香蕉基因组SRAP反应体系的建立和优化

为建立并优化适于香蕉（Musa spp.）SRAP分析的扩增体系,对影响香蕉SRAP反应的dNTP、Mg²⁺、模板DNA、引物浓度和Taq酶用量等因素进行优化。确定的优化扩增体系为Mg²⁺ 2.5 mmol·L^-1,dNTP 250 μmol·L^-1,Taq酶1.0 U,引物0.5 μmol·L^-1,模板DNA 20 ng,10×PCR buffer 2.5 μL,在此条件下SRAP扩增香蕉基因组DNA条带清晰,多态性丰富。该体系在29个香蕉基因组中获得较好的扩增结果,可望在香蕉植物起源和进化研究中应用。     

华中五味子AFLP反应体系的建立

目的：建立一个适于华中五味子研究用的AFLP反应体系。方法：以华中五味子硅胶干燥嫩叶为试材,采用改良CTAB法提取到高质量DNA。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对MseⅠ/EcoRⅠ双酶切、连接、预扩增和选择性扩增过程中的关键因素进行分析。结果：双酶切6h,片段主要集中在250～2000bp;连接产物和预扩增产物最适稀释倍数均为10倍;预扩增产物经选择性引物E-ACT/M-CAT和E-ACA/M-CAG扩增,琼脂糖电泳检测其主带分别集中在250～375bp和500～750bp,6%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测及银染,条带清晰可辨。结论：该体系具有稳定性高、重复性好等优点,可用于华中五味子AFLP分析。     

蚕豆AFLP技术体系的建立与优化

对蚕豆DNA提取质量和浓度、DNA双酶切与连接、酶切连接产物的预扩增和选择性扩增等AFLP技术体系中的关键技术进行了优化处理,构建了蚕豆AFLP银染技术体系。酶切与连接可在12.5μl体系中一步完成,酶切连接温度为37℃,反应时间12~14 h;预扩增体系为20μl,选择性扩增体系为10μl。采用该技术体系应用8对引物构建的蚕豆种质资源AFLP指纹图谱,扩增条带多、多态性强且质量好,可满足遗传多样性分析要求。     

利用AFLP分析西南特色猕猴桃的遗传多样性

为分析西南地区特色猕猴桃(Actinidia Lindl.)的遗传多样性,建立并优化了猕猴桃DNA 多态性分析的AFLP 体系,AFLP 标记体系为300 ng 基因组DNA 用EcoR Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ (15 U/5 U)于37℃下酶切2 h,加接头后的混合物稀释5 倍用于预扩增,预扩增产物再稀释10 倍后进行选择性扩增.结果表明,筛选的22 对引物进行扩增反应,共得到979 条条带,其中多态性条带为649 条.采用优化的AFLP 体系,对西南地区的10 种猕猴桃50 个样本进行了遗传多样性分析,包括普通品种中华猕猴桃、美味猕猴桃,及特色品种硬毛猕猴桃、毛被猕猴桃、革叶猕猴桃、四萼猕猴桃、狗枣猕猴桃、葛枣猕猴桃、京梨猕猴桃和紫果猕猴,结果表明种内和种间的聚类关系明显;斑果组(sect. Maculatae)和净果组(sect. Leiocarpae)的种间有聚类交叉,并呈现地理区域性分布.     

濒危植物夏蜡梅ISSR扩增条件的优化

为了确保ISSR分析结果的可靠性和重复性,有必要进行ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化。以濒危植物夏蜡梅的基因组DNA为研究对象,利用单因素试验,测试了ISSR-PCR反应体系中镁离子,dNTP,模板DNA含量,Taq DNA聚合酶量、BSA浓度、引物浓度、甘油浓度等7种因素对反应结果的影响,经过优化实验,建立了夏蜡梅ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系：10 μL PCR反应体积,1×Taq酶配套缓冲液（10 mmol·L^-1 Tris·HCl pH9.0,50 mmol·L^-1 KCl, 0.1%Triton X-100）,1.5 mmol·L^-1 MgCl₂,0.75U Taq酶（上海华美公司）,20 ng模板DNA,6pmol引物（上海Sangon公司）;dATP、dCTP 、dGTP 、dTTP 各0.15 mmol·L^-1。利用优化反应体系从100个ISSR引物中共筛选出12个稳定性好、重复性高的引物,对10个居群共200个夏蜡梅个体的DNA进行扩增,共扩增出156个条带,其中多态条带为114个,总的多态位点百分率为73.08%。各居群的多态位点百分率有较大差异,平均为23.65%。夏蜡梅ISSR反应体系的建立为利用ISSR分子标记技术研究夏蜡梅的遗传多样性奠定了良好的基础。     

