生物多样性信息系统建设的现状及CBIS简介

为了实现生物多样性保护和持续利用,履行《生物多样性公约》,各国政府及组织建立了大量的生物多样性信息（数据库）系统,为保护和利用的决策提供科学的支持。信息技术特别是计算机网络的发展为生物多样性信息系统的建设提供了强有力的工具和基础,使全球化的信息共享成为可能。本文简要介绍了国际上几个著名的生物多样性信息系统的建设目的、内容、现状和特点,并对国内生物多样性信息系统建设的代表——中国生物多样性信息系统（CBIS）做了介绍。     

Fact Sheet Fusion:生物多样性自动化建库工具

随着全球对生物多样性保护和持续利用的重视,在现代信息技术支撑下,生物多样性数据库和信息系统不断趋向多媒体、超链接和分布式等特点.Fact Stleet Fusion (FSF)是一款顺应该发展趋势的生物多样性自动化建库工具,生物分类专家无须设计编辑数据库和网页,就可快速设计与创建规范标准、风格统一、维护简便的生物信息系统.文章介绍它的建库框架和功能特色,并以膜翅目茧蜂科滑茧蜂属Homolobus昆虫为例简要说明如何应用FSF建立昆虫多样性信息系统.     

对生物多样性研究的几个观点

生物多样性保护与持续利用已为各国政府和大众所重视,现仅就国际和国内关注的生物多样性研究的热点加以介绍。对DIVERSITAS这一生物多样性科学的国际项目进行评价,对生物多样性起源、维持、编目、监测等方面提出补充意见。生物多样性恢复研究是以生态系统动态演替为理论基础的,此方面工作亟待加强。生物多样性信息系统是生物多样性科学的重要组成部分。农田生物多样性研究把生物多样性与农业生产紧密结合。生物安全是当前国际上极为关注的问题。文中对其主要研究内容提出作者的观点。     

四川省生物多样性基础数据库信息系统

生物多样性本底信息是开展生物多样性评价的基础,现有的生物多样性数据分布比较分散,不同的数据掌握在不同的部门,没有得到很好整合。同时,由于缺乏物种分布的空间信息,生物多样性数据很难满足环境影响评价中生物多样性评价的需求,生物多样性评价一般只限于简单的定性分析。为了促使生物多样性评价工作能更深入的开展,切实有效地保护生物多样性资源,以四川省(重点以甘孜州)为研究案例,整合了现有的生物多样性数据资源,主要包括四川省自然保护区生物多样性数据、甘孜州水生和陆生生物多样性数据、四川省环境敏感区数据以及生物多样性现场调查数据等,建立了四川省生物多样性基础数据库,同时通过数据库开发和网络开发,建立了数据库信息系统,实现了生物多样性空间数据库和属性数据库的查询检索、数据显示等功能。     

梅花山生物多样性信息系统简介

以梅花山国家级自然保护区生物多样性管理信息系统的建立和应用为例,论述了在自然保护区中建立生物多样性信息系统的意义、目的及实现的功能,提出了自然保护区生物多样性信息系统的组成和具体结构。     

云南省生物多样性保护进展、成效与前瞻

《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会(COP15)计划于2021年在云南昆明召开, 大会将评估《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》执行情况及实施进展。如能达成协议, 将出台“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”, 作为指导2020年之后全球生物多样性保护的最新纲领性文件。这是生物多样性保护国际进程的一个里程碑, 也是展现中国以及云南多年来生物多样性保护成效的重要契机。作为中国生物多样性最为丰富的省份和具有全球意义的生物多样性关键地区之一, 云南在生物多样性保护方面投入巨大努力, 在全国较早发布省级《生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2012-2030年)》、开创地方立法先河、率先试点建设国家公园、较早开展县域生物多样性本底调查与评估研究工作、建立了首个国家级野生生物种质资源库等, 在就地保护、迁地保护、重大生态工程等众多领域都取得显著成效。本文在梳理云南生物多样性保护进展与成就的基础上, 对保护成效进行了评估, 并有针对性地探讨了云南生物多样性保护未来发展方向及重大意义, 加强全省农业生物多样性的保护与可持续利用、发挥跨境生物多样性保护及减贫示范作用、协调发展生物多样性保护与少数民族传统知识保护等方面是云南省生物多样性保护今后发展的重要方向, 同时本文也为进一步促进云南生物多样性保护与管理提供了基础资料, 并为COP15提供地方履约实例。     

