药用微生物辐照诱变研究进展

常规的诱变育种方法主要是利用紫外线、激光、γ射线、中子等对微生物药物菌种进行辐照诱变,效果显著。离子束辐照微生物诱变育种在离子束生物学效应的研究中起步较晚,但其作为一种集物理诱变和化学诱变为一体的诱变育种新方法,将在辐照诱变育种中发挥重要作用。本文综述了近年来微生物药物研究与开发的动态,简要叙述微生物菌种选育的辐照诱变效应、作用机制及其在实践中的应用。     

微生物育种物理诱变技术ARTP的应用进展

微生物物理诱变育种技术广泛应用于改善微生物菌种特性、提高微生物产品产量与质量,并且在生物燃料和生物修复方面也具有重要的应用价值。本文重点介绍常压室温等离子体(ARTP)物理诱变技术在微生物诱变育种方面的应用,其对具有重要工农业应用价值的产芽孢菌种具有明显的诱变优越性。进一步分析了微生物物理诱变育种技术未来的发展趋势和重要应用前景,为微生物物理诱变育种工作提供借鉴。     

重离子束辐照在优良工业微生物新菌株创建中的应用实践

性能优良的工业微生物菌种是企业保持竞争力的重要保障,因此培育优质、高产的微生物新菌种依旧是生物育种产业创新发展的核心内容之一。重离子束辐照作为一种高效的诱变手段,现已广泛应用于我国工业微生物育种实践中。重点回顾了重离子束辐照诱导生物体DNA突变的分子机制研究以及重离子束微生物育种的研究进展。同时,也展望了我国重离子束育种专用装置的产业化前景。     

工业微生物物理诱变育种技术的新进展

物理诱变技术是当今工业微生物育种中最重要、最有效的技术之一。传统的物理诱变技术主要有紫外线、X射线、γ射线诱变等,它们已在包括青霉素、"-淀粉酶等几乎所有的工业微生物菌种的诱变选育中发挥了巨大的作用。多数菌株在多次重复使用传统诱变源时往往出现抗性饱和的现象。太空环境、离子束、激光等是20世纪70～80年代逐渐兴起的新型诱变技术,因它们具有诱变谱广和在一定程度上能克服菌株对传统诱变源的抗性饱和等优点,而广受工业微生物育种工作者的欢迎。现就空间、离子束、激光等诱变育种技术的作用特点、诱变机理、应用及前景进行阐述。     

重离子诱变微生物育种的研究进展

近年来,重离子束作为一种新的辐射诱变源在微生物育种领域已多有应用。与传统的辐照源相比,重离子束具有更高的传能线密度,可以产生更强的辐射损伤生物效应,因此突变效率高。本文综述了近年来重离子诱变在微生物育种中取得的进展、诱变后突变体菌株的筛选策略、重离子束引起微生物遗传物质改变的直接和间接机制以及突变后的修复机理,并对其在微生物育种中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

基因组重排技术在酵母菌育种中的应用

基因组重排(genome shuffling)技术是在传统诱变育种的基础上与细胞原生质体融合技术相结合一种新兴微生物菌种改良手段,由于该技术高效的正向突变效率和频率,近年来被广泛应用于酵母菌种的选育和改良。本文主要对基因组重排技术在酵母菌育种中的应用进行了综述。     

常压室温等离子体技术在微生物诱变中的应用进展

微生物是人类赖以生存的重要资源,为提高微生物的生产效率或者赋予其新的生物学功能,需要通过理化方法进行诱变或通过分子生物学技术对其进行定点突变。在目前的理化诱变方法中,常压室温等离子（atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP）诱变技术具有操作简单、条件温和、安全性高、诱变快速等优点,成为倍受青睐的新方法。基于此,综述了ARTP诱变技术的原理及其在微生物诱变育种方面的应用,以期为选育性能优越的微生物菌种的诱变育种相关研究提供借鉴。     

低能离子束生物技术的应用

自从我国科学家发现离子注入生物学效应后,低能离子束生物技术的研究就在我国率先兴起。随后,越来越多的科学家基于低能离子与生物体之间存在的能量沉积、动量传递、质量沉积及电荷中和与交换的相互作用,对生物体内的遗传物质进行加工、修饰、重组,开辟了农作物和微生物等遗传改良及转基因的新方法。本文简要介绍了低能离子束生物技术产生的背景、低能离子束与生物体之间相互作用的机理和特点以及目前低能离子束在诱变育种和转基因等生物技术领域的研究进展,并展望了离子束技术在藻类基因工程方面的发展潜力。     

“卫星灵芝”让人类更健康

1什么是太空诱变育种 自1987年以来,我国利用返回式卫星和飞船搭载了各种植物种子、微生物菌种、动物等生物材料进行太空生命科学的研究。太空诱变育种是利用返回式卫星等所能到达的空间环境对生物体诱变作用产生的变异,在地面选育新种质、新材料,培育新品种的一种新型的诱变育种方法,称为航天诱变育种或空间诱变育种也称太空诱变育种。     

利用紫外诱变选育辅酶q10菌种的研究

微生物育种指的是运用遗传学、诱变、杂交等原理,对负有特定作用的微生物菌种开展筛选、改造,从而得到符合某种需要的技术。本文对微生物菌种选育技术中的紫外诱变来选育辅酶q10高产菌株进行了一系列的试验和研究。。     

A novel approach to microbial breeding—low-energy ion implantation

Low-energy ions exist widely in the natural world. People had neglected the interaction between low-energy ions and material; it was even more out of the question to study the relation of low-energy ions and the complicated organism until the biological effects of low-energy ion implantation were discovered in 1989. Nowadays, the value of low-energy ion beam implantation, as a new breeding way, has drawn extensive attention of biologists and breeding experts. In this review, the understanding and utilization of microbial breeding by low-energy ion beam irradiation is summarized, including the characteristics of an ion beam bioengineering facility, present status of the technology of low-energy ions for microbial breeding, and new insights into microbial biotechnology.     