芒AFLP反应体系的建立

以芒DNA为材料,对AFLP分子标记分析中的基因组酶切体系选择性扩增中Mg2+、dNTP和Taq酶浓度等4个因素进行了比较。结果表明20μL基因组双酶切体系中,使用1UEcoRⅠ和1UM seⅠ酶切3 h能够实现完全酶切;选择性扩增的PCR 10μL反应体系中1.4 mmol.L-1Mg2+,0.4 mmol.L-1dNTP及0.6 U Taq酶是进行芒AFLP分析的最佳反应条件,能够得到丰富稳定的带纹。该体系的构建为AFLP技术在芒相关研究中的应用奠定了基础。     

华中五昧子AFLP反应体系的建立

目的:建立一个适于华中五味子研究用的AFLP反应体系.方法:以华中五味子硅胶干燥嫩叶为试材,采用改良CTAB法提取到高质量DNA.通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对Mse I/EcoR Ⅰ双酶切、连接、预扩增和选择性扩增过程中的关键因素进行分析.结果:双酶切6 h,片段主要集中在250～2 000bp;连接产物和预扩增产物最适稀释倍数均为10倍;预扩增产物经选择性引物E-ACF/M-CAT和E-ACA/M-CAG扩增,琼脂糖电泳检测其主带分别集中在250～375 bp和500～750 bp,6%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测及银染,条带清晰可辨.结论:该体系具有稳定性高、重复性好等优点,可用于华中五味子AFLP分析.     

应用AFLP技术对不同山羊种群进行遗传多样性检测的方法初探

7种不同山羊品种或种群的基因组DNA经限制性内切酶酶切 ,连接特异性接头 ,用 5条人工设计的与接头序列相识别的AFLP选择性引物 ,进行AFLP -PCR扩增 ,以琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增结果。不同山羊种群基因组DNA的扩增结果具有差异。从而得出结论 :AFLP技术是一种适宜于山羊的遗传检测方法。     

山茶花叶片DNA提取及RAPD反应体系的研究

山茶花（Camellia japonica L.）是我国特产的名贵花卉之一,由于其品种繁多,在系统分类和品种鉴定上存在一定的难度。本研究针对山茶花的DNA提取方法和RAPD扩增体系进行了摸索,旨在为山茶花在DNA水平的分类鉴定和分子生物学方面研究打下一定的基础。实验采用改进的CTAB法提取山茶花叶片DNA,得到的DNA纯度较高,OD₂₆₀/OD₂₃₀值为1.90～2.0,OD₂₆₀/OD₂₈₀值为1.80～1.83,得率也较高,一般在150～200 μg·g^-1左右,片段完整性较好,大于20 kb,符合分子遗传实验的要求;在山茶花RAPD扩增条件的研究中,发现20 μL反应体系中加入100 ng DNA、125 μmol·L^-1 dNTP(each)、1.2 μmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺、1×Buffer、0.5 μmol·L^-1引物、1 U Taq酶最为合适,退火温度一般设为37℃左右,扩增产物的电泳条带数多、清晰、明亮。     

南药益智AFLP-PCR体系的建立与优化

[目的]建立适合南药益智的扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)扩增体系来研究不同地理居群益智遗传多样性。[方法]利用植物基因组试剂盒法提取高质量的益智基因组DNA,采用单因素和正交试验对AFLP过程中的酶切和PCR相关影响因素进行优化,并对适合益智AFLP分析的引物组合进行筛选。[结果]实验结果表明最佳酶切反应体系:模板DNA 0.6μg,酶量20 U,酶切时间2 h;最佳AFLP-PCR选择性扩增反应体系(总体积为25μL):10×PCR Buffer(不含Mg2+)2.5μL,d NTPs 2μL,Mg2+(25mmol/L)1.5μL,引物(10 pmol/μL)各2.0μL,Taq酶(5 U/ml)0.5μL,模板稀释25倍2μL。利用建立的最佳扩增体系从64对引物中筛选获得8对选择性引物适合益智AFLP分析。[结论]建立了稳定的AFLP-PCR体系,为研究益智遗传多样性的AFLP分析奠定了基础。     

