诱导子在红豆杉细胞培养生产紫杉醇中的应用研究进展

诱导子作为一种调控植物次生代谢产物生物合成的重要手段,用于红豆杉(Taxus)细胞培养生产紫杉醇的研究效果显著。本文分别就生物诱导子和非生物诱导子促进紫杉醇生物合成及其可能的作用机制进行了综述。     

诱导子在红豆杉细胞培养生产紫杉醇中的应用研究进展

诱导子作为一种调控植物次生代谢产物生物合成的重要手段,用于红豆杉(Taxus)细胞培养生产紫杉醇的研究效果显著。本文分别就生物诱导子和非生物诱导子促进紫杉醇生物合成及其可能的作用机制进行了综述。     

产纤维素酶黏细菌在生物转化的作用

目的:预处理对木质纤维素降解的影响.方法:从土壤中分离筛选到高纤维素酶活的黏细菌菌株So ce sh1008.该菌具有CMC酶活(CMCase)及微晶纤维素酶活性.研究NaOH联合黏细菌降解盐蒿、稻草、棉花秸秆和甘蔗渣四种木质纤维素的情况.结果:碱(2％ NaOH) -黏细菌处理的方法优于黏细菌-碱的方法,其中降解棉花秸秆降解效果最明显,以5.0g木质纤维素为原料,其最终干重损失达2.1g,溶液中总糖含量和还原糖含量均值分别为12.8 mg/mL和0.93 mg/mL.酵母菌发酵产乙醇的研究结果表明,最佳发酵时间为47h,碱-黏细菌甘蔗渣降解液发酵效果最好,乙醇产出达6.0％.结论:黏细菌联合2％ NaOH能有效降解甘蔗渣,提高乙醇产量.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌MN-8对玉米秸秆木质纤维素的降解

微生物降解木质纤维素既是生物质资源化利用中的关键问题,也是亟需解决的难点问题.本文在前期获得木质素降解菌——解淀粉芽孢杆菌MN-8菌株的基础上,进一步研究该菌株对玉米秸秆木质纤维素的降解作用.研究利用玉米秸秆粉-MSM培养基对MN-8菌株进行固态发酵,监测发酵过程中木质纤维素酶活力和木质纤维素含量变化情况,并通过傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和气质联用色谱(GC/MS)对木质纤维素的降解情况及产物进行分析.结果表明:解淀粉芽孢杆菌MN-8菌株可产生木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、纤维素酶和半纤维素酶等木质纤维素降解酶,在发酵10～16 d陆续达到酶活力峰值,最高酶活力分别为55.0、16.7、45.4和60.5 U·g-1.发酵24 d后,玉米秸秆中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的降解率可分别达到42.9％、40.6％和27.1％.FTIR光谱数据表明,玉米秸秆发酵后木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的特征吸收峰强度均有一定程度的下降,表明木质纤维素被部分降解.GC/MS分析结果也证实,解淀粉芽孢杆菌MN-8能有效降解秸秆木质纤维素.MN-8菌株可断裂玉米秸秆木质素单体之间的连接键β-O-4,将秸秆木质素解聚为苯丙胺、苯丙酮和苯丙酸等保留木质素苯丙烷结构的单体化合物,并将部分单体化合物进一步氧化为Cα羰基化合物,如2-氨基-1-苯丙酮和紫丁香基苯乙酮等.在对纤维素和半纤维素降解产物的GC/MS分析中发现,降解产物包含葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖等多种单糖化合物以及甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、1,1-乙二醇和3-羟基丁酸等代谢产物.表明解淀粉芽孢杆菌MN-8对秸秆木质纤维素表现出强降解作用,且该作用依赖于菌株产木质纤维素降解酶的能力.     

促进紫杉醇合成真菌诱导物制备方法的选择及组分的分离

红豆杉细胞培养被认为是一种解决紫杉醇药源短缺的潜在有效方法之一[1] ,但普遍存在着红豆杉属植物离体细胞的紫杉醇产量比较低的问题。诱导子是一种可引起植物细胞过敏反应的特定生化信号 ,能快速、高度专一地诱导植物特定基因的表达 ,因此 ,利用诱导子刺激以提高红豆杉细胞中紫杉醇产量是目前国内外研究热点 [2 4 ]。但这些研究主要集中有效诱导子的筛选 ,而关于诱导子的制备方法对诱导紫杉醇生物合成的活性研究则甚少。为了提高诱导子的诱导活性 ,笔者以从中国红豆杉树皮中筛选出证明有效诱导紫杉醇的真菌 F5为菌种 [2 ] ,研究不同制备…     

