黑龙江依兰早第三纪植物群的古气候分析

对黑龙江依兰煤矿煤层间的大量植物叶痕化石研究表明：依兰植物群有蕨类植物２ 种,裸子植物１０ 种,被子植物５８ 种,分属３４ 科４６属。植物群可分为两个植物组合：一个是下煤层上顶板的矿页岩层化石的组合,称Ａ 段组合,时代为早始新世。植物种类丰富,含有较多常绿阔叶成分,属北亚热带的常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶、针阔叶混生林。通过植物叶相特征分析,其全缘叶比例为３８％ 。用气候诺模图得出其古气候为年均温１３．２℃,年温差２０℃;另一个植物组合是煤系地层之上,即上煤层顶部的油页岩层中的Ｂ段化石组合,时代为早渐新世。植物以落叶成分为主,属暖温带落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混生林。全缘叶比例为３０％ 。古气候年均温为１１℃,年温差２５℃。表明植物区系组成完全不同,显示出气候随时代发生了演变,而使区系逐渐发展到今日的寒温带气候和植被     

山西历山种子植物区系研究

历山位于中条山山脉的东段,有种子植物966种,隶属于490属123科。种子植物属种区系成分复杂多样,以温带成分占优势(温带属290属,占总属数的66.36%;温带种504种,占总种数的53.22%)。对科属种区系成分和植被建群种和优势种组成的分析表明,历山具有典型的暖温带落叶阔叶林的特征。应用PCA排序和多样性指数对历山及部分山地植物属的区系地理成分进行了比较研究,结果表明,历山的植物区系成份与太白山、太岳山和泰山较为相似,而与关帝山、芦芽山和长白山有明显差异。     

山东青东凹陷西部古近纪孢粉组合特征及意义

通过对山东青东凹陷西部古近纪地层孢粉研究,共建立4个孢粉组合:Ⅰ.Ephedripites-Inaperturopollenites-Ulmipollenites minor,Ⅱ.Pinaceae-Ulmoideipites tricostatus-Taxodiaceaepollenites,Ⅲ.QuercoiditeshenriciTaxodiaceaepollenites hiatus,Ⅳ.Alnipollenites-Juglanspollenites-Polypodiaceaes porites。根据与渤海湾地区的孢粉资料对比,确定4个组合的时代分别为早始新世晚期—中始新世早期、中始新世早—中期、中始新世中—晚期、中始新世晚期—晚始新世。该区古近纪植被类型由落叶、阔叶和灌木混交林逐步转变为落叶、常绿阔叶和针叶混交林,古气候经历了干热的亚热带气候到湿热的亚热带气候再到亚热带型温暖气候的变化。沙四段上部到沙三段下部沉积时期是研究区烃源岩最为发育时期。     

陕西佛坪自然保护区植被的基本特征

对陕西佛坪自然保护区植被优势植物的区系地理特征,主要植被类型及其时空动态特征进行了讨论。本区属中国－日本森林植物区系的一部分,温带分布属占较大比例,热带分布属也占相当比重,低中山森林植被优势植物以华中、华北及华东成分为主,亚高山灌丛及草甸则主要由唐古特成分及中国－喜马拉雅成分构成,本区可被视为我国温带植物区系的典型地区。本区植被可分为３个垂直自然带;（１）落叶阔叶栎林带（２０００ｍ以下）;（２）落     

川西高原早第三纪植物群的发现及其在 植物地理学上的意义

本文记载了1982年中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队在对横断山北段综合考察中,于四川省西部理塘县晚始新世热鲁组中所采集的8科10属的化石植物。根据植物群的组合及其它们对应的现代植物地理分布,对该地区的古植被、古地理、古气候以及南北两半球植物区系的相互关系作了初步讨论。并对桉属(Eucalyptus)的起源和迁移作了推测。在晚始新世时,四川西部理塘地区分布着以桉属为主的常绿阔叶林,有少数落叶阔叶树种分布。气候干热。海拔高度不超过1000米。桉属植物化石在西藏和四川西部始新世地层中相继发现,说明在早第三纪,南北两半球有过密切的联系。桉属很可能起源于北半球,从亚洲经马来西亚到达大洋洲,发展成为新的分布中心。     

