SSR标记分析种子老化及繁殖世代对大豆“中黄18”种质遗传完整性的影响

选取大豆品种中黄18为试验材料,利用60对SSR核心引物对经过不同老化时间处理的群体及其繁殖后代群体进行遗传完整性分析。经过老化处理的群体及其繁殖子代群体与未经老化处理的对照群体相比,等位基因频率、有效等位基因数没有显著差异,结果表明经过老化处理种子及其繁殖子代群体的等位基因频率变化不大。未经老化处理、发芽率为98％的对照群体（G0-1）与其繁殖一代、繁殖二代群体相比,等位变异数、遗传多样性指数、香农指数和稀有等位基因数没有显著差异,且遗传一致度相对较高;而经过老化处理、发芽率低于85％的群体（G0-3和G0-4）及其后代繁殖群体与对照群体相比,等住变异数、遗传多样性指数、香农指数和稀有等位基因数显著或极显著降低,且遗传一致度相对较低。因此,种子老化较繁殖世代对大豆种质群体的遗传结构影响更大。     

SSR标记分析种子老化及繁殖世代对大豆种质遗传完整性的影响

选取大豆品种中黄18为试验材料,利用60对SSR核心引物对经过不同老化时间处理的群体及其繁殖后代群体进行遗传完整性分析。经过老化处理的群体及其繁殖子代群体与未经老化处理的对照群体相比,等位基因频率、有效等位基因数没有显著差异,结果表明经过老化处理种子及其繁殖子代群体的等位基因频率变化不大。未经老化处理、发芽率为98%的对照群体(G_0-1)与其繁殖一代、繁殖二代群体相比,等位变异数、遗传多样性指数、香农指数和稀有等位基因数没有显著差异,且遗传一致度相对较高;而经过老化处理、发芽率低于85%的群体(G_0-3和G_0-4)及其后代繁殖群体与对照群体相比,等位变异数、遗传多样性指数、香农指数和稀有等位基因数显著或极显著降低,且遗传一致度相对较低。因此,种子老化较繁殖世代对大豆种质群体的遗传结构影响更大。     

繁殖群体量及隔离对蚕豆种质遗传完整性的影响

为研究繁殖群体量和隔离方式对常异花授粉作物蚕豆种质繁殖更新的影响,以9份蚕豆地方种质为对象,以国家库保存的原种为对照群体,采用AFLP分子标记方法,对比了50株和20株群体量及开放无隔离群体和网棚隔离群体更新后代的遗传完整性差异。结果表明:与对照群体相比,50株和20株群体的多态性位点数、多态位点百分率、每位点有效等位基因数、香农指数、遗传多样性指数均出现不同程度下降,但下降幅度20株大于50株群体;遗传相似性和UPGMA聚类分析表明50株群体与对照群体的遗传相似性高于20株群体;网棚隔离可降低群体间串粉与花粉污染,但其遗传完整性却较开放无隔离群体低。     

利用SRAP和SSR分子标记检测分析29份棉花种质遗传完整性

利用SRAP和SSR分子标记检测29份棉花种质遗传完整性。结果表明,无论每一份不同更新发芽率水平繁殖后代的种质之间,还是每一份不同繁殖世代数种质之间,其等位基因频率差异不显著,也没有检测到稀有等位基因缺失的情况。本试验表明不同更新发芽率水平和繁殖世代数差异没有对棉花这种常异花授粉作物种质遗传完整性变化产生影响。     

基于SSR标记的广东栽培益智群体遗传多样性分析

为了解广东栽培益智(Alpinia oxyphylla)群体的遗传多样性,采用SSR分子标记技术对166份种质的遗传差异进行研究。结果表明,14对SSR引物共检测到88个等位基因,每对引物检测的有效等位基因为1.198~3.279,平均2.599;Shannon多样性信息指数为0.736~1.890,平均1.107。方差分析表明20.87%的变异来自组间,79.13%的变异来自组内。基于主成分分析和遗传结构分析表明,供试166份益智样本可分为4大类群,但没有反映出形态特征的规律性。因此,益智种质资源具有较高遗传多样性,且遗传变异主要发生在群体内,群体间的遗传分化较低,且基于表型性状的类型划分和基于SSR分子标记的聚类未能实现一致性。     