基于转录组和加权基因共表达网络的广叶绣球菌木质纤维素降解特性分析

【目的】分析广叶绣球菌（Sparassis latifolia）在不同木质纤维素诱导条件下基因表达差异，为广叶绣球菌木质纤维素降解关键基因和分子机制研究提供参考。【方法】以松木、杉木、甘蔗渣和天然堆积发酵后的杉木和发酵后的甘蔗渣为碳源，在液体培养条件下培养诱导广叶绣球菌，对其转录组进行测序研究，并对不同木质纤维素诱导样本进行加权基因共表达网络分析（weighted gene co-expression network analysis，WGCNA）。【结果】杉木培养与松木培养比较组差异表达基因最少（20个），蔗渣培养与松木培养比较组差异表达基因最多（486个）。基因本体（gene ontology，GO）富集分析结果表明，差异表达基因主要涉及氧化还原酶活性、单加氧酶活性和铁离子结合活性等，京都基因和基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes，KEGG）通路富集分析结果表明，差异表达基因主要涉及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸转换、甲烷代谢和乙醛酸盐和二羧酸盐代谢等通路。发酵甘蔗渣为碳源培养时，纤维素和半纤维素降解相关的糖苷水解酶基因表达量总体上较高，而未发酵的松木、杉木和甘蔗渣为碳源培养时木质素降解或修饰相关的碳水化合物辅助酶基因表达量总体上较高。利用WGCNA共鉴定出10个共表达模块，其中green模块与未发酵蔗渣诱导显著正相关，blue模块与发酵甘蔗渣诱导显著正相关，magenta和turquoise模块与发酵杉木诱导显著正相关。GO富集分析结果表明，turquoise模块内基因显著富集到尿素跨膜转运子活性、甲基转移酶活性和单加酶活性等，blue模块基因显著富集到水解酶活性和β-甘露糖苷酶活性。KEGG通路富集分析结果表明，blue模块内基因显著富集的通路有半乳糖代谢、果糖和甘露糖代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢等。通过构建互作网络图挖掘到12个核心基因，其可能参与了基质降解及相关基因的表达调控。【结论】不同木质纤维素类型显著影响了广叶绣球菌木质纤维素降解基因的差异表达轮廓，这种差异反映了广叶绣球菌对不同木质纤维素特异的降解策略。     

悬浮培养南方红豆杉细胞的紫杉醇生物合成路径中诱导子的作用位点

作者研究开发出一种基于分析中间响应模式确定悬浮培养诱导子作用位点的新方法。研究结果表明,一个诱导子的作用位点存在于浓度变化方向相反的相邻两个中间代谢物之间;该方法的有效性在悬浮培养南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd. var. mairei (Lemee et Levl.) Cheng et L. K. Fu)生物合成紫杉醇过程中得以证实;经确定,甲基茉莉酮酸、硝酸根和柠檬酸铵的作用位点在baccatin Ⅲ至10-去乙酰基紫杉醇之间;水杉酸、花生四烯酸的作用位点存在3种可能性,即增强10-去乙酰基紫杉醇的合成、防止紫杉醇和cephalomannine的降解。该方法对指导诱导子配伍优化紫杉醇生产具有指导意义。     

悬浮培养南方红豆杉细胞的紫杉醇生物合成路径中诱导子的作用位点

作者研究开发出一种基于分析中间响应模式确定悬浮培养诱导子作用位点的新方法.研究结果表明,一个诱导子的作用位点存在于浓度变化方向相反的相邻两个中间代谢物之间;该方法的有效性在悬浮培养南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis(Pilg.)Rehd.var.mairei(Lemee et Levl.)Cheng et L. K.Fu)生物合成紫杉醇过程中得以证实;经确定,甲基茉莉酮酸、硝酸根和柠檬酸铵的作用位点在baccatinⅢ至10-去乙酰基紫杉醇之间;水杉酸、花生四烯酸的作用位点存在3种可能性,即增强10-去乙酰基紫杉醇的合成、防止紫杉醇和cephalomannine的降解.该方法对指导诱导子配伍优化紫杉醇生产具有指导意义.     