神农架南坡植物群落多样性的海拔梯度格局

神农架南坡在我国植被区划中具有十分重要的意义。在神农架南坡沿海拔梯度设置50个样方进行植物物种多样性调查,通过对样方的数量分类和DCA排序,结合物种丰富度、区系分化强度、区系成分和生活型构成等方面的分析,研究神农架南坡植物物种多样性的垂直格局。结果表明：(1)神农架南坡的植被垂直带谱为：海拔900—1000m以下为常绿阔叶林;1000-1700m为常绿落叶阔叶混交林;1600—2100m为落叶阔叶林;海拔2000—2400m为针阔叶混交林;海拔2300m以上为暗针叶林。(2)植被基带群落中,在物种数量、区系成分和重要值方面,常绿和落叶阔叶树种所占的比例都相差无几。(3)植物多样性的垂直格局基本符合“单峰”模式。峰值出现在海拔1400—1500m;但混交林类型的多样性和区系分化强度较高。(4)在植物区系中,温带成分处于主导地位;世界广布属的比例随海拔上升而增加;而中国特有属仅见于海拔2000m以下。亚热带成分和东亚区域性区系成分都随海拔上升而减少,峰值都位于山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林。(5)蕨类植物丰富度随海拔上升而减小;草本植物丰富度与海拔高度之间没有呈现显著的相关关系;木本植物丰富度总体沿海拔梯度减少,但峰椎处于常绿落叶阔叶林带。针阔混交林样方的平均木本物种数也超过落叶阔叶林带。     

辽西义县组孢粉植物群指示的古气候条件

迄今为止,在辽西北票义县地区的下白垩统义县组二段沉积层中,已发现孢粉化石62属,82种,藻类化石3种。本文对产于不同地点沉积层中的孢粉化石进行了系统研究和总结。根据孢粉母体植物形态和生态特征、生长的气候环境和干湿度环境,对义县组二段的孢粉植物群进行了植被类型、气候带类型和干湿度类型的统计和划分,认为义县组二段沉积时期,其孢粉植被类型为针叶林,所处的气候环境为湿润的亚热带一暖温带。由于植被成分中存在落叶阔叶植物和旱生植物,推测气候环境存在季节性变化,间有干旱一半干旱气候条件。     

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区植物多样性研究

对湖南省小溪国家级自然保护区中的植物多样性进行了研究,结果表明:保护区内有维管束植物221科974属2 702种,裸子植物8科17属25种,被子植物172科860属2 381种,蕨类植物41科87属296种.该区的植物多样性表现为区系成分复杂,起源古老,特有种和珍稀濒危种多,资源植物丰富.保护区内的植被由阔叶林、针叶林(舍针阔叶混交林)和灌丛3个植被型组构成,植被垂直带谱可划分为常绿阅叶林带和常绿落叶阔叶林混交林带.     

青藏高原杨属化石概述

杨属是北半球温带森林生态系统中一个重要的乔木属。文中概述了青藏高原古近纪和新近纪的杨属化石记录,并根据最新的地层学和年代学数据,对化石的时代进行厘定。化石记录显示杨属在青藏高原最早出现于始新世最晚期。在渐新世和中新世杨属在青藏高原的南部和北部都有较多的化石,但在高原中部尚未见记录。青藏高原具有杨属的化石植物群大多数都是温带落叶阔叶的河岸植被,进一步证实杨属在其演化历史早期就偏好温带近河岸的环境。青藏高原北部的早渐新世植物群中杨属多样性较高,并占据显著优势,表明这一地区在杨属早期分化中具有重要作用。     

青藏高原杨属化石概述（英文）

杨属是北半球温带森林生态系统中一个重要的乔木属。文中概述了青藏高原古近纪和新近纪的杨属化石记录,并根据最新的地层学和年代学数据,对化石的时代进行厘定。化石记录显示杨属在青藏高原最早出现于始新世最晚期。在渐新世和中新世杨属在青藏高原的南部和北部都有较多的化石,但在高原中部尚未见记录。青藏高原具有杨属的化石植物群大多数都是温带落叶阔叶的河岸植被,进一步证实杨属在其演化历史早期就偏好温带近河岸的环境。青藏高原北部的早渐新世植物群中杨属多样性较高,并占据显著优势,表明这一地区在杨属早期分化中具有重要作用。     

A Study on the Eocene Flora in Yilan County,Heilongjiang, China

This paper reports the fossil flora in the Yilan Coal Mine, Heilongjiang Province.The Paleogene flora of the Dalianhe formation includes two groups according to their geology column:one (flora A) is from sand-shale above the lower coal seams and the other (flora B) is from oil shale above the upper coal beds. The flora contains two species of pteridophytes, 10 species of gymnosperms and over 40 species of angiosperms including 1 new species and 10 uncertain species, assigned to 49 genera and 35 families. The analysis of the floristic composition and their foliar physiognomy showes that the flora A consists of elements in evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forests indicating its subtropical feature, whereas the flora B consists of elements in deciduous broad-leaved forests indicating a warm-temperate feature. Compared to the Paleogene floras of Northeastern Asia and North America, the flora A is assigned to the early Eocene, and the flora B to the late Eocene. These results seem to indicate that in the Eocene, paleoclimatic decline took place in Northeast China.     

