广东湛江鲤鱼墩遗址人骨的C、N稳定同位素分析:华南新石器时代先民生活方式初探

相对于长江流域和黄河流域而言,华南地区先民生活方式的了解一直较为缺乏。广东湛江鲤鱼墩遗址人骨的C和N稳定同位素分析,显示此遗址的先民主要以海生类资源为食,陆生资源(包括可能的块茎类原始农业和动物)只占次要地位。通过与约同时代黄河流域、长江流域先民的稳定同位素数据比较,可以看出,早在6000年前,我国先民的生活方式就已出现3大类型。     

俄罗斯远东地区特罗伊茨基靺鞨墓地人骨的稳定同位素分析

稳定同位素分析技术近年来发展为复原古代民族饮食结构、社会经济模式的有效手段。本文应用该技术首次对俄罗斯远东地区特罗伊茨基靺鞨墓地出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示,特罗伊茨基墓地古代靺鞨居民日常饮食习惯中保持着较高比例的动物性食物摄入,植物类食物的摄入中C3类植物的比重较高。结合其他相关资料,初步推测该组靺鞨居民已经有一定农业,渔猎业和饲养业在经济生活中占据重要地位,黑水靺鞨和粟末靺鞨的经济类型有所差别。本文的研究结果可以为复原古代民族的经济模式研究提供有益的线索。     

内蒙古巴彦淖尔市纳林套海汉墓出土人骨的稳定同位素分析

稳定同位素分析技术近年来发展为复原古代民族食物结构、社会经济模式的有效手段。本文应用该技术对内蒙古自治区纳林套海汉代墓葬出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果表明, 纳林套海汉代居民日常饮食结构中保持着非常高的动物性食物摄入, 植物类食物的摄入中以C4类植物为主。结合其他相关研究结果, 我们认为西汉王朝通过实施移民屯垦和属国等政策, 大力推动了河套地区的农业和畜牧业生产, 改变了河套地区原有的经济模式和人们的饮食结构。本文的研究结果可以为复原汉代北部边疆的经济模式研究提供有益的线索和证据。     

内蒙古察右前旗庙子沟遗址新石器时代人骨的稳定同位素分析

稳定同位素分析技术近年来发展为复原古代民族食物结构、社会经济模式的有效手段。本文在应用该技术对庙子沟新石器时代遗址出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示,庙子沟新石器时代居民日常饮食习惯中保持着相当比例的动物性食物摄入,植物类食物的摄入中以C4类植物为主。结合其他相关资料,我们认为该组居民是以农业生产方式为主,狩猎业、采集业和渔猎业在经济生活中占据重要地位。本文的研究结果可以为复原新石器时代北方农牧交错带居民的经济模式研究提供有益的线索。     

早期鲜卑人和动物骨骼的稳定同位素分析

本文对呼伦贝尔地区扎赉诺尔、团结和东乌珠尔早期鲜卑墓地出土的人和动物骨骼进行了稳定同位素分析,以期揭示早期鲜卑的食物结构和生计方式。C、N稳定同位素分析结果表明,早期鲜卑人的食物来源兼具C_3类和C_4类,其中C_4类食物很可能来自其从事的少量粟作农业。人具有较高的δ~(15)N值,且与动物的δ~(15)N值差异较大,表明人的营养级较高,肉食资源在食物结构中占据较大比重,这可能来自于早期鲜卑人所从事的游牧及狩猎经济的贡献。C、N、S稳定同位素分析结果表明,动物和人的食物来源来自于当地的陆生系统,而个体马(DW M3(1))具有较高的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值以及明显不同于其他样品的异常高的δ~(34)S值,说明此个体可能属于来自于其他地质环境的"外来者"。     

华北民族融合进程中人群生存方式及对健康的影响——以北京延庆西屯村墓地为例

探讨农耕民族与游牧民族之间的相互交融和融合,对揭示中华民族的形成和发展过程极具重要意义。目前,历史文献与人群体质特征的研究,为了解华北地区东周以后人群的混合和交流提供了丰富的线索,但在民族交融过程中生存方式的转变及其对人群健康的影响尚缺乏细致地研究。为此,本文以北京延庆西屯村墓地汉魏时期的人骨为对象,对其开展C、N稳定同位素分析,并紧密结合体质人类学研究成果及历史文献,揭示自汉至北朝期间先民生存方式的变迁及对人群健康状况的影响。研究表明,先民食物中包含大量的C₄类,反映了粟黍农作物种植业在先民生存方式中占有重要地位;自汉至北朝,先民的δ ¹³C值明显升高,可能与民族融合进程中统治阶级对农业经济的重视和多项利农措施的实施密切相关;而北朝时期人群死亡高峰的推后及女性平均身高的增高,则可能与农业经济的发展改善人群的营养健康相关。本文通过对人骨稳定同位素的分析与人骨体质特征的有机结合,为揭示我国民族间融合进程中人群生存方式的变迁及健康状况提供了新的研究视角。     