青霉生产木质纤维素降解酶系的研究进展

木质纤维素降解酶系的高效生产是实现植物生物质大规模生物炼制的重要支撑。就地生产木质纤维素降解酶,有助于降低其使用成本,提高技术经济效益。青霉是自然界常见的木质纤维素降解真菌,可以合成分泌种类多样、组分齐全的木质纤维素降解酶系,已被应用于纤维素酶制剂的工业生产。文中从就地生产降解酶,为木质纤维素生物炼制构建“糖平台”的角度,综述了青霉木质纤维素降解酶系的性质、菌株遗传改造及发酵工艺的研究进展。     

真菌降解木质纤维素的功能基因组学研究进展

木质纤维素利用的核心问题之一是生物质的降解,即如何将生物质由高聚大分子降解为可发酵的小分子糖,又称为糖化。自然界中向胞外大量分泌降解生物质酶类的微生物主要是真菌,研究真菌木质纤维素降解途径的分子机理对生物质的综合利用意义重大,是木质纤维素能否实现全面生物炼制的关键之一。以下将针对真菌降解木质纤维素的研究进展,特别是对利用功能基因组学所取得的进展进行评述。     

Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes

The kraft process is applied to wood chips for separation of lignin from the polysaccharides within lignocellulose for pulp that will produce a high quality paper. Black liquor is a pulping waste generated by the kraft process that has potential for downstream bioconversion. However, the recalcitrant nature of the lignocellulose resources, its chemical derivatives that constitute the majority of available organic carbon within black liquor, and its basic pH present challenges to microbial biodegradation of this waste material. Methods for the collection and modification of black liquor for microbial growth are aimed at utilization of this pulp waste to convert the lignin, organic acids, and polysaccharide degradation byproducts into valuable chemicals. The lignocellulose extraction techniques presented provide a reproducible method for preparation of lignocellulose growth substrates for understanding metabolic capacities of cultured microorganisms. Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enables the identification and quantification of the fermentation products resulting from the growth of microorganisms on pulping waste. These methods when used together can facilitate the determination of the metabolic activity of microorganisms with potential to produce fermentation products that would provide greater value to the pulping system and reduce effluent waste, thereby increasing potential paper milling profits and offering additional uses for black liquor.     

紫杉醇生物合成的研究

抗癌新药紫杉醇是具有萜类环状结构的天然次生代谢产物。研究紫杉醇的生物合成对于人为定向地提高合成效率以及克隆重组合成中的关键酶基因,进而提高紫杉醇的合成量,都是十分有意义的基础工作。本文以植物和微生物的次生代谢及其主要代谢途径为知识背景,介绍了紫杉烷类物质的基本结构及其结构骨架的分类情况,综述了近年来围绕紫杉醇二萜骨架和侧链基团的生物合成途径的研究进展,对合成中的影响因素进行了初步的讨论。     

Thermophilic anaerobic biodegradation of [C]lignin, [C]cellulose, and [C]lignocellulose preparations

Thermophilic (55 degrees C) anaerobic enrichment cultures were incubated with [C-lignin]lignocellulose, [C-polysaccharide]lignocellulose, and kraft [C]lignin prepared from slash pine, Pinus elliottii, and C-labeled preparations of synthetic lignin and purified cellulose. Significant but low percentages (2 to 4%) of synthetic and natural pine lignin were recovered as labeled methane and carbon dioxide during 60-day incubations, whereas much greater percentages (13 to 23%) of kraft lignin were recovered as gaseous end products. Percentages of label recovered from lignin-labeled substrates as dissolved degradation products were approximately equal to percentages recovered as gaseous end products. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analyses of CuO oxidation products of sound and degraded pine lignin indicated that no substantial chemical modifications of the remaining lignin polymer, such as demethoxylation and dearomatization, occurred during biodegradation. The polysaccharide components of pine lignocellulose and purified cellulose were relatively rapidly mineralized to methane and carbon dioxide; 31 to 37% of the pine polysaccharides and 56 to 63% of the purified cellulose were recovered as labeled gaseous end products. An additional 10 to 20% of the polysaccharide substrates was recovered as dissolved degradation products. Overall, these results indicate that elevated temperatures can greatly enhance rates of anaerobic degradation of lignin and lignified substrates to methane and low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds.     

