转化三硝基甲苯(a-TNT)的细菌及其应用

从长期被TNT粉尘及废水污染的土壤及生活污永中,分离筛选出93株好氧、厌氧及兼性好氧细菌。它们能将浓度为100一130毫克／升的TNT 90％以上转化。其中部分菌株能利用TNT作为生长的唯一碳源和氮源。我们对47株好氧及兼性好氧细菌进行了鉴定,分别属于柠檬杆菌属(Citrobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、克氏杆菌属(Klebsiella)、埃希氏杆菌属(Escherichia)和假单胞葭属(Pseudomon~)。各属选一代表菌株进行培养试验,考察它们转化TNT的生理条件及转化rNT的速度。从其中选出10株菌应用于TNT废水生化处理小型试验,取得较好效果。出水的TNT、BOD、COD等项指标均低于国家的排放标准。     

利用短小芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用对布氏杆菌属进行分型鉴别

自1979年发现这株短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)蒙字1号对布氏杆菌属(Brucczk)有抑菌作用后,又用104株牛、羊、猪三型布氏杆菌作了进一步抑菌试验。结果发现,对猪型布氏杆菌有较强的抑菌作用;对部分牛型布氏杆菌也有抑菌作用,但弱于前者;对羊型布氏杆菌无明显抑菌作用,这就提供了应用微生物抑菌作用对布氏杆菌属进行分型鉴定的可能性。     

沼气池中产氢细菌的研究

1. 在沼气发酵污泥的富集培养物中加入薯芋粉可以旺盛地产氢。这是富集培养沼气发酵污泥中的产氢细菌的较好方法。 2. 我们采用这一方法从沼气池中分离出24株产氢细菌,其产氢置因菌株的种类和发酵基质的不同而异。根据它们的分类特征分别属肠杆菌科(Enterbacteriace)和芽孢杆菌科(Bacil-laceae)。肠杆菌科中有五个种：阴沟肠杆菌(Entcrbacter cloacae),大肠埃希氏菌(Escheriehiacoli),粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens),弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)和蜂房哈夫尼菌(Hafnia alvei)(暂定)。芽孢杆菌科中仅有一个种,即丙酮丁醇梭菌(Clostridium acetobutyltcum)。 3. 各类菌的相对数量以肠秆菌占优势,占总数的58.3％。其次是粘质沙雷氏菌,占16.7％。丙酮丁酵梭菌占12．5％。其他各菌数量较少。 4. 将这些产氢菌与甲烷菌的富集培养物进行混合培养,可大大提高甲烷产量,而二氧化碳显著降低,以至检测不到。     

甘草内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌株鉴定

从乌拉尔甘草健康植株的根茎叶中共分离到内生细菌98株,经初步鉴定芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）为优势种群,约占30%;从不同生长年份甘草的根、茎、叶组织中分离内生细菌种群密度从5.0×10⁴ cfu/g～2.9×10⁷ cfu/g鲜重不等。采用平板对峙方法筛选出6株对植物病原菌有明显体外拮抗活性的菌株,通过菌落、菌体形态观察、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列分析,同时结合Biolog细菌自动鉴定系统验证,鉴定这6株拮抗菌分属萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)、多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、Paenibacillus ehimensis。     

滇重楼寄生菌的研究

从滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis)地下茎中分离和鉴定出两种细菌——蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes),以及三种真菌——黑团孢霉(Periconia sp.)、白色厚顶孢霉(Pachnocybe albida)和重楼索霉(Hormomyces paridiphilus)。对蜡状芽孢杆菌、产碱假单胞菌和重楼索霉进行了液体培养并测定了胞外多糖含量,结果表明重楼索霉可分泌大量胞外多糖,这可能是导致滇重楼地下茎胶质化和多糖含量增加的原因。     

贪婪倔海绵中抗菌活性细菌的筛选及初步鉴定*

采用平板涂布法从我国南海三亚周边海域贪婪倔海绵(Dysidea avara)中分离海绵共附生细菌,采用金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、荧光假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白假丝酵母、宛氏拟青霉、黑曲霉7种指标菌进行抑菌试验筛选抗菌活性菌,同时对于得到的活性菌进行生理生化鉴定。共分离获得个149个细菌菌株,发现20株具有抑制真菌和革兰氏阳性细菌的活性,占细菌总数的13.4%。经过细菌形态观察和生理生化试验,发现此20株活性菌属于革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp.)。     

