利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术检测Cu、As污染的诱变性

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术检测Cu、As及其复合污染的诱变性能,计数了蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率(MCN‰)和污染指数(PI)并进行了F检验.结果表明,在一定浓度范围内(Cu＜200mg·L,As＜15mg·L^-1),随着Cu、As浓度的增加,MCN‰上升;24个试验处理组PI均在2以上,各处理组MCN‰有显著差异,和对照组有极显著差异(a＜0,01),表明Cu、As及其复合处理对蚕豆根尖细胞的分裂活动有明显影响.     

Cd-Cu复合胁迫对黄菖蒲叶片及根系中Cd和Cu的积累及其迁移率的影响

采用水培法研究了Cd-Cu复合胁迫(5 mg·L-1Cd-10 mg·L-1Cu;5 mg-L-1Cd-20 mg·L-1Cu;25 mg·L-1 Cd-10 mg·L-1Cu;25 mg·L-1Cd-20 mg·L-1Cu)条件下黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)叶片和根系对Cd和Cu的积累作用及黄菖蒲体内Cd和Cu迁移率的变化规律.结果表明,在50 d的胁迫期内,黄菖蒲叶片和根系中的Cd和Cu含量分别随培养液中Cd和Cu浓度的提高而增加,并随胁迫处理时间的延长基本呈增加的趋势,在胁迫末期明显提高.在不同浓度Cd-Cu复合胁迫条件下,黄菖蒲根系中的Cd和Cu积累量明显高于叶片.在Cd浓度不变的条件下,黄菖蒲叶片和根系中的Cd含量随培养液中Cu浓度的提高而增加;在Cu浓度不变的条件下,黄菖蒲叶片中Cu含量随培养液中Cd浓度的提高而降低.在不同胁迫时间,黄菖蒲植株对Cd的迁移率不同,但培养液中Cd的浓度较高,黄菖蒲植株对Cd的迁移率也较高;黄菖蒲植株对Cu的迁移率随胁迫时间的延长基本上呈上升趋势.研究结果显示,在Cd-Cu复合胁迫条件下,Cu对黄菖蒲体内Cd的吸收具有一定的协同吸收作用,而Cd对Cu的吸收则有一定的拈抗作用.     

蜈蚣草耐铅、铜、锌毒性和修复能力的研究

重金属复合污染是主要土壤污染类型之一。为了探明蜈蚣草修复土壤重金属复合污染的能力,土培试验研究了分别添加不同浓度铅、铜、锌条件下蜈蚣草生物量变化,结果表明,不同浓度铅和较低浓度锌处理下蜈蚣草生物量呈显著性地增加,土壤Pb、Zn添加浓度分别为1750mg／kg和1350mg／kg,蜈蚣草生物量最大。说明蜈蚣草有极强的耐Pb、Zn毒性能力,能在较高有效态Pb或Zn污染土壤上正常生长。蜈蚣草具有一定的耐Cu毒性能力,在Cu耐性方面,蜈蚣草可能存在生态型的差异。以上结果说明,利用蜈蚣草修复萃取Pb—As,Zn—As,Cu-As等复合污染土壤上As有重要的意义。     

锌、苯并[a]芘及其复合胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及抗氧化酶的影响

采用水培方法研究了锌(Zn)、苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)及其复合污染对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)幼苗生长和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,各处理小麦生物量下降,株高降低,300mg·L-1ZnSO4和54mg.L-1B[a]P的复合胁迫使小麦幼苗地上及地下干重分别下降36.4％和51.7％,明显高于单一胁迫.各处理SOD活性呈现升高-降低-升高趋势,且低于对照,POD、CAT活性先升高再降低,复合胁迫POD活性最高,CAT活性最低.Zn、B[a]P及其复合胁迫下,小麦幼苗的生长受到了一定的抑制,且以复合胁迫最为显著.Zn、B[a]P联合作用的结果表现为协同作用.     

猪粪中铜对东北黑土的污染风险评价

集约化养殖使用大量铜(Cu)作为饲料添加剂,养殖废物的排放和利用可导致一定的环境问题.本文以东北黑土为供试材料,通过在盆栽试验中添加不同Cu浓度的猪粪来模拟不同施肥年限的菜园土,研究土壤中Cu累积对小白菜地上部分Cu浓度、地上部分生物量、土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤酶(脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶)活性的影响.结果表明：单独施用猪粪显著增加了小白菜地上部分生物量,对其Cu浓度则没有显著影响.猪粪的施用在一定时期内显著促进了脱氢酶和脲酶的活性,但随土壤Cu浓度的增加,脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性逐渐受到抑制.当土壤全Cu浓度达到301.3 mg·kg^-1后,小白菜地上部分生物量、土壤微生物生物量碳及脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性均受到强烈抑制.小白菜地上部分Cu浓度与土壤全Cu和水溶态Cu浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而地上部分生物量与土壤全Cu浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05).研究表明,可用于种植蔬菜的黑土Cu浓度阈值应小于301.3 mg·kg^-1.     

利用吞豆根尖细胞微核技术检测Cu,As污染的诱变性

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术检测Cu、As及其复合污染的诱变性能,计数了蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率(MCN‰)和污染指数(PI)并进行了F检验.结果表明,在一定浓度范围内(Cu＜200mg@L,As＜15mg@L-1),随着Cu、As浓度的增加,MCN‰上升;24个试验处理组PI均在2以上,各处理组MCN‰有显著差异,和对照组有极显著差异(a＜0,01),表明Cu、As及其复合处理对蚕豆根尖细胞的分裂活动有明显影响.     