利用SSR标记研究茄子种质资源遗传多样性

本研究利用105个SSR分子标记分析了50份茄子种质资源遗传多样性。105对SSR引物中筛选出的20对多态性含量较高的引物,在50份茄子品种组成的群体中共检测出91个等位基因,平均每个基因位点检测到4.55个等位基因。PIC的变幅为0.202 1~0.735 6,平均为0.401 2。根据遗传距离并结合UPGMA聚类分析可将50份种质分为10个类群。SSR分子标记与品种资源性状聚类分析基本一致。     

野生杏和栽培杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

利用SSR分子标记结合荧光毛细管电泳检测技术,研究了野生杏和栽培杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构,结果显示:27个SSR位点,平均每个位点检测到17.82个等位基因(Na)和7.44个有效等位基因(Ne),平均Shannon's信息指数(I)为2.23,平均期望杂合度(He)和观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.70和0.52。基于SSR位点,群体水平上平均等位基因数、有效等位基因数、期望杂合度、观察杂合度和Shannon's信息指数分别为6.59、4.15、0.70、0.53和1.50,说明我国杏种质资源遗传多样性丰富,其中野生杏资源遗传多样性明显高于栽培杏资源,野生杏中西伯利亚杏种质遗传多样性最高且具有较多的特异等位基因,而栽培杏中仁用杏遗传多样性最低,特有等位基因较少。聚类分析将供试159份种质分为4组。群体遗传结构分析将159份种质划分为5个类群,分类情况与传统形态指标划分基本一致。通过本研究可知,我国杏资源遗传多样性丰富,遗传结构较为复杂;西伯利亚杏与栽培杏亲缘关系较远;野生普通杏与栽培杏具有类似的遗传结构,推测野生普通杏为栽培杏原始种;仁用杏遗传多样性较低,遗传背景狭窄。本研究结果可为杏资源新品种选育及持续利用提供重要的理论依据。     

基于遗传多样性构建金针菇的核心种质群体及分子身份证

金针菇Flammulina filiformis是我国产量最高的工厂化栽培食用菌。为提高优良工厂化栽培金针菇种质的育种效率,本研究以国内外收集的105份金针菇种质为材料,开展体细胞不亲和评价,并采用SSR分子标记的方法对所有种质进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。20对SSR引物在105份种质中共扩增得到209个等位基因位点,所有种质间的遗传相似系数为0.71-1.00,在遗传距离0.76处可分为5个大类群。105份金针菇种质共包含67种不同的遗传背景,野生金针菇种质比栽培种质具有更丰富的遗传多样性。基于SSR的聚类分析结果和体细胞不亲和评价结果既相互印证,又可互为借鉴。本研究构建了包含44份金针菇种质的核心种质群体,占所有供试材料的41.90%,保留了100%等位基因。核心种质群体覆盖区域广泛,最大限度地保留了原始群体的遗传多样性和表型变异,可为育种的亲本选择提供参考。进一步构建了能同时反映每份金针菇种质SSR分子标记指纹图谱、收集地区、子实体颜色和栽培性状的分子身份证编码,并转换成可视二维码,为金针菇种质的高效标识和快速溯源提供了科学依据。     

小桐子EST-SSR分子标记的开发与种质遗传多样性分析

小桐子（Jatrophacurcm）适应性强,不择土壤,种子油脂性能适宜生物柴油的生产,是重要的生物柴油植物。基于小桐子种子发育过程中的EST序列,采用生物信息学方法,从4640个EST非冗余序列上鉴别了1009个SSR位点并分析其分布特征;开发了11对多态的EST—SSR分子标记,并利用这些分子标记调查了24个不同地理种源的遗传多样性,从每个位点的等位基因数目（2—3,平均为2．45）、期望杂合度（He为0．0887—0．5128,平均是0．2736）、多态信息含量（PIC为0．0847～0．4031,平均是0．2313）等方面反映了小桐子种质的遗传多样性低。进一步分析显示不同地理种源的遗传关系缺乏明显的地理结构。作者开发的EST—SSR分子标记不仅有助于小桐子种质的遗传多样性研究,也有助于小桐子种质间的遗传关系鉴别。     