自沼气池中分离的一株甲烷利用菌

自沼气池中分离到一株甲烷利用菌,其主要生理特性是利用甲烷或甲醇作碳源和能源,生活史中具有休眠体,形成固氮菌型的孢囊,在利用甲烷的生长中不被乙酸盐、苹果酸、琥珀酸盐抑制,应是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)中的一新种,定名为淡橙黄色甲烷氧化杆菌(Mcthylo-batter luteolo-croceus sp. Nov.)。     

苏芸金芽孢杆菌的一个新亚种

由北京近郊温泉地区油松林间土壤中,分离到一株产生伴孢内含物的芽孢杆菌TW 20。该菌株具有苏芸金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)的典型特征,但无鞭毛抗原(H),伴孢内含物与孢子常常不分开,位于孢子囊一端由数个不同形状的晶体组成．其生化反应特性及酯酶型与已知23个血清型30个亚种的标准菌株均不相同。对油松毛虫(Dendrolimus tabulaef-ormis)、午毒蛾(Lymautria dispar)、黄褐天幕毛虫(Malacosoma neustria testcea)、光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis)幼虫没有明显的致病性。根据上述特性,菌株TW20属于一个新的酯酶型亚种,定名为苏芸金芽孢杆菌温泉亚种——Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Wequanen-sis。     

华重楼内生菌SS02的分离与抗菌活性的初步研究*

从华重楼(Parispolyphyllavar·ChinensisFranch)的地下块茎中分离到一株内生细菌(SS02),试验表明其发酵液对13种作物致病菌的生长有抑制作用。形态和生理生化特征表明SS02属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp·)细菌。扩增、测序得到SS02的部分16SrDNA序列,GenBank接收号AY842144。用Blastn调出与菌株16SrDNA同源的序列,用Clustalw进行多重序列对比,用Phylip按Neighbor-Joining法构建1     

降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠真菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)污染土壤中分离到12株能降解LAS的真菌。经鉴定,它们分属于青霉属(Prnicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、帚霉属(Scopulariopsis)和头孢霉属(Cephalosporium)。研究了Aspergillus f-11降解LAS酶活诱导生成的条件及降解LAS的特点。还利用液相色谱对真菌和细菌降解LAS的产物进行了比较。     

Enumeration and Detection of Anaerobic Ferrous Iron-Oxidizing, Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria from Diverse European Sediments

Anaerobic, nitrate-dependent microbial oxidation of ferrous iron was recently recognized as a new type of metabolism. In order to study the occurrence of three novel groups of ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria (represented by strains BrG1, BrG2, and BrG3), 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes were developed. In pure-culture experiments, these probes were shown to be suitable for fluorescent in situ hybridization, as well as for hybridization analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns. However, neither enumeration by in situ hybridization nor detection by the DGGE-hybridization approach was feasible with sediment samples. Therefore, the DGGE-hybridization approach was combined with microbiological methods. Freshwater sediment samples from different European locations were used for enrichment cultures and most-probable-number (MPN) determinations. Bacteria with the ability to oxidize ferrous iron under nitrate-reducing conditions were detected in all of the sediment samples investigated. At least one of the previously described types of bacteria was detected in each enrichment culture. MPN studies showed that sediments contained from 1 × 10⁵ to 5 × 10⁸ ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria per g (dry weight) of sediment, which accounted for at most 0.8% of the nitrate-reducing bacteria growing with acetate. Type BrG1, BrG2, and BrG3 bacteria accounted for an even smaller fraction (0.2% or less) of the ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing community. The DGGE patterns of MPN cultures suggested that more organisms than those isolated thus far are able to oxidize ferrous iron with nitrate. A comparison showed that among the anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, organisms that have the ability to oxidize ferrous iron also account for only a minor fraction of the population.     