Optimisation of DNA extraction for AFLP analysis of mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids caladeniinae and drakaeinae

Published DNA extraction methods present a number of problems when applied to mycorrhizal fungi of native Australian terrestrial orchids. Grinding with liquid nitrogen shears the DNA, and other pulverisation methods yield too little DNA. We found that freezing the fungal sample with liquid nitrogen, with no grinding, followed by the Qiagen DNeasy extraction procedure produced good yields of high-molecular-weight DNA. The DNA was then used for amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting. Good fingerprints were produced by restriction withEcoRI/MseI enzymes, the use of preamplification primer mix II (for small genomes), and a 2-base extensionMseI primer (m-cc) with 3-base extensionEcoRI primers in the selective amplification. This protocol may be of general utility for other fungi with similarly fragile DNA.     

An integrated high-density RFLP-AFLP map of tomato based on two Lycopersicon esculentum×L. pennellii F2 populations

 Two independent F₂ populations of Lycopersicon esculentum×L. pennellii which have previously been investigated in RFLP mapping studies were used for construction of a highly saturated integrated AFLP map. This map spanned 1482 cM and contained 67 RFLP markers, 1078 AFLP markers obtained with 22 EcoRI+MseI primer combinations and 97 AFLP markers obtained with five PstI+MseI primer combinations, 231 AFLP markers being common to both populations. The EcoRI+MseI AFLP markers were not evenly distributed over the chromosomes. Around the centromeric region, 848 EcoRI+ MseI AFLP markers were clustered and covered a genetic distance of 199 cM, corresponding to one EcoRI+ MseI AFLP marker per 0.23 cM; on the distal parts 1283 cM were covered by 230 EcoRI+MseI AFLP markers, corresponding to one marker per 5.6 cM. The PstI/MseI AFLP markers showed a more even distribution with 16 PstI/MseI AFLP markers covering a genetic distance of 199 cM around the centromeric regions and 81 PstI/MseI AFLP markers covering a genetic distance of 1283 cM on the more distal parts, corresponding to one marker per 12 and 16 cM respectively. In both populations a large number of loci showed a significant skewed segregation, but only chromosome 10 loci showed skewness that was similar for both populations. This ultra-dense molecular-marker map provides good perspectives for genetic and breeding purposes and map-based cloning. Received: 3 September 1998 / Accepted: 27 October 1998     

AFLP analysis of genetic diversity within and between Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes

The degree of genetic diversity within and between 21 Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh ecotypes was estimated by AFLP analysis. Within seven of the 21 ecotypes, a low but significant level of polymorphism was detected, and for five of these ecotypes two or three distinct subgroups could be distinguished. As these ecotypes represent natural populations, this intra-ecotypic diversity reflects natural genetic variation and diversification within the ecotypes. The source of this diversity remains unclear but is intriguing in view of the predominantly self-fertilizing nature of Arabidopsis. Interrelationships between the different ecotypes were estimated after AFLP fingerprinting using two enzyme combinations (EcoRI/MseI and SacI/MseI) and a number of selective primer pairs. SacI recognition sites are less evenly distributed in the genome than EcoRI sites, and occur more frequently in coding sequences. In most cases, AFLP data from only one enzyme combination are used for genetic diversity analysis. Our results show that the use of two enzyme combinations can result in significantly different classifications of the ecotypes both in cluster and ordination analysis. This difference most probably reflects differences in the genomic distribution of the AFLP fragments generated, depending on the enzymes and selective primers used. For closely related varieties, as in the case of Arabidopsis ecotypes, this can preclude reliable classification.     