辽宁北票喇嘛洞遗址出土人骨稳定同位素分析

喇嘛洞遗址是我国北方地区一处以三燕文化墓葬为主的大型墓地,对其出土人骨进行C和N稳定同位素分析,可望了解先民的食谱,揭示其生活方式进而探索鲜卑与汉的相互联系。该遗址20个墓葬出土人骨的C、N含量以及C/N摩尔比反映了样品均保存较好,可用作食谱分析。人骨中骨胶原δ13C和δ15N分析显示,先民主要以C4类食物为食,且基本为素食,这当与发达的糜子和粟米农业密切相关,表明喇嘛洞遗址鲜卑生活方式已受到汉文化的强烈影响,由游猎为生转变为农业生产为主。对不同性别的先民食谱差异性进行t检验,发现男女食谱上不存在显著差异。样品BLM63和BLM99的δ15N值相对较高,揭示了其食物结构中含有一定量的肉类。     

封面说明

<正>鼎湖山生物圈保护区森林景观(张倩媚摄)。熊鑫等通过对鼎湖山森林演替序列植物-土壤碳氮同位素自然丰度的测定,分析了叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ~(13)C)和稳定氮同位素比率(δ~(15)N)与其叶片元素含量的关系,叶片-凋落物-土壤δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N沿演替方向以及土壤δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N沿剖面深度的变化特征,借此探讨该地区植物群落对资源的利用策略以及森林演替过程中碳氮元素循环过程的变化(本期533–542页)。     

水生动物碳氮稳定同位素富集系数的整合分析

同位素富集系数即动物组织与其食物之间同位素丰度（δ）的差异值(Δ),是稳定性同位素技术应用于生态系统营养关系、食性和食物网研究的重要参数.不同生境条件下和不同物种之间的富集系数通常被认为是相对稳定的,但越来越多的研究发现,富集系数在不同类型动物之间存在明显差异而不是一个恒定值,尽管这一差异范围仍不清楚.本文进行了3种不同权重设置方式的整合分析,综述并比较了4类水生动物(硬骨鱼类、甲壳类、爬行类、软体动物)的碳氮稳定同位素富集系数.在Web of Science和CNKI数据库上搜索2014年底之前发表的论文,获得了42篇包含140个Δ¹³C的研究结果和159个Δ¹⁵N的研究结果.使用3种不同的加权方式进行3次独立整合分析,3种加权方式分别是以方差倒数作为权重、以样本量作为权重和相等权重.结果表明,整合分析统计结果十分稳健,不同权重设置的分析结果差异很小.水生动物碳稳定同位素富集系数(Δ^13C)总体平均值为1.0‰,其中,硬骨鱼类1.0‰,甲壳类1.3‰,爬行类0.5‰,软体动物1.5‰;氮稳定同位素富集系数(Δ¹⁵N)总体平均值为2.6‰,其中,硬骨鱼类2.4‰,甲壳类3.6‰,爬行类1.0‰,软体动物2.5‰.统计分析表明,硬骨鱼类、甲壳类、爬行类、软体动物之间的Δ¹³C没有显著差异,而Δ¹⁵N存在显著差异.因此,应用稳定性同位素技术研究水生动物营养关系、食性和食物网中碳富集系数可以选择总体平均值,而氮富集系数则应根据不同水生动物类型选取相应的系数值.     