离子束在生命科学中的应用

低能离子在生命科学中应用是道德在中国兴起的１９８６年,中国的科技工作者研究了低能哼子对生物的诱变效应,并成功地将其应用于植物育种。现在,离子注入技术已被应用于生物改良、生命起源和进化以及环境辐射生物学效应等多个理论和应用研究领域。其中,在植物遗传转化、创造新种质资源方面的成果尤其为突出：通过离子束介导转化法获得了高蛋白小麦、高光效水稻,抗病小麦、水稻、棉花新品质。通过诱变技术获得了多穗型玉米、无融     

低能离子束在生物技术中的应用研究

自从发现离子注入生物效应后,低能离子与生物体系相互作用研究在我国率先兴起,并很快投入应用。简要介绍低能离子注入生物效应的机理研究和应用研究的进展状况,并展望未来 。     

Improvement of astaxanthin production by a newly isolated Phaffia rhodozyma mutant with low-energy ion beam implantation

Aims: Isolation, characterization and identification of Phaffia sp. ZJB 00010, and improvement of astaxanthin production with low‐energy ion beam implantation. Methods and Results: A strain of ZJB 00010, capable of producing astaxanthin, was isolated and identified as Phaffia rhodozyma, based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA gene sequence analysis. With low‐energy ion beam implantation, this wild‐type strain was bred for improving the yield of astaxanthin. After ion beam implantation, the best mutant, E5042, was obtained. The production of astaxanthin in E5042 was 2512 μg g^?1 (dry cell weight, DCW), while the wild‐type strain was about 1114 μg g^?1 (DCW), an increase of 125·5%. Moreover, the fermentation conditions of mutant E5042 for producing astaxanthin were optimized. The astaxanthin production under the optimized conditions was upscaled and studied in a 50‐l fermentor. Conclusions: A genetically stable mutant strain with high yield of astaxanthin was obtained using low‐energy ion beam implantation. This mutant may be a suitable candidate for the industrial‐scale production of astaxanthin. Significance and Impact of the Study: Astaxanthin production in Phaffia rhodozyma could be fficiently improved by low‐energy ion beam implantation, which is a new technology in the mutant breeding of micro‐organisms. The mutant obtained in this work could potentially be utilized in industrial production of astaxanthin.     

等离子体浸没N＋ 注入对豌豆胚芽细胞的诱变效应

报道了等离子体浸没N＋注入豌豆种子后,引起M1胚芽细胞畸变效应。初步研究结果表明：此种方法能抑制纺锤体形成,诱发胚芽细胞核畸变和染色体畸变。提出等离子体浸没离子注入可以作为一种经济、有效的诱变育种方法。 Abstract: Preliminary results indicated that the pea seeds after implantation with plasma immersion ion was not only restrained spindle form but also induced plumule cell nuclear and chromosomal aberration.Being an economical and available method plasma immersion ion implantation in mutagenic breeding is proposed.     

A novel approach for improving the productivity of ubiquinone-10 producing strain by low-energy ion beam irradiation

Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC4452 cells were irradiated by nitrogen ion beam, a new mutagen, with energy of 10 keV and fluence ranging from 2.6×10¹⁴ ions/cm² to 6.5×10¹⁵ ions/cm². A similar “saddle shape” survival curve due to ion beam irradiation appeared again in this study. Some mutants with high yield of ubiquinone-10 were induced by ion implantation. High mutation rate and wide mutation spectrum were also observed in the experiment. These results suggested that the mutagenic effect of such low-energy ion influx into bacterium cells could result from multiple processes involving direct collision of particles with cytoplasm, nucleolus, and cascade atomic and molecular reactions due to plentiful primary and secondary particles.     

等离子体浸没N+注入豌豆种子的生长发育效应初报

就等离子体浸没离子注入豌豆休眠种子后 ,对其生长发育的遗传学效应进行了研究。结果表明 ,经处理后的种子的萌发率明显下降 ,出苗、生长发育均呈滞后现象 ,且降低了株高。 2 0min为半致死剂量。提出等离子体浸设离子注入可以作为诱变育种的一种经济、有效的诱变方法。     

<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>(+)-Lactic acid production by co-fermentation of glucose and xylose with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizopus oryzae</Emphasis> obtained by low-energy ion beam irradiation

Low-energy ion beam irradiation (10–200 keV) has been proved to have a wide range of biological effects in recent years. When Rhizopus oryzae PW352 was irradiated with a 15-keV low-energy ion beam an l(+)-lactic acid high-yield mutant, RQ4015, was obtained. When 150 g/l glucose was used as the sole carbon source, l(+)-lactic acid of RQ4015 reached 121 g/l after 36 h shake-flask cultivation. However, the highest lactic acid concentration 74 g/l was obtained when 100 g/l xylose was present in the medium as the sole carbon source. When mixed xylose (25 g/l) and glucose (75 g/l) were present in a bubble column, l(+)-lactic acid production of RQ4015 reached 83 g. A high mutation rate and a wide mutation spectrum of low-energy ion implantation were observed in the experiment, suggesting that ion implantation can be a highly efficient mutagenic means for microorganism breeding in many commercial applications.