Two high-density AFLP® linkage maps of Zea mays L.: analysis of distribution of AFLP markers

This study demonstrates the relative ease of generating high-density linkage maps using the AFLP® technology. Two high-density AFLP linkage maps of Zea mays L. were generated based on: (1) a B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbred population and (2) a D32 × D145 immortalized F₂ population. Although AFLP technology is in essence a mono-allelic marker system, markers can be scored quantitatively and used to deduce zygosity. AFLP markers were generated using the enzyme combinations EcoRI/MseI and PstI/MseI. A total of 1539 and 1355 AFLP markers have been mapped in the two populations, respectively. Among the mapped PstI/MseIAFLP markers we have included fragments bounded by a methylated PstI site (^mAFLP markers). Mapping these ^mAFLP markers shows that the presence of C-methylation segregates in perfect accordance with the primary target sequence, leading to Mendelian inheritance. Simultaneous mapping of PstI/MseIAFLP and PstI/MseI ^mAFLP markers allowed us to identify a number of epi-alleles, showing allelic variation in the CpNpG methylation only. However, their frequency in maize is low. Map comparison shows that, despite some rearrangements, most of the AFLP markers that are common in both populations, map at similar positions. This would indicate that AFLP markers are predominantly single-locus markers. Changes in map order occur mainly in marker-dense regions. These marker-dense regions, representing clusters of mainly EcoRI/MseI AFLP and PstI/MseI ^mAFLP markers, co- localize well with the putative centromeric regions of the maize chromosomes. In contrast, PstI/MseImarkers are more uniformly distributed over the genome.     

DNA methylation and AFLP marker distribution in the soybean genome

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) have become important markers for genetic mapping because of their ability to reliably detect variation at a large number of loci. We report here the dissimilar distribution of two types of AFLP markers generated using restriction enzymes with varying sensitivities to cytosine methylation in the soybean genome. Initially, AFLP markers were placed on a scaffold map of 165 RFLP markers mapped in 42 recombinant inbred (F_6:7) lines. These markers were selected from a map of over 500 RFLPs analyzed in 300 recombinant inbred (F_6:7) lines generated by crossing BSR101×PI437.654. The randomness of AFLP marker map position was tested using a Poisson-model distribution. We found that AFLP markers generated using EcoRI/MseI deviated significantly from a random distribution, with 34% of the markers displaying dense clustering. In contrast to the EcoRI/MseI AFLP markers, PstI/MseI-generated AFLP markers did not cluster and were under represented in the EcoRI/MseI marker clusters. The restriction enzyme PstI is notably sensitive to cytosine methylation, and these results suggest that this sensitivity affected the distribution of the AFLP markers generated using this enzyme in the soybean genome. The common presence of one EcoRI/MseI AFLP cluster per linkage group and the infrequent presence of markers sensitive to methylation in these clusters are consistent with the low recombination frequency and the high level of cytosine methylation observed in the heterochromatic regions surrounding centromeres. Thus, the dense EcoRI/MseI AFLP marker clusters may be revealing structural features of the soybean genome, including the genetic locations of centromeres. Received: 5 November 1998 / Accepted: 20 February 1999     

AFLP analysis of genetic diversity within and between Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes.

The degree of genetic diversity within and between 21 Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh ecotypes was estimated by AFLP analysis. Within seven of the 21 ecotypes, a low but significant level of polymorphism was detected, and for five of these ecotypes two or three distinct subgroups could be distinguished. As these ecotypes represent natural populations, this intra-ecotypic diversity reflects natural genetic variation and diversification within the ecotypes. The source of this diversity remains unclear but is intriguing in view of the predominantly self-fertilizing nature of Arabidopsis. Interrelationships between the different ecotypes were estimated after AFLP fingerprinting using two enzyme combinations (EcoRI/MseI and SacI/MseI) and a number of selective primer pairs. SacI recognition sites are less evenly distributed in the genome than EcoRI sites, and occur more frequently in coding sequences. In most cases, AFLP data from only one enzyme combination are used for genetic diversity analysis. Our results show that the use of two enzyme combinations can result in significantly different classifications of the ecotypes both in cluster and ordination analysis. This difference most probably reflects differences in the genomic distribution of the AFLP fragments generated, depending on the enzymes and selective primers used. For closely related varieties, as in the case of Arabidopsis ecotypes, this can preclude reliable classification. Received: 25 September 1998 / Accepted: 3 March 1999     