Ecophysiology and the energetic benefit of mixotrophic Fe(II) oxidation by various strains of nitrate-reducing bacteria

In order to assess the importance of nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation and its impact on the growth physiology of dominant Fe oxidizers, we counted these bacteria in freshwater lake sediments and studied their growth physiology. Most probable number counts of nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria in the sediment of Lake Constance, a freshwater lake in Southern Germany, yielded about 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ of the total heterotrophic nitrate-reducing bacteria, with about 1% (10³ cells mL⁻¹) of nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidizers. We investigated the growth physiology of Acidovorax sp. strain BoFeN1, a dominant nitrate-reducing mixotrophic Fe(II) oxidizer isolated from this sediment. Strain BoFeN1 uses several organic compounds (but no sugars) as substrates for nitrate reduction. It also reduces nitrite, dinitrogen monoxide, and O₂, but cannot reduce Fe(III). Growth experiments with cultures amended either with acetate plus Fe(II) or with acetate alone demonstrated that the simultaneous oxidation of Fe(II) and acetate enhanced growth yields with acetate alone (12.5 g dry mass mol⁻¹ acetate) by about 1.4 g dry mass mol⁻¹ Fe(II). Also, pure cultures of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Paracoccus denitrificans strains can oxidize Fe(II) with nitrate, whereas Pseudomonas fluorescens and Thiobacillus denitrificans strains did not. Our study demonstrates that nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation contributes to the energy metabolism of these bacteria, and that nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation can essentially contribute to anaerobic iron cycling.     

Diversity of Ferrous Iron-Oxidizing,Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria and their Involvement in Oxygen-Independent Iron Cycling

In previous studies, three different strains (BrG1, BrG2, and BrG3) of ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria were obtained from freshwater sediments. All three strains were facultative anaerobes and utilized a variety of organic substrates and molecular hydrogen with nitrate as electron acceptor. In this study, analyses of 16S rDNA sequences showed that strain BrG1 was affiliated with the genus Acidovorax, strain BrG2 with the genus Aquabacterium, and strain BrG3 with the genus Thermomonas. Previously, bacteria similar to these three strains were detected with molecular techniques in MPN dilution series for ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria inoculated with different freshwater sediment samples. In the present study, further molecular analyses of these MPN cultures indicated that the ability to oxidize ferrous iron with nitrate is widespread amongst the Proteobacteria and may also be found among the Gram-positive bacteria with high GC content of DNA. Nitrate-reducing bacteria oxidized ferrous iron to poorly crystallized ferrihydrite that was suitable as an electron acceptor for ferric iron-reducing bacteria. Biologically produced ferrihydrite and synthetically produced ferrihydrite were both well suited as electron acceptors in MPN dilution cultures. Repeated anaerobic cycling of iron was shown in a coculture of ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria and the ferric iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter bremensis. The results indicate that iron can be cycled between its oxidation states +II and +III by microbial activities in anoxic sediments.     

Effect of transient oxic conditions on the composition of the nitrate-reducing community from the rhizosphere of Typha angustifolia

Within a nitrate-reducing bacterial community, a niche differentiation between denitrifying and nitrate ammonifying bacteria may be determinated by a complex of environmental parameters, such as the availability of carbon, nitrate, and oxygen. Hence, oxygen- and carbon-releasing aerenchymatous plants may affect the composition of the nitrate-reducing community in waterlogged sediment. The composition of the nitrate-reducing community in the rhizosphere of the aerenchymatous plant species Typha angustifolia was compared with the community in nonrhizospheric sediment. All three functional groups (NO₂ ^– accumulators, N₂O producers, and presumed NH₄ ⁺ producers) were present at both sites with an ratio of 36:45:12 and 43:22:18 for nonrhizospheric and rhizospheric sediments, respectively. Most of the isolated were gram-negative, and approximately 50% of these strains demonstrated an obligatory oxidative metabolism.In the absence of nitrate, Enterobacteriaceae (belonging to the NO₂ ^– accumulating group) became dominant during enrichment of bacteria from the rhizosphere of T. angustifolia in a chemostat with glycerol (20 mM) as substrate, both under strictly anoxic and transient oxic conditions. Addition of nitrate to the chemostats led to the predominance of denitrifying pseudomonads, irrespective of the presence or absence of oxygen. However, in the presence of nitrate under anoxic conditions, enterobacteria persisted in the medium together with pseudomonads.It was concluded that oxidative bacteria such as pseudomonads are the better competitors for limiting amounts of glycerol, provided oxygen or nitrate is present. In the absence of these electron acceptors, fermentative bacteria become dominant.     