紫杉醇生物合成的研究进展

本文对近年来研究紫杉醇的生物合成及生物合成途径中关键酶的进展进行了评述。目前紫杉醇的生物合成途径已经基本明了,其生物合成途径中环化酶的基因已经克隆成功。在分子及基因水平上大量生产紫杉醇的曙光已经出现。     

红豆杉细胞悬浮培养中不同添加物对细胞生长和紫杉醇合成的影响

采用正交实验检测红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄ．）细胞悬浮培养中水杨酸、Ｄ－果糖、甘露醇和硫酸镧对细胞生长和紫杉醇（ｔａｘｏｌ）积累的影响。添加１０ｇ／ＬＤ－果糖,可使细胞的鲜重和干重明显增加;添加６０ｇ／Ｌ甘露醇使细胞的鲜重和干重明显减少;１ｍｇ／Ｌ水杨酸仅使细胞鲜重增加,对干重影响不明显;硫酸镧对细胞生长无明显影响。单独添加这４种物质,紫杉醇含量均下降,同时添加     

贝壳状革耳菌和黄孢平革菌固体培养酶系比较

白腐菌黄孢平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium) 与贝壳状革耳菌(Panus conchatus)在类似自然状态的固体培养条件下酶的分泌情况有 较大差异。P.conchatus和P.chrysosporium的主要木素降解酶分别是漆酶和锰过氧化物酶 ;两种菌均产生较高水平的木聚糖酶;P.conchatus在整个培养过程中所产生的内切葡 聚糖酶、微晶纤维素酶和纤维二糖酶活力均比P.chrysosporium相应酶的活力低得多, 尤其是内切葡聚糖酶。研究结果初步揭示了P.conchaus降解木素的主要酶系及选择性降 解木素的原因。     

Genome and secretome analysis of jute endophyte Grammothele lineata strain SDL-CO-2015-1: Insights into its lignocellulolytic structure and secondary metabolite profile

Grammothele lineata strain SDL-CO-2015-1, jute (Corchorus olitorius) endophyte has been reported to produce anti-cancer drug paclitaxel in culture condition. Here we investigated the genome using different bioinformatic tools to find its association with the production of commercially important compounds including taxol. Carbohydrate-active enzymes, proteases, and secretory proteins were annotated revealing a complex endophytic relationship with its plant host. The presences of a diverse range of CAZymes including numerous lignocellulolytic enzymes support its potentiality in biomass degradation. Genome annotation led to the identification of 28 clusters for secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Several biosynthesis gene clusters were identified for terpene biosynthesis from antiSMASH analysis but none could be specifically pinned to taxol synthesis. This study will direct us to understand the genomic organization of endophytic basidiomycetes with a potential for producing numerous commercially important enzymes and secondary metabolites taking G. lineata as a model.     

Thermophilic Anaerobic Biodegradation of [14C]Lignin, [14C]Cellulose, and [14C]Lignocellulose Preparations

Thermophilic (55°C) anaerobic enrichment cultures were incubated with [¹⁴C-lignin]lignocellulose, [¹⁴C-polysaccharide]lignocellulose, and kraft [¹⁴C]lignin prepared from slash pine, Pinus elliottii, and ¹⁴C-labeled preparations of synthetic lignin and purified cellulose. Significant but low percentages (2 to 4%) of synthetic and natural pine lignin were recovered as labeled methane and carbon dioxide during 60-day incubations, whereas much greater percentages (13 to 23%) of kraft lignin were recovered as gaseous end products. Percentages of label recovered from lignin-labeled substrates as dissolved degradation products were approximately equal to percentages recovered as gaseous end products. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analyses of CuO oxidation products of sound and degraded pine lignin indicated that no substantial chemical modifications of the remaining lignin polymer, such as demethoxylation and dearomatization, occurred during biodegradation. The polysaccharide components of pine lignocellulose and purified cellulose were relatively rapidly mineralized to methane and carbon dioxide; 31 to 37% of the pine polysaccharides and 56 to 63% of the purified cellulose were recovered as labeled gaseous end products. An additional 10 to 20% of the polysaccharide substrates was recovered as dissolved degradation products. Overall, these results indicate that elevated temperatures can greatly enhance rates of anaerobic degradation of lignin and lignified substrates to methane and low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds.     

不同培养基及其元素组成对西洋参愈伤组织悬浮培养物生长和皂苷含量的影响

对MS、67-V和FOX 3种基本基质对西洋参(Panax quinquefolium Linn.)愈伤组织悬浮培养物生长和皂苷含量的影响进行了比较。在3种基本基质中,培养物的鲜重和干重增加量差异不大,而皂苷含量和产量差异较大,其中MS较高,FOX次之,67-V最低。探讨了MS基质中,KNO3、CaCl2和MgO4对培养物生长和皂苷含量的影响。KNO3浓度在237．5mg/L时有利于培养物生长,而浓度在1900mg/L时有利于皂苷合成;CaO2浓度在55．35mg/L时有利于培养物生长,而浓度在332．1mg/L时有利于皂苷合成;MgSO4浓度为92．50mg/L时培养物生长最好,皂苷产量也最高。