杜梨实生繁殖群体遗传多样性的SSR分析

为了解不同数量杜梨实生群体组的遗传多样性,从59株人工培育的实生杜梨群体中随机抽取5、8、10、15、20、30和40株组成不同的群体组,利用29对SSR引物对杜梨不同群体遗传特性进行分析。结果表明:(1)7个不同的群体组的多态位点数120～253个、多态位点百分率47.00%～89.83%、Nei’s遗传多样性指数0.128 8～0.145 4、香农指数0.205 8～0.255 4、平均等位基因数1.470 0～1.988 3和有效等位基因数1.196 1～1.203 4。(2)各群体组与对照群体组的遗传多样性指数的比较结果表明,大于15株的群体组与对照群体组相比,群体大小对群体组内遗传多样性水平没有显著性影响。(3)通过对各群体组内的稀有等位基因数目及其变化(增加/减少)分析表明,群体大小可显著影响杜梨种质实生群体内稀有等位基因的数目变化,主要是减少稀有等位基因的数目。研究认为,杜梨种质保存、更新的适宜群体量为15株以上。     

靶标昆虫杨扇舟蛾对转Bt基因741杨胁迫效应的SSR分析

应用SSR分子标记技术,研究了以不同抗性转基因741杨为食物的杨扇舟蛾实验种群的遗传分化,探讨以转Bt基因杨树作为食物对靶标昆虫的胁迫效应.利用筛选出的10对引物,分别对经取食转基因741杨高抗品系‘Pb29’、中抗品系‘Pb17’及未转基因杨(对照)筛选出的杨扇舟蛾实验种群进行遗传多样性和遗传分化研究.结果表明: 10对引物共检测到76条等位基因,平均等位基因7.6个,平均有效等位基因为2.2,平均观测杂合度为0.5167,平均期望杂合度为0.5167,平均多态位点百分率达96.7%.经取食转基因741杨筛选出的杨扇舟蛾实验种群的遗传多样性水平显著高于未转基因种群,且取食转基因741杨的杨扇舟蛾与CK样本间的遗传相似性最低,表明经取食转Bt基因杨树的杨扇舟蛾实验种群遗传多样性有增高趋势.基于SSR分析,转基因741杨对杨扇舟蛾实验种群的胁迫筛选效应明显.     

Recovery process of genetic diversity through seed and pollen immigration at the northernmost leading-edge population of Fagus crenata

The range expansion of a plant species begins with colonization of ecological empty patches from posterior source populations. This process involves stochastic loss of genetic diversity. However, the founder population could restore genetic diversity by gene flow from posterior populations via seeds and pollen and its recovery affects evolutionary potential for species expansion. To clarify the recovery process of genetic diversity during species range expansion, gene flow via seeds and pollen was investigated at the expansion front of Fagus crenata. Based on eight nuclear microsatellite genotypes of a total of 150 individuals and 225 seeds at the northernmost leading-edge population, genetic diversity, fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS), and genetic differentiation from other five northern populations were investigated. Moreover, both seed and pollen immigration and their effects on genetic diversity at different successional stages were analyzed. The leading-edge population showed lower genetic diversity and substantial genetic differentiation, reflecting its strong genetic drift. Non-significant FSGS and a negative inbreeding coefficient for mature trees may indicate that the earliest generation consisted of founders from foreign seed sources. The significant proportion of seed and pollen immigration increased the number of different alleles for later successional stages. The effective number of pollen parents from foreign sources (20.8) was markedly higher than that from the local source (2.1). These results indicated that pollen immigration incorporated new and rare alleles and increased the genetic diversity of the population. However, the proportion of foreign gene flow decreased during succession, probably due to the increased reproductive success of local individuals as they reached maturity and grew in size.     

