用染汞鲫鱼饲养水貂的试验研究

作者用汉沽污水库捕捞的鲫鱼(鱼肉含汞量7.6120毫克/公斤)饲养水貂,鲫鱼肉占日食量的70％,成貂能存活8—9个月,仔貂能存活4个月左右。若鲫鱼肉占日食总肉量的50％,水貂行为表现正常,年内不会引起水俣病症状和死亡,毛皮质量均能达一级皮标准。这一试验结果不仅能使汉沽污水库的水产资源得到较好地综合利用,而且还能消除染汞鲫鱼对水环境所造成的二次污染。     

树干涂刷DDT防治松毛虫(`Dendrolimus punctatus`` Walker)研究

本文研究在松树干上涂刷有持久性的药剂以防治越冬松毛虫的可能性。1947—48年在南京试验及实施防治的结果简述如下: (一)在实验室内使越冬松毛虫爬行越过涂有一市尺宽各种药液的松树干的结果,证明5％ DDT,1％γ666,与5％ 1068的悬液或溶液。在涂药的当天均 有相当高的杀虫效力,惟一周以后γ666与1068完全失效,仅DDT仍保持强大的毒力。DDT水悬液显著较DDT火油、大豆油或丙酮溶液为佳。涂有5％DDT悬液的松树杆曝露田间六星期后,杀死松毛虫能力仍达100％。 (二)据试验的结果,自制的可湿性DDT,内含DDT50％,稀释剂45％,与肥皂5％,尚适宜于防治松毛虫之用。 (三)松毛虫爬行的次数对涂药面积上DDT毒力的影响极微,在二十平方市寸涂有5％ DDT悬液的小面积上,9天之内经过1800头松毛虫爬行后,毒力仍未减小,死亡率尚在90％以上。 (四)夏季松毛虫较越冬松毛虫不易杀死。夏季松毛虫抵抗DDT的能力随龄期而增强。试验中显示如增加药液浓度至含DDT 10—15％,或增加涂药的宽度至2—3市尺,夏季幼虫亦能中毒死亡。故树干涂药法亦可应用在夏季防治上,惟必须在涂药后将松毛虫从树上击落,使其在爬返树冠时接触药剂而死亡。 (五)自然情形下,南京松毛虫在十一月即开始下树越冬,至来年三月初开始活动上树,故采用树干涂药法防治下     

利用丝状绿藻处理含汞污水的试验

用刚毛藻科的丝状绿藻为材料,进行了藻类处理含汞(HgCl2)污水的试验。Hg 浓度为0．5,1．0,2．0,5．0和10．0毫克／升,鲜藻与污水的重量之比为1：100,4小时内,汞的去除率为70％。进行了藻类连续去汞能力的测定,10克鲜藻依次放入4个含汞污水的水样中(水量均为1升,Hg 浓度平均为3．61毫克／升),在每个水样停留时间为6小时,结果汞的去除率分别为76．8,78．4,61．8,53．1％,平均为67．5％,藻类含汞浓度以鲜重计算达到970ppm。、利用藻类四级串联处理含汞量为4．0毫克／升的污水,停留时间共计24小时,总去除率达94％。从试验结果看来,藻类对汞的去除,主要是借助于表面吸附与细胞积累作用,与藻类的光合作用无关。但是0．1—10毫克／升的汞,都明显地抑制藻类的光合放氧,这种抑制作用在藻类接触汞4小时以后表现出来。     

降解有机氯农药的微生物菌株分离筛选及应用效果

以有机氯农药 (666、DDT)作为唯一碳源的Tonomura培养基分离筛选后,得到降解 666(BHC)的主要菌株有153号 (芽孢菌属Bacillus)、411号(无色杆菌属Achromobacter)和 512号 (假单孢菌属Pseudomonas),其对 666总量的降解率分别为 59.6%、56.9%和 56%,对 β-666的降解率分别为 55.9%、57.6%和56.9%.降解DDT的主要菌株有:288号(产碱杆菌属Alcaligenes)、410号和 411号 (均为无色杆菌属),其对DDT总量的降解率分别达 5 9.0%、47.5%和 45.1%,对PP′-DDT的降解率为 59.9%、57.6%和 49.6%.将这些分离出的菌株制成复合菌剂,应用于盆栽试验和田间试验,所得到的降解效应类似于纯培养试验,表明田间应用复合菌剂,对降解农药残留是可行的.     