Pb-Cu复合胁迫对马蔺幼苗生长和生理指标的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了不同质量浓度Pb-Cu复合胁迫对马蔺[Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.)Koidz.]幼苗生长和一些生理指标的影响. 结果表明, 处理35 d后, 在50.00 mg·L-1Pb与0.10、 1.00、 10.00 mg·L-1Cu组成的3个复合胁迫处理组中,马蔺幼苗的株高、根长、地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量、叶片叶绿素a(Chla)和叶绿素b(Chlb)的含量均低于对照组(0.00 mg·L-1Pb-0.01 mg·L-1Cu),叶片SOD和POD活性则显著高于对照组;其中,50.00 mg·L-1Pb-10.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组幼苗的株高、根长、Chla和Chlb含量及SOD和POD活性均最高,地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量也较高.在100.00 mg·L-1Pb与0.10、1.00、10.00 mg·L-1Cu组成的3个复合胁迫处理组中,100.00 mg·L-1Pb-0.10 mg·L-1Cu处理组幼苗的株高、根长、地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量及干质量、Chla和Chlb含量以及SOD和POD活性基本上都显著高于对照组,100.00 mg·L-1Pb-1.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组中幼苗的株高、地上部分鲜质量和干质量以及叶片的SOD和POD活性也均显著高于对照组;而在100.00 mg·L-1Pb-10.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组中幼苗的株高、根长以及地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量均最低,Chla和Chlb的含量则显著低于对照组.研究结果表明, 50.00 mg·L-1Pb与较高质量浓度Cu(10.00 mg·L-1)复合处理可在一定程度上缓解Pb胁迫对马蔺幼苗的伤害;而100.00 mg·L-1Pb与较低质量浓度Cu(0.10 mg·L-1)复合处理不但能减轻Pb胁迫对马蔺幼苗的伤害,还有一定的刺激生长的作用;但较高质量浓度的Pb-Cu复合胁迫则加剧了对马蔺幼苗的生长和生理代谢的抑制作用.     

柠檬香蜂草对铜的耐性及其积累特征研究

以柠檬香蜂草(Melissa officinalis)幼苗为材料,设置不同浓度Cu~(2+)胁迫(CK、200、400、800和1 000mg·kg~(-1))盆栽实验,测定胁迫0、7、14、21、28d后植物生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及植物体内Cu含量等指标,探讨柠檬香蜂草对Cu~(2+)的耐受性及其积累特征。结果表明:(1)相同处理时间下,柠檬香蜂草除MDA含量外其他所有指标均随着Cu~(2+)胁迫处理浓度的增加呈低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的变化趋势,且高浓度组(800和1 000mg·kg~(-1))与低浓度组(200和400mg·kg~(-1))之间差异显著(P0.05);MDA含量在1 000mg·kg~(-1)浓度下持续增长至第14天后开始下降。(2)柠檬香蜂草体内Cu的积累量随Cu胁迫浓度的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势,并在浓度为400mg·kg~(-1)时达到最高值(0.71mg/盆)。(3)在整个胁迫过程中,柠檬香蜂草植株的铜富集系数及其耐性系数均随Cu浓度的增加而减小,各处理浓度对Cu的耐性系数均大于0.5,富集系数均大于1。研究发现,柠檬香蜂草对Cu胁迫具有一定耐受性和富集能力,具有成为铜污染土壤修复植物的潜力。     

铜、砷及其复合污染对黄豆（Glycine max）影响的初步研究

通过水培实验研究了Cu、As单一及复合污染对黄豆种子萌发、幼苗生长及部分酶活性的影响,结果表明,Cu、As污染明显抑制黄豆种子萌发、幼苗生长,对黄豆种子萌发时的呼吸强度、蛋白酶活性有显著的抑制作用,且随着Cu、As浓度的增加,抑制作用增强,呈负相关;而OD活性则随污染物浓度的增加而增加,呈正相关,Cu、As污染共同存在时,随二者投加比例不同出现不同程度的拮抗效应,可以降低和缓解单一污染物的毒害作用。     

锌对镉胁迫下马蔺生长、镉积累及生理抗性的影响

通过溶液培养研究了不同浓度锌(Zn)对镉(Cd)胁迫下马蔺(Iris lacteavar. chinen-sis)生长、Cd积累及抗氧化酶活性等的影响.结果表明:加入1~100mg.L-1Zn后,Cd胁迫下马蔺地上部Cd含量变化不大,而地下部Cd含量显著增加并呈先增后降的趋势;1mg.L-1Zn处理下马蔺地下部Cd含量最高,比对照显著增加51.4%;Zn浓度高于1mg.L-1后Cd含量均出现不同程度的下降,但仍高于对照.与单独Cd处理(10mg.L-1)相比,添加低浓度Zn(1~10mg.L-1)后,马蔺地上部生物量和叶绿素含量呈增加趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低;在10mg.L-1Zn处理下,叶绿素a、b含量达到峰值,分别增加5.21%和22.27%,MDA含量降低25.46%,表明低浓度Zn缓解了Cd对马蔺的毒害.随Zn浓度的增加,Zn对Cd毒害的缓解作用逐渐降低,当溶液中Zn达到一定浓度(100mg.L-1)时,马蔺毒害加重,其生物量、叶绿素含量均下降,MDA含量显著增加.在试验胁迫浓度范围内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性始终呈增加趋势,表明马蔺在受到Cd胁迫及Cd-Zn共存的条件下SOD和POD起着重要的抗氧化保护作用.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.