Paleoclimatic Analysis of Paleogene Flora in Yilan County,Heilongjiang

Plant fossils were collected from the sand-shale above the lower coal seam and the upper oil shale above the upper coal seam in the Yilan coal mine, Heilongjiang. The floras contained 2 species of pteridophytes, 10 species of gymnosperms and over 58 species of angiosperms assigned to 46 genera and 34 families. The fossils were divided into two floras, one of which was in lower sand-shale beds, with the age assigned to the Eocene, and the other was in the upper part of oil shales considered to belong to the Oligocene. The floras were complicated in composition and rich in species, and were studied by means of floristic analysis, foliar architectural and physiognomical analysis. The Eocene flora consisted of many evergreen broad-leaved species, which indicated that the flora belonged to north subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest or subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. The foliar physiognomical analysis of the floristic composition showed that the species with entire leaf margines made up 38.3 percent of the total. The climate in the Eocene was estimated by means of climatic nomogram as follow: The mean annual temperature was 13.2 ℃ and annual temperature deviancy was 20℃. In the Oligocene flora, deciduous broadleaved trees were dominant, which indicated that the vegetation was of temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest or warm temperate coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest. The species with entire leaf margines were 30. 8 percent with an estimated mean annual temperature of 11 ℃ and mean annual temperature deviancy of 25 ℃. The floristic aspect and climate in the Paleogene of Yilan region were very different from the present ones.     

山东植物区系的演变和来源

1　现代植物区系山东省位于我国东部、黄河下游 ,北濒渤海 ,东临黄海 ,地理范围介于北纬 34°2 3′～38°2 4′,东经 1 1 4°4 8′～ 1 2 2°4 3′之间。全省总面积为 1 5.72万 km2 ,占全国总面积的 1 .6%。属暖温带季风气候 ,沿海比较湿润 ,地带性植被主要是暖温带落叶阔叶林和松、栎类针阔叶混交林。山东省在中国植物区系的分区地位隶属于泛北极植物区、中国 -日本森林植物亚区、华北植物地区 [1 ]。据最近研究统计 ,现有野生维管植物 1 47科、61 4属 ,约 1 547种 (包括变种 ,下同 )。其中蕨类植物 2 4科 39属 1 0 5种 ,裸子植物 3科 3属 …     

东亚暖温带落叶阔叶林的起源

以对北京百花山种子植物区系起源的分析为例,探讨了暖温带落叶阔叶林的起源,认为:世界暖温带落叶阔叶林在植物区系起源上是统一的,东亚暖温带落叶阔叶林是基本类型,中国西南的亚热带山地是它们的发源地。     

The uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau in relation to the vegetational changes in the past

By late Carboniferous the flora of northern Xizang differs from that of the northern India. During late Permian, the northern Xizang was inhabited by the Gigantopteris flora, while in the southern Xizang was widespread the Glossopteris flora. The upper Triassic flora of the northern Xizang is closely related to that of southwestern China and quite different from that of India. The Jurassic flora found in Tsaidam of Chinghai and the early Cretaceous flora found in Lhasa of the northern Xizang are closely related to these of the northern hemisphere, and show no relationship with these of the southern hemisphere. The late Cretaceous flora of Rikaze and the early Eocene flora of Ali region are also of northern hemisphere in affinity and show no relationship with the Daccan Intertrappean and the Eocene floras of India. Hence, the northern and the southern Xizang should have belonged to two different continents, Eurasia and Gondwanaland. Between them, a very wide sea, the Tethys, was situated. This strongly supports the view of continental drift that the India block drifted in late Jurassic-Cretaceous from the south-eastern corner of Africa and later on in Eocene joined up with Asia to become its subcontinent. The suture line between Eurasia and the India block perhaps lies in the belt of basic to ultrabasic rocks along the Yalu-Tsangpo valleys. Judging from the nature of the floras ranging from the late Carboniferous to the early Eocene, the northern Xizang most probably was of lowland in topography throughout these periods. The Miocene floras of the central and the northern Xizang were mainly composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees, though some evergreen trees existed somewhere else. It reflects the land of the central and the northern Xizang had already uplifted to some extant before Miocene. During the time of Pliocene, the evergreen broadleaved trees were gradually declining in their development in the northern Xizang. The vegetation of the Chaidamu (=Tsaidam) Basin further changed into deciduous broad-leaved to coniferous forests and then turned into grasslands and semi-deserts or deserts. It shows by that time the land of Xizang and Chinghai further upheaved. Up to the late Pliocene, the vegetation of the northern Xizang and Chinghai further changed. But the vegetation of the Himalayan region was still dominated by evergreen oaks and Cedrus forests. Most probably by that time the Himalayas was not so high as present. There was no barrier to prevent the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean passing over the Himalayas. The most active period of the uplift of the mountain ranges in Xizang and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is the Quaternary. By that time no evergreen broad-leaved trees could live in the northern Xizang. During the late Quaternary, the vegetation of most parts of Xizang gradually changed into cold alpine desert. At last the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau turned into the present state.     