夏季若尔盖高寒湿地水生生物群落食物网结构特征

为了解若尔盖高寒湿地夏季水生生物群落食物网结构及营养关系特征,应用稳定同位素技术分析了若尔盖湿地 3个不同区域(ZS1、ZS2和ZS3)水生生物群落碳、氮稳定同位素比值,并计算了13C-15N同位素生态位中的6个营养结构量化指标。结果显示:外源性营养源陆生植物13C、15N值分别为-28.23- -26.07,-1.20-5.98; 内源性营养源颗粒有机物 (POM:主要成分为藻类)和水生植物13C、15N值分别为-26.39- -21.17、-25.37- -24.15,3.68-6.61、3.50-4.01; 其中POM样品13C、15N组成存在明显的区域性差异(P0.05,P0.001)。食物网营养结构分析显示若尔盖湿地外源性碳源输入(优势陆生植物)对于维持该水域生态系统结构稳定有着十分重要的作用。若尔盖湿地水域食物网营养级介于2-3,暗示了其生态系统结构的相对脆弱性。同位素量化指标标记发现若尔盖湿地水生动物群落生态结构存在明显的空间异质性,可能与若尔盖湿地发达的畜牧产业相关。     

Stable isotope ratio analysis of breastfeeding and weaning practices of children from medieval Fishergate House York,UK

Rib collagen of 51 juveniles and 11 adult females from the late medieval Fishergate House cemetery site (York, UK) were analyzed using nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratio analysis to determine the weaning age for this population and to reconstruct diet. The juveniles' ages ranged from fetal to 5–6 years, while the females were of reproductive age. Previous researchers suggested that the children from Fishergate House might have been weaned later than the medieval British norm of 2 years, based on a mortality peak at 4–6 years of age. The results show weaning was complete by 2 years of age, agreeing with previous British weaning studies. The adult female δ¹⁵N values have a mean of 11.4‰ ± 1.1‰ and the δ¹³C values have a mean of ?19.4‰ ± 0.4‰. These findings are consistent with previous isotopic studies of female diet in York during this period, though slightly lower. The weaned juvenile nitrogen values were found to be higher than the adult females (12.4‰ ± 1.0‰ for δ¹⁵N and ?19.7‰ ± 0.5‰ for δ¹³C), which might indicate a dependence on higher trophic level proteins such as marine fish or pork. Marine fish is considered a high status food and children are considered low‐status individuals at this time, making this a particularly interesting finding. Weaning does not appear to coincide with peak mortality, suggesting environment factors may be playing a larger role in child mortality at Fishergate House. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:407–416, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Using stable isotope analysis to examine the effect of economic change on breastfeeding practices in Spitalfields, London, UK

Breastfeeding patterns were subject to a number of fads in 18th and 19th century Britain. Feeding infants by hand, rather than maternal breastfeeding or wet-nursing, became more prevalent among both the wealthy and poor. Substitute foods may have been a convenient alternative for mothers employed away from the household. This study used stable isotope ratio analysis to examine the weaning schedule in the 18th and 19th century skeletal assemblage from Spitalfields, London, UK. Analysis of 72 juvenile ribs revealed δ(15) N elevations of 2-3‰ above the adult mean for individuals up to the age of two, while elevations of 1-2‰ were observed in δ(13) C for the first year of life. This suggests that the introduction of solid foods took place before the end of the first year, and that breastfeeding had entirely ceased by 2 years of age. The age at death of many of these infants is known from historical records, and can be used to pinpoint the amount of time required for the breast milk signal to be observed in the stable isotope ratios of rib collagen. Results show that a δ(15) N elevation can be detected in the ribs of individuals who died as young as 5-6 weeks. Not all individuals at Spitalfields were breastfed, and there may not have been a single uniformly practiced weaning scheme. There is, however, more evidence for prolonged breastfeeding during the 19th century than the 18th century.     

Dismembering bodies for display: a bioarchaeological study of trophy heads from the Wari site of Conchopata, Peru

This study integrates isotopic, palaeopathological, and historical evidence to investigate infant and young child feeding practices in a Roman period (1st to 3rd centuries AD) skeletal sample from the Isola Sacra necropolis (Rome, Italy). Stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from 37 rib samples indicates that transitional feeding began by the end of the first year and weaning occurred by 2-2.5 years of age. Both delta(15)N and delta(13)C data clearly show the trophic level effect associated with breastfeeding. Childhood diet is investigated using dental pathology data in the deciduous dentitions of 78 individuals aged between 1 and 12 years. The presence of calculus, caries, and tooth wear in young children suggests that individuals were provided complementary foods and other items that impacted their dental health at an early age. The isotopic and dental data are generally consistent with the historical evidence from the Roman period with respect to the general timetable of weaning and the character of complementary foods. This is the first study to integrate isotopic and deciduous dental pathology data to explore infant and young child feeding practices in the Roman world.     