Effects of Nitrate Availability and the Presence of Glyceria maxima on the Composition and Activity of the Dissimilatory Nitrate-Reducing Bacterial Community

The effects of nitrate availability and the presence of Glyceria maxima on the composition and activity of the dissimilatory nitrate-reducing bacterial community were studied in the laboratory. Four different concentrations of NO(inf3)(sup-), 0, 533, 1434, and 2,905 (mu)g of NO(inf3)(sup-)-N g of dry sediment(sup-1), were added to pots containing freshwater sediment, and the pots were then incubated for a period of 69 days. Upon harvest, NH(inf4)(sup+) was not detectable in sediment that received 0 or 533 (mu)g of NO(inf3)(sup-)-N g of dry sediment(sup-1). Nitrate concentrations in these pots ranged from 0 to 8 (mu)g of NO(inf3)(sup-)-N g of dry sediment(sup-1) at harvest. In pots that received 1,434 or 2,905 (mu)g of NO(inf3)(sup-)-N g of dry sediment(sup-1), final concentrations varied between 10 and 48 (mu)g of NH(inf4)(sup+)-N g of dry sediment(sup-1) and between 200 and 1,600 (mu)g of NO(inf3)(sup-)-N g of dry sediment(sup-1), respectively. Higher input levels of NO(inf3)(sup-) resulted in increased numbers of potential nitrate-reducing bacteria and higher potential nitrate-reducing activity in the rhizosphere. In sediment samples from the rhizosphere, the contribution of denitrification to the potential nitrate-reducing capacity varied from 8% under NO(inf3)(sup-)-limiting conditions to 58% when NO(inf3)(sup-) was in ample supply. In bulk sediment with excess NO(inf3)(sup-), this percentage was 44%. The nitrate-reducing community consisted almost entirely of NO(inf2)(sup-)-accumulating or NH(inf4)(sup+)-producing gram-positive species when NO(inf3)(sup-) was not added to the sediment. The addition of NO(inf3)(sup-) resulted in an increase of denitrifying Pseudomonas and Moraxella strains. The factor controlling the composition of the nitrate-reducing community when NO(inf3)(sup-) is limited is the presence of G. maxima. In sediment with excess NO(inf3)(sup-), nitrate availability determines the composition of the nitrate-reducing community.     

Anaerobic nitrate reduction to ammonium in two strains isolated from coastal marine sediment: A dissimilatory pathway

Abstract: A total of 28 nitrate-reducing bacteria were isolated from marine sediment (Mediterranean coast of France) in which dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA) was estimated as 80% of the overall nitrate consumption. Thirteen isolates were considered as denitrifiers and ten as dissimilatory ammonium producers. ¹⁵N ammonium production from ¹⁵N nitrate by an Enterobacter sp. and a Vibrio sp., the predominant bacteria involved in nitrate ammonification in marine sediment, was characterized in pure culture studies. For both strains studied, nitrate-limited culture (1 mM) produced ammonium as the main product of nitrate reduction (> 90%) while in the presence of 10 mM nitrate, nitrite was accumulated in the spent media and ammonia production was less efficient. Concomitantly with the dissimilation of nitrate to nitrite and ammonium the molar yield of growth on glucose increased. Metabolic products of glucose were investigated under different growth conditions. Under anaerobic conditions without nitrate, ethanol was formed as the main product; in the presence of nitrate, ethanol disappeared and acetate increased concomitantly with an increased amount of ammonium. These results indicate that nitrite reduction to ammonium allows NAD regeneration and ATP synthesis through acetate formation, instead of ethanol formation which was favoured in the absence of nitrate.     