云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林起源的探讨

云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林广泛分布于海拔1800~3400 m的山地,这类常绿阔叶林在生态外貌上具有亚热带常绿阔叶林特征,但其分布生境却是暖温带-温带气候,且植物区系组成与热带植物区系有古老的渊源。该文以研究得比较深入的哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林为例,对其植物区系与其气候条件的不协调进行剖析。哀牢山的中山湿性常绿阔叶林记录了种子植物110科386属821种。在植物区系科的地理成分上,无论是含种数多的科,还是所有科的分布区类型,都是以热带分布科为主,体现了它的远古热带起源背景。在该种子植物区系中,热带分布属占总属数的47.75%,热带分布种占总种数的33.45%,在近代演化上仍体现出明显的热带亲缘特征。按照哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林分布地区的暖温带-温带气候条件,它相当于中国东部的暖温带落叶阔叶林地区。在中国东部地区类似气候条件的地带性植被的植物区系中,热带分布属通常只占总属数的25%~27%,云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林植物区系的地理成分与所在地的温带气候明显不协调。对这种现象的解释,笔者认为结合哀牢山地区曾经是低海拔夷平面,在第四纪以来才迅速抬升形成的地质历史,可能这里曾经在第四纪以前的热带-亚热带性质的植物区系和常绿阔叶林随着地形的迅速抬升,逐渐适应了因海拔上升而形成的温带气候,成为在云南高海拔山地存在的所谓中山湿性常绿阔叶林,其植物区系和植被的热带-亚热带性质及常绿阔叶生态外貌并未因气候改变而发生改变。     

河南宝天曼种子植物区系特征

宝天曼位于河南省西南部,共有种子植物１５０科７８３属２１４７种。种子植物各科中有不少是起源古老的科,各种属中共有１８５个单型属和少型属,占总属数２３．６３％,表明了本区系起源的古老性。     

Early Tertiary fossil plants and paleoclimate of Lanzhou Basin

Fossil plants from the lower part of Xianshuihe Formation in the Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province were studied. The flora contains 29 species, representing 20 genera and 12 families, which include Lauraceae ( Daphnogene ), Lardizabalaceae ( Akebia ), Berberidaceae ( Berberis ), Ulmaceae ( Planera, Ulmus, Zelkova ), Betulaceae ( Alnus, Carpinus ), Myricaceae( Myrica ), Salicaceae ( Populus, Salix), Myrsinaceae(Ardisia), Rosaceae ( Prunus, Sorbus, Sorbaria, Spiraea ), Leguminosae ( Gleditsia, Sophora), Anacardiaceae (Rhus), Caprifoliaceae(Viburnum). An analysis of the floristic elements and their foliar physiognomy shows that most members of the flora are deciduous broad-leaved trees or shrubs with a few evergreen shrubs. The most noteworthy species is Rhus turcomanica which was present in the Middle Eocene to Late Eocene of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan). Generally, Rhus turcomanica occurred at the same beds as Palibinia, an extinct fossil plant whose presence indicates a subtropical dry climate. Another species, Sorbaria callicomifolia Kornilova was present from the Early Oligocene to Early Miocene of Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan). According to an analysis of spores and pollen, this flora contains over 20 species. It is predominated by the angiosperm pollen. There appeared Ephedripites and Nitrariadites which were important elements in the dry area. Ephedripites was found from the Upper Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. Nitrariadites occurred in the Late Miocene, whereas Rhus turcomanica and Sorbaria callicomifolia were both reported in the subtropical dry area from the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene. The latest record of Rhus turcomanica is from the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene of Central Asia. The presence of this element in the lower part of Xianshuihe Formation may indicate that itsage is the latest stage of the Early Oligocene.     