生物多样性保护适应气候变化的管理策略

应对气候变化和保护生物多样性是2大全球性热点环境问题。气候变化导致物种多样性丧失、生态系统服务降低和区域生态安全屏障功能受损,威胁到中国国土生态安全格局和生态脆弱区域的可持续发展,给生物多样性保护带来新的挑战。做好生物多样性保护适应气候变化的风险管理工作,既是生物多样性应对气候变化风险的必要措施,也是减缓气候变化的重要途径。结合爱知目标10的实现情况,分析了欧盟、澳大利亚、美国等发达国家发布的生物多样性适应气候变化技术政策制定情况、中国生物多样性应对气候变化进展情况,剖析了中国生物多样性保护适应气候变化存在的问题,包括生物多样性应对气候变化的科学认知亟待提高、生物多样性保护适应气候变化的能力建设不足、自然保护地之间缺乏适应气候变化的生态廊道网络、生物多样性保护适应气候变化的技术标准缺乏。研究提出了中国生物多样性应对气候变化的适应性管理策略,包括制定《中国生物多样性保护协同应对气候变化的国家方案》、加强生物多样性保护适应气候变化的能力建设、开展自然保护区适应气候变化的风险管理试点、强化生物多样性应对气候变化的科技支撑,以期为推进纳入气候变化风险管理的生物多样性保护工作提供决策依据。     

国内外城市生物多样性评价与提升研究综述

城市生物多样性水平是反映人与自然和谐共处水平的重要指标,对促进城市可持续发展有着重要意义。城市及其基础设施的扩张改变了土地原有的生态系统、水文状况和地表结构,不断加快的城市化进程对生物多样性造成了严重影响,城市生物多样性保护已成为当下城市生态建设中重要且紧迫的工作。与传统的生物多样性研究不同,城市生物多样性保护工作以保护生物多样性为前提,争取科学利用生物多样性为城市带来更广泛的经济效益和社会效益。当前城市生物多样性研究成果丰富且涉及层面多元,但仍面临缺乏系统性、整体性评价框架以及跨界、多尺度管理等关键问题。故对国内外城市生物多样性的状况评价、效益评价和提升路径三方面的相关研究进行综述,总结当前城市生物多样性评价的标准与方法,并从城市生物多样性保护面对的主要挑战出发,梳理介绍国际合作、国家政策、城市规划、专项保护以及基于自然的解决方案等角度的城市生物多样性提升路径。讨论了城市生物多样性的关注点与未来研究方向,并对城市生物多样性保护提出政策建议,为各地编制生物多样性保护规划和开展城市生物多样性保护工作提供借鉴,以期促进城市生物多样性保护和人与自然的协调发展。     

900万3年查清家底 穿越神农架原始森林无人区大型综合资源考察

加强生物多样性保护基础建设,开展生物多样性本底调查与编目,完成高等植物、脊椎动物和大型真菌受威胁现状评估,发布濒危物种名录。加强生物多样性保护科研能力建设,完善学科与专业设置,加强专业人才培养。开展生物多样性保护与利用技术方法的创新研究。进一步加强生物多样性监测能力建设,提高生物多样性预警和管理水平。摘编自《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》(2011-2030年)     

生物多样性保护与自然保护区

1 自然保护区是生物多样性保护的重要基地 生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础。生物多样性保护已是当今人们最为关注的热点问题,越来越多的人认识到,生物资源是有限度的,发展依赖于保护生物多样性。破坏生物多样性的因素错综复杂,保护生物多样性需要社会有关方面采取广泛对策。实践表明,为保护物     

生物多样性遥感研究方法浅议

概括了遥感在生物多样性研究方面的的优势及在各种尺度为生物多样性评价提供信息的能力;讨论了生物多样性信息系统应具备的功能和应包含的内容;分析了生物多样性遥感研究中数学模型与地理信息系统的耦合问题。     