汉沽化工废水渔业利用的研究

汉沽化工废水成分复杂,含有较高浓度的BOD_5,COD,NH_3-N、PO_4-P、氯化物、汞等。经多级模拟生物氧化塘处理后,废水得到有效净化。净化后的污水,因氯化物浓度过高不宜用于农灌。但可用于养鱼,进行综合利用,实现污水资源化。 在净化后污水中进行罗非鱼(Tilapia mossambica)养殖实验,历时132天。在未人工投饵的情况下,试鱼生长、繁殖正常,而且肌肉中汞的积累不明显,最高汞含量变化在0.35—0.40μg/g之间,接近食用要求。 污水中藻类等饵料生物丰富,生物生产力较高。在浮游植物生产量和底栖动物生物量的基础上,估算了改建后污水库鱼类的生产能力。 鱼类养殖是氮、磷丰富的台盐、含汞化工废水回用和生物去氮,去磷的重要途径。而且是含汞废水净化效果的重要指标。     

污水库底泥微生物对六六六降解的研究

污水库底泥对六六六具有自然净化能力,其中微生物起着重要作用。在嫌气条件下(25—30℃)对六六六降解较快,20天可降解所加18—20ppm六六六的90％。从底泥筛选出30多株可以降解六六六的细菌,其中一株短芽孢杆菌(Bacillus brcvis)可将丙体六六六降解为间二氯苯和转化成少量甲体六六六,在25—30℃条件和增加适当营养物质、中性和微碱性以及驯化均可加速污水库底泥微生物对六六六的降解。以上结果为了解六六六在环境中的消失和利用污水库降解六六六,净化水质提供了依据。     

DDT, 666, Chlordan及Toxaphene四种杀虫药对于榆叶虫Galerucella aenescens Fairmaire(金花虫科)之毒性比较

DDT,666,Chlordan及Toxaphene为最常用之四种氯化烃类杀虫药。此四种杀虫药之毒性在各种昆虫上已有许多比较毒性之研究。Kulash(1,2)以马铃薯甲虫(Leptinotarsa decemlineata)及棉象鼻虫(Anthonomus grandis)为试验,比较666,DDT及Chlordan三者之效力,其结论为;各种DDT类似物除去op’同分异构体外,效力皆极好,Chlordan效力亦好,但不优於DDT,而666则为三者之间最有效者。Gould(3)以此四种杀虫药试验於蟑螂(Blatella germanica)上,     

蚊虫抗药性的研究——Ⅱ.淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett成虫对DDT及666抗药性选育的实验

1961—1962年以实验室内培养了6年的南京敏感性淡色库蚊(NS)成虫用干膜接触法接触DDT及666形成抗性的实验。吸血雌蚊对DDT的抗性在第6世代后较NS成虫的致死中浓度高8-19倍;对666的抗性于第13世代后高5-12倍。 DDT抗性成虫对666无明显的交互抗性,而666抗性成虫对DDT则产生了明显的交互抗性。     

污水库底泥微生物对六六六降解的研究

污水库底泥对六六六具有自然净化能力,其中微生物起着重要作用。在嫌气条件下(25—30℃)对六六六降解较快,20天可降解所加18—20ppm六六六的90％。从底泥筛选出30多株可以降解六六六的细菌,其中一株短芽孢杆菌(Bacillus brcvis)可将丙体六六六降解为间二氧苯和转化成少量甲体六六六,在25—30℃条件和增加适当营养物质,中性和微碱性以及驯化均可加蓬污水库底泥微生物对六六六的降解。以上结果为了解六六六在环境中的消失和利用污水库降解六六六,净化水质提供了依据。     

利用丝状绿藻处理含汞污水的试验

用刚毛藻科的丝状绿藻为材料,进行了藻类处理含汞(HgCl2)污水的试验。Hg++浓度为0.5,1.0,2.0,5.0和10.0毫克/升,鲜藻与污水的重量之比为1∶100,4小时内,汞的去除率为70%。进行了藻类连续去汞能力的测定,10克鲜藻依次放入4个含汞污水的水样中(水量均为1升,Hg++浓度平均为3.61毫克/升),在每个水样停留时间为6小时,结果汞的去除率分别为76.8,78.4,61.8,53.1%,平均为67.5%,藻类含汞浓度以鲜重计算达到970ppm。利用藻类四级串联处理含汞量为4.0毫克/升的污水,停留时间共计24小时,总去除率达94%。从试验结果看来,藻类对汞的去除,主要是借助于表面吸附与细胞积累作用,与藻类的光合作用无关。但是0.1—10毫克/升的汞,都明显地抑制藻类的光合放氧,这种抑制作用在藻类接触汞4小时以后表现出来。       

Predation risk and feeding patterns of crucian carp

As part of an experimental study of the direct and indirect effects of piscivory on prey fish, the diets of crucian carp Carassius carassius were compared across sections of a divided pond; two sections were stocked with crucian carp alone and two with crucian carp plus perch Perca fluviatilis . Analysis of crucian gut contents indicated that the composition of invertebrate prey did not differ in the presence v . absence of perch. However, crucians, particularly small individuals (<10cm) that were most vulnerable to predation, displayed a lower intake of invertebrate prey in sections with perch. Although diet composition differed between crucians caught in inshore v. offshore habitats (with habitat use being related to crucian size and the presence or absence of perch), no clear pattern existed between habitat and total food intake. Overall, the major effects of predators on the diet of crucian carp appeared to be caused by increased ecological density (resulting from confinement of small crucians inshore) and reduced activity levels, rather than simple shifts to safer habitats.     