兰州盆地早第三纪植物及古气候意义

化石采自甘肃省兰州盆地咸水河组底部,经研究认为有29种,归属20属12科。它们是：樟科 Lauraceae (Daphnogene),木通科Lardizabalaceae(Akebia),小檗科Berberidaceae(Berberis),榆科Ulmaceae (Planera,Ulmus,Zelkova),桦木科Betulaceae(Alnus,Carpinus),杨梅科Myricaceae(Myrica),杨柳科Sali- caceae(Populus,Salix),紫金牛科Myrsinacese(Ardisia),蔷薇科Rosaceae (Prunus,Sorbus,Sorbaria,Spir- aea),豆科Leguminosae(Gleditsia,Sophora),漆树科 Anacardiaceae(Rhus),忍冬科Caprifoliaceae(Viburnum) 等。经植物区系组成与叶相分析显示,该植物区系的大多数成员是落叶阔叶乔、灌木,少数为常绿灌木。其中特殊的分子是 Rhus turcomanica Korov．ex Vassilvesk,该成分是早第三纪中、晚期的标志化石植物。另一化石植物 Sorbaria callicomifolia Kornilova曾出现在中亚的早渐新世,最晚至早中新世。同一层位采集的孢粉样分析结果显示：该组合仅约20种,种类相对贫乏,并以被子植物的花粉占优势。其中出现裸子植物的麻黄粉,被子植物的白刺粉及蒿粉等,这几个类型均指示沉积时期经历干旱气候。综合植物大化石及孢粉分析研究,均出现一些指示气候为亚热带干旱或周期性干旱气候的特点,并据Rhus turcomanica出现的最晚记录,推测咸水河组底部的地质时代大约是早渐新世晚期。     

The Tertiary Vegetation and Flora and Floristic Regions in China

The development or adaptation radiation of angiosperms has been closely related to the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Several environmental factors, influencing each other, have affected the evolution or development of angiosperms, which falls into different stages. The lines between these stages are not consistent with the traditional geological ages. Floristic regionalization might be better based on the stages of the development. Angiosperms have become important or dominant elements in the flora since the middle and late period of the Late Cretaceous. The development of angiosperms may be divided into four stages: (1) Initial stage: The angiosperms were not yet well established during the Early Cretaceous. The number of species and individuals was limited, the leaf small, mostly with entire margine, irregular venation and poor differentiation of venation; (2) Flourished stage: The angiosperms increased dramatically and became abundant. The leaf was larger with more regular venation and the differentiation of venation was remarkable. The percentage of angiosperms was from 40%-60% in the flora, and eventually arose, becoming predominant, with important families well presented. This was probably from the Late Cretaceous to the Early Tertiary; (3) Herbs-Flourished stage: Some of woody plants were extinct, while herbs greatly increased, because of the changes in climate, sea level and mountain uplift during the Neogene period; (4)Quaternary stage: The mountain glacier in China, influenced by global glacial-interglacial alternation due to the climatic fluctuation, advanced and regressed during the Quaternary. The climatic fluctuation apparently affected the distribution of plants. But the components of the flora were similar to or slightly different from the features of the present one. The aim of the present paper is to discuss the floristic regions at the second and third stages. The Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary stage: A. The Late Cretaceous-Paleogene flora of northern China 1. Warm-temperate to subtropical deciduous broad-leaved and conifer forests in North and Northeastern China 2. Dry subtropical flora of Northwestern and Central China B. Southern China Late Cretaceous-Paleogene flora 3. Deciduous and evergreen forests with coniferous elements in the subtropical coastal region of east China 4. Evergreen forests of South China 5. Evergreen forests of lower mountains in the Tethys The Neogene stage-Herbs-flourished stage: 1. Temperate forests and grasslands to semidesert-desert floras of northwestern China; 2. Warm temperate deciduous forests of north and northeastern China; 3. Warm temperate to subtropical deciduous and evergreen forests of central and east China; 4. Evergreen forests of the subtropical and tropics mangrove vegetation of south China; 5. Subtropical evergreen and deciduous forests on the Yunnan and Xizang plateau.