靶标昆虫杨扇舟蛾对转Bt基因741杨胁迫效应的SSR分析

应用SSR分子标记技术,研究了以不同抗性转基因741杨为食物的杨扇舟蛾实验种群的遗传分化,探讨以转Bt基因杨树作为食物对靶标昆虫的胁迫效应.利用筛选出的10对引物,分别对经取食转基因741杨高抗品系‘Pb29’、中抗品系‘Pb17’及未转基因杨(对照)筛选出的杨扇舟蛾实验种群进行遗传多样性和遗传分化研究.结果表明: 10对引物共检测到76条等位基因,平均等位基因7.6个,平均有效等位基因为2.2,平均观测杂合度为0.5167,平均期望杂合度为0.5167,平均多态位点百分率达96.7%.经取食转基因741杨筛选出的杨扇舟蛾实验种群的遗传多样性水平显著高于未转基因种群,且取食转基因741杨的杨扇舟蛾与CK样本间的遗传相似性最低,表明经取食转Bt基因杨树的杨扇舟蛾实验种群遗传多样性有增高趋势.基于SSR分析,转基因741杨对杨扇舟蛾实验种群的胁迫筛选效应明显.     

濒危植物翅果油树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用微卫星（SSR）标记对来自山西和陕西两省的7个翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollisDiels）种群进行遗传多样性和遗传结构研究。10对SSR标记共检测到126个位点,其中多态位点114个。在物种水平上,平均多态位点百分率为90.79%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.6072、0.3166、0.4603;在种群水平上,多态位点百分率为61.99%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）、Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.5445、0.2683、0.3815。遗传分化系数GST为0.2074,表明了翅果油树种群的遗传变异主要存在于种群内。基因流Nm为1.9111〉1,说明种群间基因交流可以阻止由于遗传漂变导致的遗传分化。聚类结果表明,翅果油树种群间的遗传距离与地理距离有一定的相关性,经Mantel检验,种群的地理距离与遗传距离之间呈正相关,但未达到显著水平（p〉0.05）。结果表明,遗传多样性水平与物种本身特性和不同干扰生境有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

蕙兰SSR引物开发及渝贵川地区兰属遗传多样性研究

采用磁珠富集法对野生蕙兰DNA进行SSR引物开发,并以开发出的多态性引物为研究工具,选取来自渝、贵、川3省(市)的9个野生兰属居群为研究对象,探讨遗传多样性与其地理位置分布的关系,从而在分子水平上为如何保护兰属植物提供有利参考。结果显示:8对SSR引物共扩增出53个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因为6.6250个,平均多态性位点百分率为98.6%。兰属植株个体间存在交配不平衡现象,Nei′s多样性指数范围为0.3158~0.8661,Shannon信息多样性指数变化范围为0.8833~1.3557。重庆黔江野生兰属居群的遗传多样性最高,79.97%的遗传分化存在于居群内,20.03%的遗传分化存在于居群间,居群内的变异高于居群间,基因流Nm<1,遗传漂变在兰属的遗传分化中起一定的作用。通过比较居群间遗传聚类结果与兰属植株采集地理位置的关系,发现野生兰花居群的划分在分子遗传学水平受其地理因素的影响较大。     

Comparison of genetic variation in populations of wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, plants and their soil seed banks

Wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, has endangered species conservation status and it is subject to in situ conservation in China. To understand the potential of the seed bank in species conservation and population restoration, this study compared the genetic diversity of O. rufipogon plants with that of its soil seed banks in two marshes. A total of 11 pairs of rice SSR primers were used and 9 were polymorphic. Allele frequencies of the seeds differed significantly from those of surface plants and varied between soil layers. Relatively more alleles and higher genetic diversity (H _e) were found in plant populations, relative to seed banks. The numbers of germinable seeds and the level of genetic variation in seed banks decreased with the increasing of soil depth, indicating a rapid seed loss. Genetic differentiation was detected between sites and between plant and seed populations, as well as among seeds of different soil strata. Rapid seed loss, partly dormancy loss, and nonrandom seed mortality are discussed as the possible contributors to the pattern of reduced genetic variation within seed banks, compared to plants. These could also be responsible for the considerable genetic differentiation between populations. The seed population held about 72% of the total genetic variation of O. rufipogon in each marsh, indicating the potential of seed banks for restoring population variabilities if the plant populations were lost.     

How do population genetic parameters affect germination of the heterocarpic species Atriplex tatarica (Amaranthaceae)?