整合空间信息在生物多样性丧失等研究中的重要性

无数证据表明,地球可能正经历着有史以来的第六次物种大灭绝。在这一背景下,研究生物多样性丧失机制及其对生态系统功能的影响具有重要意义。从先前的相关研究中,已逐渐清晰地认识到造成多样性丧失的几大机制,并对这些机制发生的空间尺度有了一定了解。然而,空间本身对多样性丧失研究的影响仍被该领域的很多研究所忽视。因为生物多样性丧失过程发生在不同空间尺度中,所造成的多样性丧失格局也具有不同的空间尺度特征。忽略空间信息很可能会对多样性丧失等相关研究造成很大干扰,甚至得出错误的结论,其结果也很难正确地运用于不同空间尺度的多样性保护当中。整合空间信息已成为当前生物多样性丧失研究,乃至整个生态学研究的前沿和热点之一。为促进这一趋势在国内的发展,将结合多样性丧失的估计与监测、几大多样性丧失机制(全球环境变化与生境片段化、生物入侵等)来阐述空间信息对当前及今后多样性丧失机制研究的重要性,并用实例展示未充分考虑空间信息而可能造成的后果。最后探讨我国当前科技条件下进行整合空间信息的生物多样性丧失等研究的可行性。     

An overview on biodiversity information in databases

The massive development of biodiversity related information systems over the WWW (World Wide Web) has created much excitement in recent years. These arrays of new data sources are counterbalanced by the difficulty in knowing their location and nature. However, biologists and computer scientists have started to pull together in a rising tide of coherence and organization to address this issue. The fledging field of biodiversity informatics is expected to deliver major advances that could turn the WWW into a giant global biodiversity information system. The present paper briefly reviews the databases in preserving the biodiversity data.     

海洋保护区管理与保护成效评估的方法与进展

全球物种多样性的持续下降使得生物多样性保护面临巨大挑战, 海洋生物多样性的保护任务尤其艰巨。海洋保护区是保护生物多样性的有效方式之一, 如何对其成效进行评估是当前研究热点。然而, 目前针对海洋保护区的评估体系较少, 而且评估指标多侧重于管理成效。近年来随着全球生物多样性监测网络和数据库的建立, 以及多种新技术(如遥感、声呐系统、卫星追踪、基因组学等)在海洋生物多样性监测中的应用, 使得从生态系统到基因水平的多层次连续监测成为可能。基于此, 建议未来我国海洋保护区成效评估应在充分利用新技术方法的基础上, 加强长期科学监测, 建立并完善生物多样性监测数据库和信息共享机制, 发展跨学科的综合保护成效评估体系, 加强基于生物多样性监测的保护成效评估。     

Planning for the restoration of native biodiversity within the Goulburn Broken Catchment, Victoria, using spatial modelling

Summary   Conservation planning aims to ensure the protection and continuation of biodiversity. In rural landscapes in Victoria, this will require the restoration of habitat and biophysical processes to levels that can sustain the majority of species. Planning is required at scales large enough to have ecological relevance. In this study, a land-use change scenario that plans for the conservation of native biodiversity within the Goulburn Broken Catchment was developed using simple ecological principles. A set of indicative rules for restoring remnant native vegetation was modelled within a geographical information system. The modelling of the rules resulted in a change in rural landscapes from highly fragmented (with few large remnants) to highly connected. Future applications of this approach include incorporating the biodiversity rules into a biophysical model to assess the effect of planning landscapes for the conservation of biodiversity on hydrological and economic outcomes for the region. In addition, the rules are to be refined so that the priority landscapes for biodiversity planning can be identified.     

上海市生物多样性信息管理系统的建立和应用

上海多样性信息管理系统是一个在因特网下发布的Ｗｅｂ数据库,用戾可以通过浏览器访问ｈｔｔｐ／／ｗｗｗ．ｉｂｓｆｕ．ｆｕｄａｎ．ｅｄｕ．ｃｎ来进行检索和查询。目前提供的主要数据库：鸟类资源 、两栖爬行动物及哺乳动物库：５个专类生物多样履数据库：绿化植物相关技术也在文中作了详细阐述。最后,就目前关于生物多样性信息系统建设中存在的问题发表了一些看法。     