流溪河水库颗粒有机物及浮游动物碳、氮稳定同位素特征

为了解影响流溪河水库颗粒有机物(POM)碳和氮稳定同位素(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)变化的主要因素,及其与浮游动物δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N之间的关系,于2008年5月至12月份对POM及浮游动物的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N进行了研究。颗粒有机物碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C_POM)和氮稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N_POM)的季节性变化幅度分别为5.1‰和2.2‰,5月和7月份δ¹³C_POM较高,而在10月和12月份降低,这主要与降雨将大量外源有机物带入水库而引起的外源及内源有机物在POM组成上发生变化有关。δ¹⁵N_POM总体呈上升趋势,可能是由降雨引起的外源负荷、初级生产力、生物固氮等因素共同作用的结果。浮游动物的δ¹³C及δ¹⁵N总的变化趋势与POM的相似,也具有明显的季节性变化,食物来源的季节变化可能是造成其变化的主要原因。在5月份,浮游动物的食物来源为POM中δ¹³C较高的部分,也就是外源有机物,而在10月及12月份,其食物则可能主要为浮游植物。     

Relationships between growth traits and scale stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) of adult chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in Hokkaido,Japan

Stable isotope analysis (SIA) in combination with growth analysis using scales collected from adult chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta migrating back to Hokkaido, Japan, was performed to describe the variation of isotopic composition of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) in scales and to examine relationships with growth traits [age, fork length (FL), and relative growth ratio in the last growth period [(RGR^last)]. Scale stable isotope (SI) values in 3‐ to 6‐year‐old fish were highly variable, ranging from ?17.6‰ to ?14.3‰ for δ¹³C and 9.5‰ to 13.4‰ for δ¹⁵N. The δ¹⁵N was positively correlated with FL, and this tendency may indicate changes in trophic level with growth. Significant effect was not detected between δ¹⁵N and RGR^last, it can be inferred that factors potentially yielding high δ¹⁵N may not necessarily result in higher growth rates. No trend found between FL and δ¹³C may imply that there is no clear segregation in feeding locations between the 3‐ to 6‐year groups. This study provided basic information for scale SI values of chum salmon adults and indicated that SIA using scales could be a new approach to elucidating the trophic ecology of chum salmon.     

Oxygen isotope analysis of human bone phosphate evidences weaning age in archaeological populations

Here we report bone phosphate oxygen (δ¹⁸O_p) values from perinates/neonates and infants (<3.5 years; n = 32); children (4–12 years; n = 12); unsexed juveniles (16–18 years; n = 2); and adult bones (n = 17) from Wharram Percy, North Yorkshire, England, in order to explore the potential of this method to investigate patterns of past breastfeeding and weaning. In prior studies, δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C analyses of bone collagen have been utilized to explore weaning age in this large and well‐studied assemblage, rendering this material highly appropriate for the testing and development of this alternative method targeting the inorganic phase of bone. Data produced reveal ¹⁸O‐enrichment in the youngest perinatal/neonatal and infant samples, and an association between age and bone δ¹⁸O_p (and previously‐published δ¹⁵N values), with high values in both these isotope systems likely due to breastfeeding. After the age of 2–3 years, δ¹⁸O_p values are lower, and all children between the ages of 4 and 12, along with the vast majority of sub‐adults and adults sampled (aged 16 to >50 years), have δ¹⁸O_p values consistent with the consumption of local modern drinking water. The implications of this study for the reconstruction of weaning practices in archaeological populations are discussed, including variations observed with bone δ¹⁵N_coll and δ¹⁸O_p co‐analysis and the influence of culturally‐modified drinking water and seasonality. The use of this method to explore human mobility and palaeoclimatic conditions are also discussed with reference to the data presented. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:226–241, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

新疆巴里坤东黑沟遗址出土人骨的碳氮同位素分析

本文以新疆巴里坤东黑沟遗址出土的人骨为研究对象, 测定骨中的碳、氮同位素比值, 揭示该地区古代先民的食谱特征, 探索当时人们的生活与生产方式、经济形态等历史信息。研究结果发现: 人骨样品的δ13C值分布在-18.96‰~-17.74‰范围内, 样品的δ15N值均较高, 分布在12.64‰~14.33‰范围内, 表明新疆巴里坤东黑沟遗址先民的食物结构是肉类食物在日常饮食生活占有相当大的比例。根据考古发掘出土的动植物遗存, 肉类的获取应来源于驯养的牛、羊等或部分狩猎所得的鹿等动物, 植物性食物主要来源于大麦、小麦等C3类作物, 这与其生活的环境和以游牧为主, 农业和狩猎为辅的经济形态密切相关; 男性与女性的食物结构相同。     