Background and Aims

The heterocarpic species Atriplex tatarica produces two types of seeds. In this study, how basic population genetic parameters correlate with seed germinability under various experimental conditions was tested.

Methods

Population genetic diversity was ascertained in eight populations of A. tatarica by assessing patterns of variation at nine allozyme loci. Germinability of both seed types from all sampled populations was determined by a common laboratory experiment under different salinity levels. Basic population genetic parameters, i.e. percentage of polymorphic loci, average number of alleles per locus and observed heterozygosity were correlated with observed population germination characteristics.

Key Results

Atriplex tatarica possesses a remarkable heterocarpy, i.e. one type of seed is non-dormant and the other shows different dormancy levels in relation to experimental conditions. Significant negative correlations have been detected between germination of both seed types and the coefficient of inbreeding, and a significant negative correlation between germination of dormant seeds and other population genetic parameters, i.e. percentage of polymorphic loci and average number of alleles per polymorphic locus. Moreover, populations from the region characterized by a shorter growing season manifested higher germinability, i.e. had lower dormancy, than those from the lower-latitude one.

Conclusions

In general, germination of non-dormant seeds is probably not under strong genetic control. Hence, they germinate as soon as conditions are favourable, thus ensuring survival in the short term, but populations risk local extinction if conditions become adverse (i.e. a high-risk strategy). In contrast, germination of the dormant type of seeds is under stronger genetic control and is significantly correlated with basic population genetic parameters. These seeds ensure long-term reproduction and survival in the field by protracted germination, albeit in low quantities (i.e. A. tatarica also adopts a low-risk strategy).Key words: Amaranthaceae, Atriplex, inbreeding depression, population genetics, seed dimorphism     

Small population size limits reproduction in an invasive grass through both demography and genetics

Small populations of founding individuals or survivors of incomplete management programs often represent critical transitions in biological invasions. Theory predicts that population size affects reproduction and, consequently, a population’s expansion, but there are few empirical tests, and fewer that account for the reduced genetic diversity that often accompanies small population size. We created experimental small populations of invasive ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) with population size varying independently from genetic diversity. Treatment independence was achieved by cloning plants to increase population size without changing diversity. Plant fitness was measured as the proportion of florets producing a seed. We analyzed the effects of population size, genetic diversity, and their interaction using ANCOVAs, one of which accounted for variation in individual plant growth. As predicted, smaller populations produced significantly lower proportion seed set. Low genetic diversity also reduced seed set, but this was best interpreted as part of a significant interaction with population size. Specifically, the effect of population size on the proportion seed set was over five times larger for populations in the medium genetic diversity treatment than the highest diversity treatment, and 6.7 times larger for populations with the lowest level of diversity. Population size variation had biologically meaningful consequences, as the rate of seed set within the low diversity treatment increased by 80 % with increasing population size. The results indicate that both the demographics and genetics of populations can influence reproduction and invasive potential, and must be considered when assessing risk and designing management plans for invasive plants.     

Relationships between Population Size, Genetic Diversity and Fitness Components in the Rare Plant Dictamnus albus in Central Germany

An increasing number of studies support the hypothesis that smaller populations face a higher risk of extinction, and declining population sizes are therefore one of the focal points in plant conservation. In small populations, loss of genetic diversity is often related to reduced reproductive fitness. For the rare Dictamnus albus in Central Germany, an earlier study had already confirmed a significant correlation between population size and genetic diversity. In order to assess whether these variables correlate with fitness components, plant height; flower, fruit and seed production; and germination were studied in a total of 11 populations of different size. In the seven populations that were sampled over two consecutive years, differences among populations and among years were tested using a Two-Way ANOVA. Co-linearity among variables was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA), followed by calculating correlations between ordination axes and both population size and genetic diversity. Plant height and flower number were uncorrelated to the other variables and, together with germination, did not show any correlation to either population size or genetic diversity. However, both size and genetic diversity of populations correlated significantly with other PCA axes that reflected reproductive components such as fruit number, seed number, seed fruit ratio, and seed mass. Our results support the idea that reproduction is hampered in small populations and raise concerns over the loss of genetic diversity in D. albus.