Studies on genetic changes in rye samples (Secale cereale L.) maintained in a seed bank

The aim of this study was to identify genetic changes in rye seeds induced by natural ageing during long-term storage and consecutive regeneration cycles under gene bank conditions. Genomic DNA from four rye samples varying in their initial viability after one and three cycles of reproduction was analyzed by AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) fingerprinting. Seven EcoRI/MseI primer combinations defined 663 fragments, and seven PstI/MseI primer combinations defined 551 fragments. The variation in the frequency of the seventy-four EcoRI/MseI bands was statistically significant between samples. These changes could be attributed to genetic changes occurring during storage and regeneration. However, the PstI/MseI fragments appeared to be uninfluenced by seed ageing, regeneration and propagation. A combined Principle Coordinate Analysis revealed differences between samples with different initial viability. We showed that materials with low initial viability differ in their response from highly viable ones, and that the changes exhibited in the former case are preserved through regeneration cycles.     

Molecular identification of AFLP fragments associated with elytra color variation of the Asian ladybird beetle,Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis shows polymorphism in elytra color patterns. However, it is uncertain whether these color patterns are regulated by genetic factors. This investigation used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to determine any genetic causes of the variability of color patterns. Using four individuals of each group, AFLP analysis produced 37 polymorphic bands. Among several polymorphic bands, six AFLP markers were associated with elytra color patterns after further analysis using six additional individuals of each group. These polymorphic sites were sequenced but did not match DNA sequence data deposited in GenBank. Based on the color-associated AFLP markers, SCAR primers were designed for PCR amplification of genomic DNA. These primers (SCAR 12 and SCAR 44) were used to analyze color-associated loci and/or alleles of H. axyridis DNA. SCAR 12 primers designed from a Spectabilis type-specific fragment (AFLP 12) amplified a specific band of 530 bp in four Spectabilis individuals, but not in the insects with other color patterns.     

DNA fingerprinting based on microsatellite-anchored fragment length polymorphisms,and isolation of sequence-specific PCR markers in lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)

We report a method of microsatellite-anchored fragment length polymorphisms for DNA fingerprinting. The method combines the concept of AFLP and the microsatellite-anchor primer technique. Genomic DNA was digested by one restriction enzyme MseI. One AFLP adaptor (MseI adaptor) was ligated onto the restriction fragments. DNA fingerprints were produced by PCR using one microsatellite-anchor primer in combination with one MseI-primer. The method allows co-amplification of over 100 DNA fragments containing microsatellite motifs per PCR. Polymorphisms detected from lupin by this method included those arising from variation in the number of microsatellite repeat units targeted by the microsatellite-anchor primers, from variation on the annealing sites for the SSR-anchor primers, from insertions/deletions outside the SSR region, and from variation in restriction sites. The first three types of polymorphisms were readily converted into sequence-specific PCR markers suitable for marker-assisted breeding.     

DNA methylation profiles differ between field- andin vitro-grown leaves of apple

A reliable method has been previously developed to detect cytosine methylation at the 5′-CCGG-3′ sequence using isoschizomers (Msp I and Hpa II) and a modified amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. With this method, DNA methylation profiles were investigated in leaf tissues of apple (Malus × domestica cv. Gala) grown under two different growth conditions, field and tissue culture. A total of 1,622 AFLP bands were detected using 32 pairs of primers, and these banding patterns were assembled into three groups. Type I AFLP bands were present in both EcoR I/Hpa II and EcoR I/Msp I lanes. Type II bands were present in the EcoR I/Msp I lanes, but not in EcoR I/Hpa II lanes. Type III bands were present in EcoR I/Hpa II lanes, but not in the EcoR I/Msp I lanes. For leaf tissues of field- and in vitro-grown apples, the ratios of types I, II, and III to the total number of amplified fragments were 70 %, 24 %, and 6 %, and 71 %, 23 %, and 6 %, respectively. Although the ratios of the three types of banding patterns were similar in both leaf tissues, a few bands specific to either field-grown trees or in vitro-grown shoots were observed. This study provided evidence that changes in methylation occurred in apple leaf tissues subjected to tissue culture growth conditions.