山西晋中小南庄墓地人骨的C、N稳定同位素:试析小麦在山西的推广

小麦何时何地对中国北方传统的粟黍农业产生影响是近些年学术界研究的焦点问题之一。相关研究表明,小麦对中国北方不同地区粟黍农业的影响存在时间上的差异。古文献及考古研究表明,小麦在龙山时期就开始在中国北方地区出现,但直到东周及其后才逐步对粟黍农业产生显著的影响。为了探索小麦在东周时期在山西地区推广的程度和其对先民食物结构和生业经济的影响程度及其背后的内在动因等,本文选取晋中小南庄墓地东周时期人骨进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,结果显示先民的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值都比较集中(δ~(13)C值的范围为-9.0‰～-7.5‰,均值为-8.0‰±0.4‰,n=16;δ~(15)N值的范围为9.0‰-11.7‰,均值为10.5‰±0.9‰;n=16),说明他们以C_4类食物为主,也有少量C_3类食物,但动物蛋白消费有所区分。据他们对动物蛋白占有的不同,晋中小南庄墓地东周时期人至少可以划分为两个经济群体,第一个群体可能从事农耕经济,第二群体可能从事畜牧经济。从事农耕经济人群的食物中的C_3食物应该主要来源于小麦,这说明小麦在东周时期开始在晋中地区有所推广。小麦在山西地区的推广、种植和使用,对传统的粟黍农业产生了相应的影响,使得先民种植农作物的种类有所增加,这应该加快了秦汉时期农业高峰期的形成。然而,山西地区小麦的推广相对缓慢,这可能与当地根深蒂固的粟黍经济和饮食习惯密切相关。     

Annual variability in dentin δ15N and δ13C reveal sex differences in weaning age and feeding habits in Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus)

Teeth of odontocetes accumulate annual dentinal growth layer groups (GLGs) that record isotope ratios, which reflect the time of their synthesis. Collectively, they provide lifetime records of individual feeding patterns from which life history traits can be inferred. We subsampled the prenatal dentin and postnatal GLGs in Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) (n = 65) that stranded or were collected as bycatch in Taiwan (1994–2014) and analyzed them for δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C. Age‐specific δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values were corrected for effects of calendar year, stranding site, C/N, and sex. δ¹⁵N values were higher in prenatal layers (14.94‰ ± 0.74‰) than in adult female GLGs (12.58‰ ± 0.20‰), suggesting fetal enrichment during gestation. Decreasing δ¹⁵N values in early GLGs suggested changes in dietary protein sources during transition to complete weaning. Weaning age was earlier in males (1.09 yr) than in females (1.81 yr). Significant differences in δ¹⁵N values between weaned males and females suggest potential sexual segregation in feeding habits. δ¹³C values increased from the prenatal to the 4th GLG by ~1.0‰, indicative of a diet shift from ¹³C‐depleted milk to prey items. Our results provide novel insights into the sex‐specific ontogenetic changes in feeding patterns and some life history traits of Risso's dolphins.     

Stable‐isotope comparisons between embryos and mothers of a placentatrophic shark species

Stable nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and carbon (δ¹³C) isotopes of Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae embryos and mothers were analysed. Embryos were generally enriched in ¹⁵N in all studied tissue relative to their mothers' tissue, with mean differences between mother and embryo δ¹⁵N (i.e. Δδ¹⁵N) being 1·4‰ for muscle, 1·7‰ for liver and 1·1‰ for cartilage. Embryo muscle and liver were enriched in ¹³C (both Δδ¹³C means = 1·5‰) and embryo cartilage was depleted (Δδ¹³C mean = ?1·01‰) relative to corresponding maternal tissues. While differences in δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C between mothers and their embryos were significant, muscle δ¹⁵N values indicated embryos to be within the range of values expected if they occupied a similar trophic position as their respective mothers. Positive linear relationships existed between embryo total length (L_T) and Δδ¹⁵N for muscle and liver and embryo L_T and Δδ¹³C for muscle, with those associations possibly resulting from physiological differences between smaller and larger embryos or differences associated with the known embryonic nutrition shift (yolk feeding to placental feeding) that occurs during the gestation of this placentatrophic species. Together these results suggest that at birth, the δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values of R. terraenovae are likely higher than somewhat older neonates whose postpartum feeding habits have restructured their isotope profiles to reflect their postembryonic diet.