri)1 5A3菌株中的cry1C基因进行PCR扩增 ,得到包括结构基因 ,调节基因在内的全长为40kb的PCR产物。经两步克隆 ,将此基因连接至穿梭表达载体pHT315上 ,得到重组质粒pHT 1C。通过电转化将其导入一株增产菌蜡状芽孢杆菌 (Bacilluscereus) 9509菌株 ,SDS-PAGE检测到 1条 60kD左右的蛋     

Induction of a Streptomyces cacaoi β-lactamase gene cloned in S. lividans

Summary The previously cloned class A -lactamase gene (bla) of Streptomyces cacaoi was shown to be inducible by -lactam compounds in the host organism S. lividans. A regulatory region of 2.75 kb was identified and the nucleotide sequence determined. It contained four open reading frames (ORFs) of which only two were complete and required for induction. ORF1-ORF2 exerted a positive regulatory effect on the expression of bla. Inactivation of ORF1 or of ORF2 resulted not only in the loss of induction, but also in a 30- to 60-fold decrease in the basal (non-induced) level of -lactamase production. ORF1 codes for a DNA-binding protein related to the AmpR repressor/activator, which controls the expression of ampC (class C -lactamase) genes in several Enterobacteria.     

Der Bienenfresser(Merops apiaster L.) in ?sterreich

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Versuche mit Klangattrappen zur Kl?rung der Verwandtschaft der Bauml?uferCerthia familiaris L.,C. brachydactyla Brehm undC. americana Bonaparte

Zusammenfassung Wildlebende Gartenbaumläufer- und Waldbaumläufer- werden durch ihren arteigenen, vom Tonband vorgespielten Gesang (Abb. 1) angelockt und zum Singen und Rufen veranlaßt (Tab. 1). Der Tonbandgesang der Zwillingsart löst dagegen keine, eine schwache oder in seltenen Fällen eine starke Reaktion aus. Ebenso schlecht, beim Waldbaumläufer vielleicht geringfügig besser, ist die Reaktion der Wald- und Gartenbaumläufer auf den Gesang des Amerikanischen Baumläufers und des Gartenbaumläufers auf seinen rückwärts vorgespielten Gesang. Ein Waldbaumläufer antwortete nicht nur auf den Gesang seiner Zwillingsart, sondern auch auf seinen arteigenen mit Gartenbaumläufer-Strophen; nur ganz selten sang er wie ein Waldbaumläufer (Abb. 2).Aus den Versuchsergebnissen wird gefolgert: Der Gesang der Baumläufer hat auf die der eigenen Art eine aggressive Wirkung. Die Kämpfe zwischen artverschiedenen Baumläufer- werden vermutlich optisch ausgelöst. Angehörige des Waldbaumläufers und des Amerikanischen Baumläufers würden sich in der Natur, wenn überhaupt, nicht ohne Einschränkung kreuzen; der Amerikanische Baumläufer sollte deshalb wieder als eigene Art geführt werden. Einige Einwände gegen die Art der Methode und die Folgerungen aus den Versuchen werden diskutiert.SummaryWild Short-toed Tree Creepers and Tree Creepers of the male sex, enticed by the song of their own species played on the tape recorder, can be motivated to sing and call in reply. In contrast, the recorded song of the sibling species evokes no, a slight, or in very few cases, a strong response. The reaction of the European creepers to the recorded song of the American Brown Creeper, and that of the Short-toed Tree Creeper to his song played in reverse is slight; the reaction of the Short-toed species to the song of the Brown-Creeper may be weaker than that of the Tree Creeper.A given individual of the Tree Creeper responded to the song of the sibling species, as well as to his own recorded song, with the song of the Short-toed species. Only rarely he sang like a Tree Creeper.As a result of these trials the following conclusions may be drawn: The songs of the creepers have an aggressive effect on the male members of the species. The fights between the males of the two creepers is supposedly optically released. Members of the European Tree Creepers and members of the American Brown Creepers would only cross-breed with limitations, if at all; the American Brown Creeper should therefore be treated as a separate species. Some objections to the methods used in the study and to the results which are concluded from the trials are discussed.Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. Herrn Prof. Dr.B. Hassenstein danke ich für den Arbeitsplatz in seinem Institut, Herrn Prof. Dr.O. Koehler für die Bereitstellung der Geräte und Herrn Dr.H. Löhrl für seine Kritik.     

Comparative cytogenetic analysis of the “Sylvaemus” group of Apodemus (Rodentia, Muridae): A. sylvaticus from Sicily and A. flavicollis from the central Apennines

Chromosome mapping of three common markers, ie major and 5S rRNA genes (rDNA) and telomeric repeats, and conventional chromosome bandings were applied to two sibling species, Apodemus sylvaticus Linnaeus, 1758 and A. flavicollis Melchior, 1834, to further investigate intra- and interspecific karyological differentiation in the genus Apodemus. A slight variation of the rDNA-patterns was detected between the two Apodemus species. In both of them, the major NORs were located on autosome pairs 8, 11, 12 and 22, while the two other rDNA sites detected on chromosomes 7 and 21 were variable in, respectively, A. sylvaticus and A. flavicollis. Several tiny rDNA sites were present on the sex chromosomes in both species, but their incidence was lower in A. flavicollis. Single 5S rDNA chromosomal sites were conserved on chromosome pair 20. No interstitial sites of telomeric repeats were present in either species. In the Sicilian population of A. sylvaticus, the constitutive heterochromatin pattern corresponded to the “sylvaticus-E1” cytotype, while A. flavicollis had a species-specific pattern restricted to centromeres of all chromosomes. The results are discussed in relation to cytogenetic data available for the genus, with emphasis on the Sylvaemus group/subgenus.     

Paraorygmatobothrium?taylori n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae) from the Australian weasel shark Hemigaleus?australiensis White, Last & Compagno (Carcharhiniformes: Hemigaleidae)

Paraorygmatobothrium taylori n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae) is described from the Australian weasel shark Hemigaleus australiensis White, Last & Compagno in Moreton Bay, off Queensland, Australia. The new species differs from 10 of the 11 described species of Paraorygmatobothrium Ruhnke, 1994 by the possession of prominent, semicircular bothridial muscle bands. From P. barberi Ruhnke, 1994, with which it shares the bothridial muscle bands, it differs in the possession of a cephalic peduncle and vitelline follicles that extend almost to the mid-line of the proglottis and are reduced, rather than completely interrupted, at the level of the ovary. P. janineae Ruhnke, Healy & Shapero, 2006 is recorded from its type–host but in a new locality, Moreton Bay, off Queensland, Australia. P. taylori is the third species of the genus recorded from the Hemigaleidae in Australian waters. Three of the eight known hemigaleid species are now recorded to harbour this genus, and three different species are now known from the two hemigaleids found in Australian waters.