Abundance and activity of nitrate reducers in an arable soil are more affected by temporal variation and soil depth than by elevated atmospheric [CO2

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO(2) ]) might change the abundance and the function of soil microorganisms in the depth profile of agricultural soils by plant-mediated reactions. The seasonal pattern of abundance and activity of nitrate-reducing bacteria was studied in a Mini-FACE experiment planted with oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Three depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) were sampled. Analyses of the abundances of total (16S rRNA gene) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (narG, napA) revealed strong influences of sampling date and depth, but no [CO(2)] effects. Abundance and activity of nitrate reducers were higher in the top soil layer and decreased with depth but were not related to extractable amounts of nitrogen and carbon in soil. Dry periods reduced abundances of total and nitrate-reducing bacteria, whereas the potential activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme was not affected. Enzyme activity was only weakly correlated to the abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria but was related to NH(4) (+) and NO(3) (-) concentrations. Our results suggest that in contrast to the observed pronounced seasonal changes, the elevation of atmospheric [CO(2) ] has only a marginal impact on nitrate reducers in the investigated arable ecosystem.     

Microbial diversity and stratification of South Pacific abyssal marine sediments

Abyssal marine sediments cover a large proportion of the ocean floor, but linkages between their microbial community structure and redox stratification have remained poorly constrained. This study compares the downcore gradients in microbial community composition to porewater oxygen and nitrate concentration profiles in an abyssal marine sediment column in the South Pacific Ocean. Archaeal 16S rRNA clone libraries showed a stratified archaeal community that changed from Marine Group I Archaea in the aerobic and nitrate-reducing upper sediment column towards deeply branching, uncultured crenarchaeotal and euryarchaeotal lineages in nitrate-depleted, anaerobic sediment horizons. Bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries revealed a similar shift on the phylum and subphylum level within the bacteria, from a complex community of Alpha-, Gamma- and Deltaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes in oxic surface sediments towards uncultured Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes in the anaerobic sediment column. The distinct stratification of largely uncultured bacterial and archaeal groups within the oxic and nitrate-reducing marine sediment column provides initial constraints for their microbial habitat preferences.     

Sulfide persistence in oil field waters amended with nitrate and acetate

Nitrate amendment is normally an effective method for sulfide control in oil field-produced waters. However, this approach has occasionally failed to prevent sulfide accumulation, despite the presence of active nitrate-reducing bacterial populations. Here, we report our study of bulk chemical transformations in microcosms of oil field waters containing nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, but lacking denitrifying heterotrophs. Amendment with combinations of nitrate, acetate, and phosphate altered the microbial sulfur and nitrogen transformations. Elemental sulfur produced by chemotrophic nitrate-reducing bacteria was re-reduced heterotrophically to sulfide. Ammonification, rather than denitrification, was the predominant pathway for nitrate reduction. The application of nitrite led to transient sulfide depletion, possibly due to higher rates of nitrite reduction. The addition of molybdate suppressed both the accumulation of sulfide and the heterotrophic reduction of nitrate. Therefore, sulfidogenesis was likely due to elemental sulfur-reducing heterotrophic bacteria, and the nitrate-reducing microbial community consisted mainly of facultatively chemotrophic microbes. This study describes one set of conditions for continued sulfidogenesis during nitrate reduction, with important implications for nitrate control of sulfide production in oil fields.     

Applying a most probable number method for enumerating planktonic, dissimilatory, ammonium-producing, nitrate-reducing bacteria in oil field waters

A most probable number (MPN) method was used to enumerate dissimilatory ammonium-producing, nitrate-reducing bacteria (DAP-NRB) in oil field waters and to determine whether they were stimulated by nitrate addition used to control hydrogen sulfide production. An ammonium production medium with 5 carbon and energy sources (acetate, glucose, glycerol, pyruvate, and succinate) and nitrate was used in a 3-tube MPN procedure to enumerate DAP-NRB. These bacteria were detected in 12 of 18 oil field water samples, but they were seldom detected in wellhead samples. Three oil field water samples were amended with nitrate in serum bottles and the numbers of different NRB were determined over a 38-day incubation time. This amendment stimulated increases in the numbers of heterotrophic NRB and autotrophic nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, but DAP-NRB remained a minor portion of these communities. Overall, DAP-NRB were present in many of the oil field waters that were examined but their numbers were low. It appears that DAP-NRB would play a minor role in the consumption of nitrate injected into oil field waters for the control of hydrogen sulfide production.