Biodiversity loss and the taxonomic bottleneck: emerging biodiversity science

Human domination of the Earth has resulted in dramatic changes to global and local patterns of biodiversity. Biodiversity is critical to human sustainability because it drives the ecosystem services that provide the core of our life-support system. As we, the human species, are the primary factor leading to the decline in biodiversity, we need detailed information about the biodiversity and species composition of specific locations in order to understand how different species contribute to ecosystem services and how humans can sustainably conserve and manage biodiversity. Taxonomy and ecology, two fundamental sciences that generate the knowledge about biodiversity, are associated with a number of limitations that prevent them from providing the information needed to fully understand the relevance of biodiversity in its entirety for human sustainability: (1) biodiversity conservation strategies that tend to be overly focused on research and policy on a global scale with little impact on local biodiversity; (2) the small knowledge base of extant global biodiversity; (3) a lack of much-needed site-specific data on the species composition of communities in human-dominated landscapes, which hinders ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation; (4) biodiversity studies with a lack of taxonomic precision; (5) a lack of taxonomic expertise and trained taxonomists; (6) a taxonomic bottleneck in biodiversity inventory and assessment; and (7) neglect of taxonomic resources and a lack of taxonomic service infrastructure for biodiversity science. These limitations are directly related to contemporary trends in research, conservation strategies, environmental stewardship, environmental education, sustainable development, and local site-specific conservation. Today’s biological knowledge is built on the known global biodiversity, which represents barely 20% of what is currently extant (commonly accepted estimate of 10 million species) on planet Earth. Much remains unexplored and unknown, particularly in hotspots regions of Africa, South Eastern Asia, and South and Central America, including many developing or underdeveloped countries, where localized biodiversity is scarcely studied or described. "Backyard biodiversity", defined as local biodiversity near human habitation, refers to the natural resources and capital for ecosystem services at the grassroots level, which urgently needs to be explored, documented, and conserved as it is the backbone of sustainable economic development in these countries. Beginning with early identification and documentation of local flora and fauna, taxonomy has documented global biodiversity and natural history based on the collection of "backyard biodiversity" specimens worldwide. However, this branch of science suffered a continuous decline in the latter half of the twentieth century, and has now reached a point of potential demise. At present there are very few professional taxonomists and trained local parataxonomists worldwide, while the need for, and demands on, taxonomic services by conservation and resource management communities are rapidly increasing. Systematic collections, the material basis of biodiversity information, have been neglected and abandoned, particularly at institutions of higher learning. Considering the rapid increase in the human population and urbanization, human sustainability requires new conceptual and practical approaches to refocusing and energizing the study of the biodiversity that is the core of natural resources for sustainable development and biotic capital for sustaining our life-support system. In this paper we aim to document and extrapolate the essence of biodiversity, discuss the state and nature of taxonomic demise, the trends of recent biodiversity studies, and suggest reasonable approaches to a biodiversity science to facilitate the expansion of global biodiversity knowledge and to create useful data on backyard biodiversity worldwide towards human sustainability.     

Mediterranean Lagoons Revisited: Weakness and Efficiency of the Rapid Biodiversity Assessment Techniques in a Severely Fluctuating Environment

The purpose of this paper is to test the performance of rapid biodiversity assessment techniques in the lagoonal environment at the pan-Mediterranean scale. The multivariate techniques can produce patterns of lagoonal biodiversity along the Mediterranean. Additionally, it is shown that the polychaete inventory can preferably be used rather than the aggregation of information at the family level for the purposes of rapid biodiversity assessment. These techniques, however, appear to be weak for the environmental assessment because they cannot detect differences between the naturally disturbed and the anthropogenically impacted lagoons. Both taxonomic distinctness indices are found to be robust in providing meaningful results for rapid biodiversity/environmental assessment when the crustacean inventory and the polychaete and molluscan ones are used for the estimation of the average taxonomic distinctness and of the variation in taxonomic distinctness values, correspondingly. Conversely, information on the distribution of the macrofaunal species to the Mediterranean lagoons appears to be inadequate for the needs of such rapid biodiversity assessment at a regional scale. It is suggested that information on ecological convergence of the macrofaunal species would probably provide biodiversity indices with additional power, at least in the lagoonal environment.