Seasonal feeding activity and ontogenetic dietary shifts in crucian carp,Carassius carassius

Synopsis A pronounced seasonal cycle in the activity of the intestinal alkaline phosphatase indicated a 6 month pause in feeding by crucian carp in an anoxic pond during winter. Zero enzyme activity was not reached until ice cover of the pond was complete, although even in the preceding two months no food was found in the guts of the fish. The summer diets of four size classes of fish consisted of varying proportions of planktonic and benthic arthropods, including Odonata which were consumed exclusively by the largest size class of crucian carp. Chironomid larvae were consumed even by the smallest fish investigated, although planktonic Cladocera were preferred by this size class. Benthic Cladocera were almost totally absent in the diet of fish> 10 cm. Habitat segregation between size classes developed synchronously with the shift to benthic food. The stunting of crucian carp populations in small ponds is interpreted as resulting from limited resources.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父母本线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因遗传变异的分析

采用质粒克隆测序方法,获得了异源四倍体鲫鲤5个个体、异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体的线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因的全序列。经对比发现,异源四倍体5个个体共享2种单元型,异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体以及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体分别共享1种单元型。用MEGA 1.0 软件分析了它们的碱基组成和核苷酸序列差异,用邻接法构建系统进化树。它们间的序列同源性在95%~99%之间,异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们母本（分别为红鲫和日本白鲫）之间的序列同源性大于异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父本（分别为湘江野鲤和异源四倍体鲫鲤）之间的序列同源性,结果表明：异源四倍体鲫鲤和三倍体湘云鲫在线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因上具有母性遗传特征。本研究另一值得注意地方的是异源四倍体鲫鲤经过9代(F3-F11)繁殖后,在5个个体中发现了2种单元型,说明在四倍体基因库中存在遗传多样性,为四倍体基因库的繁殖、保护和种群复壮提供了一些有价值的信息。     

Development and application of environmental DNA surveillance for the threatened crucian carp (Carassius carassius)

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Evidence for recombination of mitochondrial DNA in triploid crucian carp

In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of the allotetraploid and triploid crucian carp and compare the complete mtDNA sequences between the triploid crucian carp and its female parent Japanese crucian carp and between the triploid crucian carp and its male parent allotetraploid. Our results indicate that the complete mtDNA nucleotide identity (98%) between the triploid crucian carp and its male parent allotetraploid was higher than that (93%) between the triploid crucian carp and its female parent Japanese crucian carp. Moreover, the presence of a pattern of identity and difference at synonymous sites of mitochondrial genomes between the triploid crucian carp and its parents provides direct evidence that triploid crucian carp possessed the recombination mtDNA fragment (12,759 bp) derived from the paternal fish. These results suggest that mtDNA recombination was derived from the fusion of the maternal and paternal mtDNAs. Compared with the haploid egg with one set of genome from the Japanese crucian carp, the diploid sperm with two sets of genomes from the allotetraploid could more easily make its mtDNA fuse with the mtDNA of the haploid egg. In addition, the triple hybrid nature of the triploid crucian carp probably allowed its better mtDNA recombination. In summary, our results provide the first evidence of mtDNA combination in polyploid fish.     

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三种鲫鱼品系同工酶比较研究

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Management of an ornamental pond as a conservation site for a threatened native fish species, crucian carp Carassius carassius

Ornamental ponds are important sites for conserving threatened native fish species (e.g. crucian carp Carassius carassius L.), but pond management plans rarely include considerations of native fishes. We developed and implemented a management plan for a small (0.8 h), ornamental estate pond in Hertfordshire (England) using historical information (aquatic plant and animal surveys) and a 9-year data set on climatic variables and crucian carp body condition. Crucian carp growth was not correlated with climatic variables, but body condition decreased with increasing temperature (in degree-days), which suggests that temperature influences on growth are counter-balanced by environmental factors. Management included the removal of one fish species (to eliminate hybridization with another species) and the introduction of two native species (to re-balance the fish assemblage), a reduction in floating aquatic plants (to reduce shading of the sediments) as well as the use of a chemical agent to compact the pond’s fine sediments and barley straw to enhance invertebrate habitat and thus fish prey production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Guest editors: R. Céréghino, J. Biggs, B. Oertli and S. Declerck The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat